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GREEK ART The history, culture, and arts of Ancient Greece

ANCIENT GREEK ART PPT

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GREEK ARTThe history, culture, and arts of Ancient Greece

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Greek CultureThe culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, beginning in Mycenaean Greece, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its successor the Byzantine Empire.

Historians credit the Greek War of Independence with revitalizing Greece and giving birth to a single entity of its multi-faceted culture.

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 The ancient Greeks pioneered in many fields that rely on systematic thought, including biology, geometry, history, philosophy, and physics.

They introduced such important literary forms as epic and lyric poetry, history, tragedy, and comedy. In their pursuit of order and proportion, the Greeks created an ideal of beauty that strongly influenced Western art.

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The ancient Greeks were a deeply religious people. They worshipped many gods whom they believed appeared in human form and yet were endowed with superhuman strength and ageless beauty.

Funerary Art: the ancient Greeks did not generally leave elaborate grave goods, except for a coin in the hand to pay Charon, the ferryman to Hades, and pottery; however the epitaphios or funeral oration (from which epitaph comes) was regarded as of great importance, and animal sacrifices were made.

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Men ran the government, and spent a great deal of their time away from home. When not involved in politics, the men spent time in the fields, overseeing or working the crops, sailing, hunting, in manufacturing or in trade. For fun, in addition to drinking parties, the men enjoyed wrestling, horseback riding, and the famous Olympic Games. When the men entertained their male friends, at the popular drinking parties, their wives and daughters were not allowed to attend.

With the exception of ancient Sparta, Greek women had very limited freedom outside the home. They could attend weddings, funerals, some religious festivals, and could visit female neighbors for brief periods of time. In their home, Greek women were in charge. Their job was to run the house and to bear children.

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The ancient Greeks considered their children to be 'youths' until they reached the age of 30! When a child was born to ancient Greek family, a naked father carried his child, in a ritual dance, around the household. Friends and relatives sent gifts. The family decorated the doorway of their home with a wreath of olives (for a boy) or a wreath of wool (for a girl).

Education - Military Training - Sparta. The goal of education in the Greek city-states was to prepare the child for adult activities as a citizen. The nature of the city-states varied greatly, and this was also true of the education they considered appropriate. In most Greek city-states, when young, the boys stayed at home, helping in the fields, sailing, and fishing. At age 6 or 7, they went to school. Both daily life and education were very different in Sparta [militant], than in Athens [arts and culture] or in the other ancient Greek city-states.

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Birds, dogs, goats, tortoises, and mice were all popular pets. Cats, however, were not.

Greek houses, in the 6th and 5th century B.C., were made up of two or three rooms, built around an open air courtyard, built of stone, wood, or clay bricks. Larger homes might also have a kitchen, a room for bathing, a men's dining room, and perhaps a woman's sitting area.

Greek clothing was very simple. Men and women wore linen in the summer and wool in the winter. The ancient Greeks could buy cloth and clothes in the agora, the marketplace, but that was expensive. Most families made their own clothes, which were simple tunics and warm cloaks, made of linen or wool, dyed a bright color, or bleached white. Clothes were made by the mother, her daughters, and female slaves. They were often decorated to represent the city-state in which they lived. The ancient Greeks were very proud of their home city-state.

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Dancing - Music

Dance was very important to the ancient Greeks. They believed that dance improved both physical and emotional health. Rarely did men and women dance together. Some dances were danced by men and others by women.

There were more than 200 ancient Greek dances; comic dances, warlike dances, dances for athletes and for religious worship, plus dances for weddings, funerals, and celebrations.

Dance was accompanied by music played on lyres, flutes, and a wide variety of percussion instruments such as tambourines, cymbals and castanets.

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The ancient Greeks loved stories. They created many marvelous stories, myths, and fables that we enjoy today, like Odysseus and the Terrible Sea and Circe, a beautiful but evil enchantress. Aesop's Fables, written by Aesop, an ancient Greek, are still read and enjoyed all over the world.

In ancient Athens, wedding ceremonies started after dark. The veiled bride traveled from her home to the home of the groom while standing in a chariot. Her family followed the chariot on foot, carrying the gifts.

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Slavery played a major role in ancient Greek civilization. Slaves could be found everywhere. They worked not only as domestic servants, but as factory workers, shopkeepers, mineworkers, farm workers and as ship's crew members.

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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

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- Known for democracy- Consists of separate city-states- Patriachal- Not really Greece until the

Persian Wars (490-480 BCE)

OVERVIEW

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THE HISTORIANS1. Herodotus (c.480-c.429) –

world’s first historian; described Persia

2. Thucydides (c.460-c.395) – objective; Peloponnesian wars

3. Xenophon (c.430-c.354) – continued Thucydides’ work on Peloponnesian wars; less objective

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ARCHAIC PERIOD- 8th century BCE- Important city-states: Athens,

Sparta, Corinth, and Thebes - Athens welcomed democracy- Rise of city-states

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THE CITY-STATES- Called poleis (sing. polis)- Emerged from scattered farming

villages- Own governments- Citizenship were exclusive to

males- Athens: democratic- Sparta: militaristic oligarchy; 2

kings- Every state was protected by a

god/goddess

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CLASSICAL PERIOD

- Athens and Sparta allies against Persia

- United Greece as a country- Formation of Delian League- Golden Age of Greece: flourishing

of arts and crafts in time of peace

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THE PERSIAN WARS490-480 BCE

1. The Battle of Marathon- Athens supported Ionian Greeks in rebelling against the Persians- Xerxes led 2 major campaigns- Athenians enlisted help of others- Greeks won

2. The Battle of Thermopylae- 300 Spartans- Herodotus: 5,000,000 Persians- Persia won- Leonidas

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THE PERSIAN WARS490-480 BCE

3. Battle of Salamis-naval battle-ensured West as a major force-Greeks won- yung 300: rise of an empire

4. Battle of Plataea-finally drove the Persians away-Delian league freed Ionian states in city coast-Peace of Callias: ended the hostilities

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GREECE AS UNIFIED COUNTRY

- Athens = its capital- Golden Age ensued;- Parthenon was created- Democracy thrived

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THE PELOPONNESIAN WARS- SPARTA vs. ATHENS- About resources and power- Island of Melos which was under

Sparta- Sparta won by Lysander

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RISE OF MACEDON- Greece was weak due to the

Peloponnesian war- Philip II of Macedon started- Alexander the Great conquered

Persia- When he died, the Greek

influence was at its peak- Event developed Hellenistic

culture

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HELLENISTIC PERIOD- Marked the end of the wars of

Alexander the Gr8- Annexation of Greece to Roman

Republic- Marked the end of Greek

independence- Macedon was absorbed by

Roman Empire

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SCULPTURE

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MATERIALS- mostly bronze and marble- easy to form and lasting

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DEVELOPMENT OF GREEK SCULPTURES

1. Geometric (900-700 BCE)- terra cotta figurines, bronzes, and ivories- no inscriptions until Mantiklos “Apollo” found in Thebes- bodies and body parts were simple- most common medium was painting on vases

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2. Archaic- Greeks began to carve stone- solidity and frontal stance but more dynamic than Eastern culture- archaic smile: a device to give the figures a distinctive human characteristic

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Kleobis and Biton

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2. Archaic (con’t…)- human form is the most important subject in art- human body is both secular and sacred; no distinction between- not for mere artistic display

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2. Archaic (con’t…)- commissioned either by aristocratic individuals or by the state, and used for public memorials, as offerings to temples, oracles and sanctuaries, or as markers for graves

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2. Archaic (con’t…)- not all intended to represent specific individuals- depictions of an ideal—beauty, piety, honor or sacrifice

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A. Standing nude youth (kouros, pl. kouroi)

B. Standing draped girl (kore, pl. korai)

C. Seated woman

THREE TYPES OF FIGURES

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3. Classical- revolution of Greek sculpture- changes in the style and function of sculpture and increase in technical skill of sculptors

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3. Classical(con’t…)- poses also became more naturalistic- increasingly to depict real people- increase in the use of statues and sculptures as decorations of building

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3. Classical (con’t…)- Funeral statuary evolved from the rigid kouros of the Archaic period to the highly personal family groups of the Classical period- burgeoning of artistic credit in sculpture (Archaic and Geometrical periods are centered upon the works themselves)

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Artemision BronzeZeus/Poseidon

Riace bronzes

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LYSISTRATUS- said to have been the first to use plaster molds taken from living people to produce lost-wax portraits, and to have also developed a technique of casting from existing statues

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4. Hellenistic (4th century BCE)- increasingly diverse- many sculptures previously considered classical masterpieces are really of the Hellenistic age

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4. Hellenistic (con’t…)- naturalism in sculpture- common people, women, children, animals, and domestic scenes- doesn’t depict people as ideals of beauty

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4. Hellenistic (con’t…)- consequent standardisation and (some) lowering of quality- shift in expression of the sculptures; more power and energy

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Laocoön and His Sons

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GREEK PAINTING

(2800 B.C. – 31 B.C.)

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• Western civilization• Pottery decoration• Heroic realism (realism)• Paintings on pottery, murals, and panels

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GREEK DARK AGE(1200-800 B.C.)

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• Protogeometric style - features concentric circles and patterns of straight, wavy, and zigzag lines.

• This reflects technological innovations, namely the multi-headed brush (for painting parallel lines) and the compass (for painting circles).

• Emphasized by sparseness

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ARCHAIC AGE

(800-500 B.C.)

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• Mythology, legends, and daily life

• Known mainly from vase painting. However, it wasn't limited to pottery.

• Murals, frescoes, and panels

• Three phases: geometric, orientalizing, and black-figure

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GEOMETRIC STYLE• Elevated geometric

decoration to new heights of complexity.

• Features a variety of patterns, such as checkers, repeated shapes, and meanders

• Human or animal figures - they are rigidly stylized 

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ORIENTALIZING• Due to its adoption of images

from eastern lands (e.g. lions, sphinxes).

• Divided into two main styles1. Protoattic style - large

jars, essentially takes the geometric style and adds large figures 2. Protocorinthian style - small figures and light geometric elements (e.g. rosettes)

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PROTOATTIC

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PROTOCORINTHIAN

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BLACK-FIGURE STYLE• Silhouettes of figures are

painted in solid black (typically on a vibrant orange background)

• Details are then added by cutting lines into the silhouettes

• 6 other colors of paint are sometimes used for accents

• Beginning of narrative scenes in Greek pottery decoration (i.e. scenes that tell a story; these scenes are usually framed with geometric elements)

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CLASSICAL/HELLENISTIC AGE

(500 B.C. – 0)

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• Age of “realistic wall painting”

•  Reveals a grasp of linear perspective and naturalist representation which would remain unsurpassed until the Italian High Renaissance

• Apart from vase-painting, all types of painting flourished during the Classical period

• Features three-dimensional perspective and shading

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ABDUCTION OF PERSEPHONE (Vergina Tombs)

Skillful use of shading

foreshortening (the law of perspective that, the more an object is angled toward a viewer, the shorter its length appears to be)

Finest painting of Vergina Tombs

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Chariot Mural (Vergina Tombs)

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RED-FIGURE style• Black-figure technique was

reversed: orange silhouettes were formed by painting around them in black, allowing interior details to be painted rather than incised

• More control in drawing smooth curves or varying the thickness of lines

• It also allowed for gradients of colour, since the black paint could be diluted to acquire shades of brown

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PANEL PAINTING• According to authors like Pliny (23-79

CE) or Pausanias (active 143-176 CE), it is the highest and respected form of art

• done in encaustic (wax) or tempera

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PITSA PANELS

The only surviving panel painting from Ancient greeks

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WALL/FRESCO PAINTING• Flat, sharply outlined style.•  common method of mural

decoration in temples, public buildings, houses and tombs but these larger artworks generally had a lower reputation than panel paintings

• 8 Few examples survive; the finest collection may be that of the Tomb of the Diver, discovered at a Greek settlement in southern Italy.

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Tomb of the Diver

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• Painting Greek style is also found in Pompeii and Egypt.

• Painting was also used to enhance architecture works, and sculptures.

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http://www.essential-humanities.net/western-art/painting/greek/#greek-dark-age

http://www.conservapedia.com/Greek_painting

http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/greek-art.htmhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art