18
How to support safe driving at work – Possible safety culture interventions Prof. Dr. Gudela Grote Departement Management, Technology, and Economics ETH Zürich

How to support safe driving at work

Embed Size (px)

DESCRIPTION

Gudela Grote. Departement Management, Technology, and Economics ETH Zürich. Presentación para el I Agora de Seguridad Vial celebrado en Valencia

Citation preview

Page 1: How to support safe driving at work

How to support safe driving at work –Possible safety culture interventions

Prof. Dr. Gudela GroteDepartement Management, Technology, and EconomicsETH Zürich

Page 2: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page2Overview

A general model for safe driving at work Characteristics of driver behavior Organizational factors influencing safe driving Supporting organizational and cultural

change

Page 3: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page3Safe driving at work – a general model

Personal factors•Capability•Age, gender•Sensation seeking•Physical and mental state

Organizational factors•Leadership•Safety management•Shared norms and values

Task factors•(Multiple) demands•Duration•Timing and time pressure

Environmental factors•Road and vehicle conditions•Other road users•Weather

Driver behavior•Vigilance•Control•Risk-taking•Errors

Driving effects•Performance•Traffic offences•Accidents•Incidents

Page 4: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page4Safe driving at work – a general model

Personal factors•Capability•Age, gender•Sensation seeking•Physical and mental state

Organizational factors•Leadership•Safety management•Shared norms and values

Task factors•(Multiple) demands•Duration•Timing and time pressure

Environmental factors•Road and vehicle conditions•Other road users•Weather

Driver behavior•Vigilance•Control•Risk-taking•Errors

Driving effects•Performance•Traffic offences•Accidents•Incidents

Page 5: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page5

Unrealistic optimism and illusion ofcontrol

People underestimate the likelihood of badoutcomes and overestimate the likelihood ofgood outcomes for themselves compared toothers.

This tendency is strengthened for outcomesperceived as controllable by the person.

Examples:- Newlyweds expect their marriage to last a lifetime, even while

aware of the divorce statistics.- Smokers believe they are less at risk of developing smoking-related

diseases than others who smoke.- Car drivers estimate their chances of an accident when driving

under the influence of alcohol as lower than for drunken driving ingeneral.

Page 6: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page6Risk perception in driving (Fuller, 2005)

Felt risk mirrors task difficulty. Task difficulty is determined by task demands

and individual capability. Estimated statistical risk and felt risk regarding

speed only coincide at higher speeds wheretask demands approach individual capability(= task difficulty is very high).

Page 7: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page7Risk as benefit: Risk seeking behavior

Risk seeking versus risk avoidance- Personality characteristic- Cultural norm- Affected by situational characteristics

• gain versus loss• personal control

Page 8: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page8Different types of driver errors

(Reason et al., 1990)

Lapse- e.g. attempt to drive away from traffic light in third

gear

Mistake- e.g. underestimate the speed of oncoming vehicle

when overtaking

Violation- Unintended: e.g. unknowingly speeding- Deliberate: e.g. get involved in races with other

drivers

Page 9: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page9Measures to avoid driver errors

Lapse Support vigilance

Mistake Increase training and experience

Violation- Unintended Support vigilance- Deliberate Change individual and collective

behavior norms

Page 10: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page10Safe driving at work – a general model

Personal factors•Capability•Age, gender•Sensation seeking•Physical and mental state

Organizational factors•Leadership•Safety management•Shared norms and values

Task factors•(Multiple) demands•Duration•Timing and time pressure

Environmental factors•Road and vehicle conditions•Other road users•Weather

Driver behavior•Vigilance•Control•Risk-taking•Errors

Driving effects•Performance•Traffic offences•Accidents•Incidents

Page 11: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page11Leadership to support safe driving

(Newman, Griffin & Mason, 2008)

High safety motivation of drivers is related to few self-reported crashes.

Drivers' safety motivation is related to their perceptionof managers' safety values.

Managers' perception of organizational safety valuesare related to drivers' perception of managers' safetyvalues.

Leadership at all levels of the organization influencesdrivers' safety motivation and behavior.

Safety interventions should address the organizational,work group, and individual level. (Newman & Watson, 2011)

Page 12: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page12General safety management

Safety Policy Risk identification and mitigation Safety resources and responsibilities Standards and procedures Training Safety performance monitoring Continuous improvement Management of change

Page 13: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page13

Example Standards and Procedures:Rules at Shell

Four out of twelve are driving related!

One basic rule about rules: Use fixed prescription only when it really holds in all situations

Page 14: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page14

Specific safety management measuresfor safe driving

Selection- avoid hiring young men- test for risk perception and risk seeking/avoidance

Handling fatigue- establish a not fit to drive rule- structure driving schedules to allow for sufficient breaks and

rest time- take into account commuting time when designing work

schedules more generally- train drivers to handle monotony while driving

Policy for mobile phone use- generally avoid phone use- if unavoidable only use when vehicle is stopped- if unavoidable during driving ensure proper technical systems

and training

Page 15: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page15Shared norms and values

Establishing shared norms and values thatsupport safe work processes and behaviors asdefined in the safety management system Establish a safety culture

Safety culture as part of organizational culture= shared basic beliefs and assumptions- safety versus production- trust versus control- role of people and technology

Culture often most visible as a source ofresistance to change

Page 16: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page16

Supporting organizational and culturalchange

Causes of resistance to change- Sense of loss of control- Sticking to old norms as part of existing culture

Strategies for dealing with resistance- Coercive: sanction change through use of power- Rational: inform about advantages of change- Normative: develop new values and norms =

culture change

Requirements for normative strategy- Participation to improve quality and acceptance

of decisions- Psychological safety

Page 17: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page17An easy start into cultural change ...

Having people answer questions like thefollowing reduces self-reported risky drivingseveral weeks later (Falk, 2010)

- Take over when the car in front slows down inadherence to speed limit

- Drive too close to car in front to get driver to move outof the way

- Drive fast to show others I can handle the car- It is OK to speed when traffic conditions allow- If you have good driving skills speeding is OK- Sometimes it is necessary to bend the rules to keep

traffic going- I often think about the possibility that I myself might get

hurt in traffic.- I could not live with myself if I hurt another human

being in traffic.

Page 18: How to support safe driving at work

Gudela Grote Page18

Thank you!

Contact:Prof. Dr. Gudela Grote

ETH Zü[email protected]