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GUIDED BY PRESENTED BY PROF. ANOOP VASUDEVAN JUSTIN ANTO JACOB ASST. PROFESSOR 8 TH SEMESTER , ME DEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. REG NO. JLANEME056 JCET AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SYSTEM (ADS)

Autonomous driving system (ads)

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Page 1: Autonomous driving system (ads)

GUIDED BY PRESENTED BYPROF. ANOOP VASUDEVAN JUSTIN ANTO JACOBASST. PROFESSOR 8TH SEMESTER , MEDEPT. OF MECHANICAL ENGG. REG NO. JLANEME056JCET

AUTONOMOUS DRIVING SYSTEM (ADS)

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INTRODUCTION An automated driving system is a vehicle automation

system that assumes all real-time driving functions necessary to drive a ground-based vehicle without real-time input from a human operator.

The automated driving system is generally an integrated package of individual automated systems operating in concert.

Automated driving implies that any human sitting in the driver's seat (or not) has transferred all real-time driving functions to the vehicle automation system.

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INTO THE DEPTH OF ADS• Experiments have been conducted on automating cars

since at least the 1920s, promising trials took place in the 1950s and work has proceeded since then.

• The first self-sufficient and truly autonomous cars appeared in the 1980s, with Carnegie Mellon University's Navlab and ALV projects in 1984.

• Mercedes-Benz and Bundeswehr University Munich's Eureka Prometheus Project in 1987.

• As of 2013, four U.S. states have passed laws permitting autonomous cars: Nevada, Florida, California, and Michigan.

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HOW DO THEY WORK ?1. Mapping and Localisation

Prior to making any navigation decisions, the vehicle must first build a map of its environment and precisely localize itself within that map. Laser rangefinders and cameras are mainly used for this.

2. Obstacle and AvoidanceA vehicle’s internal map includes the current and predicted location of all static and moving obstacles in its vicinity.

3. Path PlanningThe goal of path planning is to use the information captured in the vehicle’s map to safely direct the vehicle to its destination while avoiding obstacles and following the rules of the road.

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AUTONOMOUS V/S AUTOMATED Autonomous means having the power for self-governance.

"Automated" connotes control or operation by a machine, while "autonomous" connotes acting alone or independently.

Most of the vehicle concepts have a person in the driver’s seat, utilize a communication connection to the Cloud or other vehicles, and do not independently select either destinations or routes for reaching them.

Thus, the term "automated" would more accurately describe these vehicle concepts".

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COMPONENTS OF AN ADS

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COMPONENTS OF AN ADS1. LIDAR

LIDAR is used to build a 3D map and allow the car to “see” potential hazards by bouncing a laser beam off of surfaces surrounding the car in order to accurately determine the distance and the profile of that object.

2. RADARThe radar units allow the car to avoid impact by sending a signal to the on-board processor to apply the brakes, or move out of the way when applicable.

3. HIGH POWERED CAMERASThe actual camera technology and setup on each driverless car varies, but one prototype uses cameras mounted to the exterior with slight separation in order to give an overlapping view of the car’s surroundings.

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4. SONAREach prototype car built by manufacturers are slightly different, but some of those tested have featured advanced sonar technology.

5. POSITIONINGManufacturers use map system as well as GPS satellites, inertial measurement units, and a wheel encoder to determine actual speed.

6. SOPHISTICATED SOFTWAREThe software processes all of the data in real-time as well as modelling behavioural dynamics of other drivers, pedestrians, and objects around you.

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RANGE OF OPERATION

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BASIC ARCHITECTURE OF ADS

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PROS OF ADS1. MORE PRODUCTIVE TIME

The cars will know where other cars are, so the risk of crashing is hugely minimised, and you’d be able to get other stuff done while en-route to wherever you’re going.

2. SAFETY GAINSThe vast majority of car accidents occur as a result of human error. The number of crashes will decrease significantly as driverless vehicles would be able to communicate with one another

3. NO MORE OWNERSHIPInsurance might get cheaper, but driverless technology could also lead to the end of car ownership completely.

4. NO MORE BUMPER TO BUMPER TRAFFICWorrying about traffic congestion will be a thing of the past. Driverless cars will be able to talk to each other, to figure out the best.

5. DRIVING AVAILABLE TO EVERYONE

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CONS OF ADS1. RISK OF HACKING

One of the main cons that have got people talking is the risk of hijackers hacking driverless cars by interfering with their code.

2. ROBOT ETHICSWho would we blame if something went wrong? The driver/passenger? The manufacturer? The software?

3. WEATHERBad weather could pose a risk to the responsiveness of driverless cars, as heavy rain could interfere with roof sensors, and snowy roads could disrupt cameras.

4. DRIVERLESS CARS MAY TAKE THE FUN OUT OF DRIVINGLots of people enjoy driving because of the feeling of being in control, the steering, reacting to the sound of the engine and being alert and aware of your actions.

5. MOTION SICKNESSIt has recently been suggested that driverless vehicles are likely to cause motion sickness.

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LEVEL OF AUTONOMYThe National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) defined five different levels for self-driving cars, ranging from complete driver control to complete autonomy.

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DIFFERENT LEVELS OF AUTONOMY Level 0

This one is pretty basic. The driver (human) controls it all: steering, brakes, throttle, power. It's what you've been doing all along.

Level 1This semi-autonomous level means that most functions are still controlled by a driver, but some (like braking) can be done automatically by the car.

Level 2In level 2, at least 2 functions are automated, like cruise control and lane-cantering. It means that the driver is disengaged from physically operating the vehicle by having his or her hands off the steering wheel and foot off pedal at the same time.

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Level 3Drivers are still necessary in level 3 cars, but are able to completely shift "safety-critical functions" to the vehicle, under certain traffic or environmental conditions.

Level 4This is what is meant by "fully autonomous." According to the DOT, level 4 vehicles are "designed to perform all safety-critical driving functions and monitor roadway conditions for an entire trip.

Level 5It should be noted that some organizations, like the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE), have their own charts that refer to "Level 5" vehicles. This refers to a fully-autonomous vehicle that does not have any option for human driving—no steering wheel or controls.

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The regulations for the post-testing deployment of autonomous vehicles are currently under development.

The regulations will establish the requirements that manufacturers must meet to certify that their autonomous vehicle has been successfully tested.

This meets certain safety requirements, and is ready for the general public to operate on public roads.

LEGAL ASPECTS OF ADS

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LEGAL ASPECTS OF ADS

1. MANUFACTURER SAFETY CERTIFICATIONS AND 3rd PARTY VEHICLE DEMONSTRATION TEST Safety certifications from both the manufacturer and a third-party testing organization will validate the readiness of the autonomous vehicle for deployment.

2. LICENSED DRIVER REQUIRED IN THE VEHICLE Autonomous vehicle operators must be a licensed driver who possesses an autonomous vehicle operator certificate issued by the DMV.

3. PROVISIONAL DEPLOYMENT PERMIT WITH ONGOING REPORTING REQUIREMENTSManufacturers approved for deployment will initially be issued a three-year deployment permit.

4. PRIVACY AND CYBER SECURITY REQUIREMENTSManufacturers will provide a written disclosure to autonomous vehicle operators of any information collected by the autonomous technology.

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SCENARIO IN OUR COUNTRY• It will take another generation to make an autonomous

vehicle transportation network feasible and widely adopted among the low-automated geographical regions like India.

• To make autonomous vehicles a success, the associated laws, regulations, traffic systems, infrastructure, emergency response systems, manufacturing systems, data and information handling and processing systems will also need to undergo a change at a faster pace.

• The scenario does look feasible but the human touch is hard to remove, especially in a country like India where this would also entail managing the issues of a large workforce.

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Car manufacturers have made significant advances in

the past decade towards making self-driving cars a reality.

However, there still remain a number of technological barriers that manufacturers must overcome before self-driving vehicles are safe enough for road use.

These barriers though are not insurmountable.

As the technology improves, more driving tasks can be reliably outsourced to the vehicle.

CONCLUSION

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REFERENCE Mark Campbell; Magnus Egersted; Jonathan How; and

Richard Murray, M; Autonomous driving in urban environments, Procedia Computer Science, Vol. 80, 2016, pp. 2377-2381.

Sagar Behere; and Martin Torngen; A functional architecture for autonomous driving, IFAC Paper online, Vol. 48, 2015, pp. 104–111.

Jesse Levinson; Jake Askeland; and Jan Becker; Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, Procedia Computer Science, Vol.25, 2008, pp. 569-597.

Vinicius de Oliveira; Johannes Jaschke; and Sigurd Skogestad; An Autonomous Driving Approach towards their limit, Phil. Trans. R. A, Vol.10, 2010, pp. 4649 - 4672

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THANK YOU!