Smart Enabling Technologies for

Automated Driving

Dr. Martin Duncan

• Introduction

• Cameras and the path towards autonomous driving

• The communication technology driven safety revolution

• Conclusions

2

ADAS Driving Forces

Product

• The development of New Car Assessment Programmes help drive the

growth of ADAS

• Consumers consider the star ratings of the worldwide NCAP

organisations

• Constructors move from providing ADAS on all cars and not just premium

models

Standards

ADAS adoption is being driven by safety standards and the move to automated driving

Product

• New entrants to the traditional vehicle manufacturing market target

assisted / autonomous driving

• Consumers expectation rising that autonomous driving will make cars

safer

• Advantages for new mobility models and fleet management

Automated Driving

3

Crash Avoidance Technologies and

Effectiveness

% Incidence Automatic brake

(camera/radar)

Lane departure

(camera)

Blind spot

(camera/radar)

Headlight

(camera)

Rear end (29%)

Crossing (24%)

Off road (19%)

Lane (12%)

Animal 6%)

Wrong sense (2%)

Reversing (2%)

Ped/cyclist (2%)

Source: NHTSA

4

ADAS Adoption rates in U.S. Market

0

5

10

15

20

25

Blind Spot ACC LDW

% Fit Rate

MY13 MY14 MY15

Source : Wards Auto

5

ACC = Automatic Cruise Control

LDW = Lane Departure Warning

Benefits of Collision Avoidance 6

LDW = Lane Departure Warning, AEB = Autonomous Emergency Braking, FCW = Forward Collision Warning, LKA = Lane Keeping Assist

Source : IIHS

-40

-35

-30

-25

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

% Change with same vehicle with technology fitted

Collisions Property costs Injury costs

FCW & LDW AEB AEB & LDW ACC & FCW

Global NCAP Requirements 7

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

LDW AEB PED LKA

LDW

LDW

LDW AEB

AEB

AEB

PED

PED

LDWAEBPED

PED

LKA

LKA

LDWAEBPEDPotential

Source : Regional NCAP agencies

LDW = Lane Departure Warning

AEB = Autonomous Emergency Braking

PED = Pedestrian Detection

LKA = Lane Keeping Assist

Key Drivers for Automated Driving 8

Road Safety – Zero Accident Vision

Traffic Management

Emission Reduction

Demographic Change

Innovation

Timeline For Vehicle Automation

Driver Engagement

Introduction

Example

Level 1

(Feet Off)

Fully Active

Pre 2010

AEB,ACC,LKA

Level 2

(Hands Off)

Level 3

(Eyes Off)

Level 4

(Mind Off)

Fully Active

2015

Highway

Autopilot

Available

2016

Country & City

Roads

Not Required

2021

Fully

Autonomous

9

Roadmap for Sensor Introduction

Radar sensors

Machine Vision system

Camerasensors

Vision Processor(w/ MobilEye)

Radar system

Radar Control

MCUV2X

(w/ AutoTalks)

Pedestrian

Detection

Active Cruise

Control

ADASFusion MCU

AutomotivePrecise GNSSRadar

Baseband

Lane Keep

Assist

Surround View

Surround View

Surround Vision

Lidar

Add ons

L1

NO

L2

NO

L4L3

Y/N

L1

YES

Secure V2X

L1

Y/N

L2

Y/N

L4L3

YES

L1

YES

Lidar

L1

YES

L2

YES

L4L3

YES

L1

YES

Radar

L1

YES

L2

YES

L4L3

YES

L1

YES

Camera

Par

k as

sist

Par

k as

sist

10

Level 1

(Feet Off)

Level 2

(Hands Off)

Level 3

(Eyes Off)

Level 4

(Mind Off)

Trend is that Vision will drive future systems

• Richest source of raw data about the scene

- only sensor that can reflect the true

complexity of the scene.

• The lowest cost sensor - nothing can beat

it, not today and not in the future.

• Cameras are getting better - higher dynamic

range, higher resolution

• Combination of Radars/Lidar/Ultrasonic: for

redundancy, robustness

11

WiFi based communication

• V2X is a Wireless Technology enabling vehicles to exchange information

such as position and speed with other vehicles (V2V) or infrastructures to

deliver data to vehicles (V2I)

• OBU (Onboard Unit) when V2X system is in the vehicle

• RSU (Roadside Unit) ) when V2X system is on road infrastructures

• Communication system that alerts drivers to unseen dangers of potential

collisions to increase their safety

• Non-Line-of-Sight and extended-range sensing that on-board cameras and RADARs

cannot offer

• V2X has also been developed and standardized for other non-safety

systems, such as Energy Saving

12

Networks must be protected against

security attacks13

Vehicle Security Threats

Security means protecting

• ECU, sensors

• Functions that require multi-ECU interactions and data exchange

• Protecting data in/out of vehicular systems

• Protecting privacy of personal information

• Integrating safety, security, and usability goals

• Dealing with the full lifecycle of vehicular and transportation

systems

Potential attack entry points

• Wireless Key, TPMS, V2X Tx/Rx

• ECUs (ADAS, Lighting, Engine, Transmission, Steering, Braking,

Access, Airbag)

• Smartphone, Bluetooth, USB, OBD, Remote Link

Conclusions 1/2

• ADAS is to be dominated by cameras

• The primary sensor for automated driving will also be the camera

• Multiple cameras will be used

• Radars and Lidars will be used for redundancy and for additional robustness

when cost allows

• Visual interpretation is difficult if done at high image quality and will require a

massive validation resources

• Automated Driving requires environmental modeling and path planning

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Conclusions 2/2

• Connectivity is changing the rules radically

• Car Communication enables safety features

• Road experience management takes it to new levels

• The safety requirements bar is being raised and requires complex techniques

• Highly automated driving needs all of the above and is coming to a road near

you soon!

• Watch this space, it may be a bumpy ride but it will be fun

15