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Cannabinoids Jonny A

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Page 1: Cannabinoids Jonny A
Page 2: Cannabinoids Jonny A

MARIJUANAMARIJUANAThe HistoryThe History

The UseThe Use&&

The ImplicationsThe Implications

By By Jonny A.Jonny A.Matt M.Matt M.Greg P.Greg P.Nate M.Nate M.

Page 3: Cannabinoids Jonny A

HISTORYHISTORY Cannabis is indigenous Cannabis is indigenous

to South Asiato South Asia

The use of Cannabis The use of Cannabis can be dated as far can be dated as far back as 3,000 BCback as 3,000 BC

Evidence has shown Evidence has shown that it’s also been used that it’s also been used by Ancient Hindus, and by Ancient Hindus, and even Assyrianseven Assyrians

Cannabis has been Cannabis has been used for religious and used for religious and medicinal purposes for medicinal purposes for thousands of yearsthousands of years

Cannabis from Vienna Dioscorides

Page 4: Cannabinoids Jonny A

NAMESNAMES Pot

Mary Jane

Ganja

Dope

Weed

Grass

Hash

420

And many more

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CANNABISCANNABIS

Cannabis Sativa A flowering herb The leaves are serrated They are wind pollinated It is in the same

category as hops

The plant has many uses: The fiber is used to

make hemp The marijuana we all

know is the dried flowers of the plant

The resin is used to make hashish

Different varieties of Cannabis

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HASHISHHASHISH

• Resinous material of the Cannabis plant

• Appears in many solid forms such as bricks and sheets and hard cakes

• It is ingested much the same way as Marijuana

• It can be eaten alone as well

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THCTHC

•Full Name: Full Name: tetrahydrocannabinoltetrahydrocannabinol•Acts as an agonist for Acts as an agonist for endocannabinoid receptorsendocannabinoid receptors•The major psychoactive The major psychoactive substance in Marijuanasubstance in Marijuana•THC binds with the THC binds with the endocannabinoid receptors endocannabinoid receptors in the brain.in the brain.•These receptors are These receptors are prevalent in parts of the prevalent in parts of the brain that affect memory, brain that affect memory, thought, concentration, thought, concentration, time and depth, and time and depth, and coordinated movement.coordinated movement.•All these components All these components contribute to the euphoria contribute to the euphoria we call a “high”we call a “high”

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ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID RESEARCHRESEARCH

Cannabinoids are compounds isolated from C. sativa with psychoactive properties

9-THC isolated in 1964

Cannabinoids are lipophilic and were first thought to disrupt membranes

Cannabinoid receptor CB1R identified in 1990. CBRs are G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Endocannabinoids identified in 1992

9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Anandamide – Binds to CB1R

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Endocannabiniods: 2-AG (2-Endocannabiniods: 2-AG (2-arachidonoylglycerol) and AEA arachidonoylglycerol) and AEA

(anandamide) are synthesized in post-(anandamide) are synthesized in post-synaptic cells and are not released from synaptic cells and are not released from

vesiclesvesiclesCa2+

Ca2+

degradation

degradation

AEA2-AG

biosynthesis

biosynthesis

2nd Messenger

CB1R

GPCR

G

G

Post-synaptic

Pre-synaptic

Modified Figure from R.D. Hosking and J.P. Zajicek. 2008. Therapeutic potentialOf cannabis in pain medicine. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 101:59-68.

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Endocannabinoids: Involved in Endocannabinoids: Involved in retrograde signaling – bind to CB retrograde signaling – bind to CB

receptors (CBRs), which are G protein receptors (CBRs), which are G protein coupled receptorscoupled receptors

Ca2+

Ca2+

degradation

degradation

AEA2-AG

biosynthesis

biosynthesis

2nd Messenger

CB1R

GPCR

G

G

Post-synaptic

Pre-synaptic

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Cannabinoid binding to CBCannabinoid binding to CB11R R inhibits Cainhibits Ca2+2+ channels in pre- channels in pre-

synaptic cellsynaptic cell

Ca2+

Ca2+

degradation

degradation

AEA2-AG

biosynthesis

biosynthesis

2nd Messenger

CB1R

GPCR

G

G

Post-synaptic

Pre-synaptic

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DEGRADATION OF DEGRADATION OF ENDOCANNABINOIDSENDOCANNABINOIDS

Ca2+

Ca2+

degradation

degradation

AEA2-AG

biosynthesis

biosynthesis

2nd Messenger

CB1R

GPCR

G

G

Post-synaptic

Pre-synaptic

Page 13: Cannabinoids Jonny A

THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN THERAPEUTIC TARGETS IN ENDOCANNABINERGIC NEURONSENDOCANNABINERGIC NEURONS

Ca2+

Ca2+

degradation

degradation

AEA2-AG

biosynthesis

biosynthesis

2nd Messenger

CB1R

GPCR

G

G

Post-synaptic

Pre-synaptic

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EFFECTS OF MARIJUANAEFFECTS OF MARIJUANA

• Short Term Risks and Short Term Risks and EffectsEffects• Distorted perceptionsDistorted perceptions• Impaired memory, Impaired memory,

learning, and learning, and coordinationcoordination

• Increased appetite Increased appetite (commonly called the (commonly called the “munchies”)“munchies”)

• Increased heart rateIncreased heart rate• Anxiety/paranoiaAnxiety/paranoia• Blood-shot eyesBlood-shot eyes• EuphoriaEuphoria

• (Possible) Long Term Risks (Possible) Long Term Risks and Effectsand Effects• Respiratory problems Respiratory problems

(cough, phlegm, (cough, phlegm, bronchitis)bronchitis)

• Propensity for mental Propensity for mental illnesses (schizophrenia, illnesses (schizophrenia, depression, suicidal depression, suicidal contemplation)contemplation)• Unclear whether Unclear whether

marijuana causes marijuana causes mental illnesses or mental illnesses or exacerbates those exacerbates those already in existencealready in existence

• Loss of motivation and Loss of motivation and interest in social interest in social explorationexploration

• Lung CancerLung Cancer• Psychological (but not Psychological (but not

physical) addictionphysical) addiction

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DISTORED DISTORED PERCEPTIONSPERCEPTIONS

The THC binds with The THC binds with the receptors in the the receptors in the Cerebral Cortex. The Cerebral Cortex. The

Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex controls the motor controls the motor

skills, sensory skills, sensory perception, and perception, and

problem solving. As problem solving. As THC affects the THC affects the

Cerebral Cortex, it Cerebral Cortex, it impairs perceptions impairs perceptions

and judgment.and judgment.

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IMPAIRED IMPAIRED LEARNINGLEARNING

The THC binds with The THC binds with the receptors in the the receptors in the Cerebral Cortex. The Cerebral Cortex. The

Cerebral Cortex Cerebral Cortex controls the motor controls the motor

skills, sensory skills, sensory perception, and perception, and

problem solving. As problem solving. As THC affects the THC affects the

Cerebral Cortex, it Cerebral Cortex, it impairs the ability to impairs the ability to

learn.learn.

2 + 2 = 5

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MUNCHIESMUNCHIESThe THC acts with The THC acts with the Hypothalamus the Hypothalamus which affects the which affects the

way the hormones way the hormones are regulated.are regulated.

The hormones alter The hormones alter levels of hunger levels of hunger

and therefore make and therefore make the user hungrier.the user hungrier.

American Dad: Clip

Page 18: Cannabinoids Jonny A

ANXIETY ANXIETY AND AND

PARANOIAPARANOIATHC acts with the Limbic THC acts with the Limbic

system the most since the system the most since the Limbic system contains Limbic system contains many endocannabinoid many endocannabinoid

receptors. The THC receptors. The THC interferes with the normal interferes with the normal

way of communication. way of communication. Since Marijuana is illegal, Since Marijuana is illegal,

paranoia can be paranoia can be exacerbated.exacerbated.

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INCREASED HEARTRATEINCREASED HEARTRATEDue to paranoia and anxiety. The heart tends to Due to paranoia and anxiety. The heart tends to race in a stressful situations. This could lead to race in a stressful situations. This could lead to

a panic attack.a panic attack.

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Altered Altered Sense of Sense of

TimeTimeThe cerebellum controls The cerebellum controls

fine motor skills, balance, fine motor skills, balance, and an internal timing and an internal timing

system. Marijuana system. Marijuana interferes with these interferes with these functions, making the functions, making the

execution of fine motor execution of fine motor skills and the correct skills and the correct

perception of time more perception of time more difficult. As a result, a difficult. As a result, a

person under the influence person under the influence may have a hard time tying may have a hard time tying their shoe, and what seems their shoe, and what seems like an hour in actuality is like an hour in actuality is

only five minutes.only five minutes.

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BLOODSHOT BLOODSHOT EYESEYES

Marijuana decreases Marijuana decreases pressure in the eye pressure in the eye and increases blood and increases blood

flow. When the flow. When the eyeball expands due eyeball expands due

to decreased to decreased pressure and the pressure and the

arteries appear more arteries appear more prominent due to prominent due to

increased blood flow, increased blood flow, a “bloodshot” occurs.a “bloodshot” occurs.

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EUPHORIAEUPHORIAThe combination of The combination of all these sensations all these sensations

leads to the leads to the proverbial “high” proverbial “high”

users of marijuana users of marijuana experience.experience.

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MEDICAL MEDICAL MARIJUANAMARIJUANA

•Used to ease the Used to ease the discomfort as a result of discomfort as a result of ChemotherapyChemotherapy

•Also used to stimulate Also used to stimulate hunger in AIDS patientshunger in AIDS patients

•It is claimed that It is claimed that Marijuana also helps with Marijuana also helps with many other sicknesses many other sicknesses (such as MS and Epilepsy) (such as MS and Epilepsy) but it’s not provenbut it’s not proven

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MARINOLMARINOL

Synthetic THCSynthetic THC

Created to ensure a Created to ensure a proper amount of THC proper amount of THC deliverydelivery

Smoking Marijuana also Smoking Marijuana also has harmful side products has harmful side products (carcinogenic smoke)(carcinogenic smoke)

FDA approvedFDA approved

Comes in a pill formComes in a pill form

Does not have naturally Does not have naturally occurring cannabanoidsoccurring cannabanoids

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LEGAL ISSUESLEGAL ISSUES

• Federal Bureau of Federal Bureau of Narcotics (1930)Narcotics (1930)

• The 1936 Geneva The 1936 Geneva Trafficking ConventionTrafficking Convention

• Mandatory sentencing Mandatory sentencing (1952, 1956)(1952, 1956)

• Mandatory sentencing Mandatory sentencing and three-strikesand three-strikes

• United States vs.. Oakland United States vs.. Oakland Cannabis Buyers' Cannabis Buyers' Cooperative (2001)Cooperative (2001)

• Gonzales vs.. Raich Gonzales vs.. Raich (2005)(2005)

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SOCIALSOCIALISSUESISSUES

•Many teens experiment Many teens experiment with the drug because of with the drug because of its availability and its availability and perceived harmlessness perceived harmlessness compared to other, “hard” compared to other, “hard” drugsdrugs

•Drug dealing Drug dealing

•Drug dealing in high Drug dealing in high schoolsschools

•The general acceptance The general acceptance of the drug among the of the drug among the publicpublic

•Employee drug testingEmployee drug testing

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ECONOMIC ISSUESECONOMIC ISSUES

• California Taxation of California Taxation of MarijuanaMarijuana

• National Taxation of National Taxation of MarijuanaMarijuana

• Drug DealingDrug Dealing

• Foreign ImportationForeign Importation

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MARIJUANA AND MARIJUANA AND RELIGIONRELIGION

RastafarianismRastafarianism ReasoningReasoning ““Healing of a Nation”Healing of a Nation”

Quotes from the BibleQuotes from the Bible Genesis 1:29Genesis 1:29 Genesis 1:11Genesis 1:11 Genesis 3:18Genesis 3:18 Proverbs 15:17Proverbs 15:17 Psalms 104:14Psalms 104:14 All of these passages All of these passages

reference a nourishing reference a nourishing “herb” made by God“herb” made by God

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ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID ADVANCES IN CANNABINOID RESEARCHRESEARCH

Cannabinoids are compounds isolated from C. sativa with psychoactive properties 9-THC isolated in 1964 Cannabinoids are lipophilic and were

first thought to disrupt membranes Cannabinoid receptor CB1R identified

in 1990. CBRs are G-Protein Coupled Receptors

Endocannabinoids identified in 1992

Clinical Uses: Affects nocirecptors (pain) but no

systematic studies in people Licensed as antiemetics New CBR agonists without

psychoactive properties would be desirable

9-tetrahydrocannabinol

Anandamide – Binds to CB1R