The road(s) ahead

Outputs: opportunities Sporting Inclusion Traditional SD/equity/target groups

Sporting Outcomes Skills/competences/rules/ethics

Individual impacts Personal/social development/gender attitudes

Sport-for-Development:Sport-for-Development: a brief overview a brief overview

Individual outcomes Behaviours/relationships

‘Community’ outcomes Social cohesion/reduced conflict

Theory of change

Theory of change

Theory of change

Sport plus?

So, what iSo, what iss this game? this game?

Physical fitness/health

Personality/psychological development Self-efficacy/confidence/self-esteem/ locus of control ‘empowerment’

Structural/process properties Presumed outcomes

Mental health/psychological well-being Anxiety/ stress

Socio-psychological Empathy/tolerance/co-operation/social skills

Sociological Community identity/coherence/ integration

Employability

Reduced Crime

Education

Drug use

Sexual behaviour

Social cohesion Social capital

Direct effects Indirect outcomes

Necessary condition sufficient conditions

Self- efficacy [resilience]Self- efficacy [resilience]

People's beliefs about their capabilities to influence immediate events that affect their lives.

If I can't do a job the first time, I keep trying until I can.

Planning, implementing and persistence

Self-esteemSelf-esteem

Person 's overall evaluation or appraisal of her or his own worth

‘I am a good person…as good as anyone else’

FatalismFatalism The extent to which can influence what happens to us in life

Extent to which events are predetermined and unalterable. ‘people like me’ ….’education is of little use’

A few brief definitionsA few brief definitions

Social efficacySelf-confidence about social skills in personal relationships

Outputs: opportunities Sporting Inclusion Traditional SD/equity/target groups

Sporting Outcomes Skills/competences/rules/ethics

Individual impacts Personal/social development/gender attitudes

Sport-for-Development:Sport-for-Development: a brief overview a brief overview

Individual outcomes Behaviours/relationships

‘Community’ outcomes Social cohesion/reduced conflict

Theory of change

Theory of change

Theory of change

Sport plus?

Sport Magic box; social vaccine

Mechanisms, processes, experiences

Necessary conditions sufficient conditions

Families of programmes families of mechanismsNot ‘sport’ process is all

Not ‘sport’ sport plus .is it even sport? Causation is contingent……………

‘Sport’ presumed to have causal powers Closed system: medical/treatment model Measure ‘outcomes’

It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it. It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it.

Self-efficacy

Verbalpersuasion

Imitation and modelling

Physiologicalarousal

Performance

Sources of perceived self - efficacy Sources of perceived self - efficacy

Beliefs about capabilities to influence events that affect their lives.

“If I can’t do a job first time, I keep on trying until I can”

Self-efficacy

Verbalpersuasion

Imitation and modelling

Physiologicalarousal

Performance

Sources of perceived self - efficacy Sources of perceived self - efficacy

Beliefs about capabilities to influence events that affect their lives.

“If I can’t do a job first time, I keep on trying until I can”

Motivational Climate

Mastery Performance

Effort & improvement

Important role

Cooperative learning

Intra-teamrivalry

Unequalrecognition

Punishment ofmistakes

Social Climate and Self-EfficacySocial Climate and Self-Efficacy

Sportscompetence

Perceived strength

Physical condition

Body Attractiveness

Importance filter

Self-efficacyPhysical self-efficacy

Importance filter

Global self esteem

Source: K Fox (1990)

Social acceptance

Academic self-concept

Role(s)competence

Religion/culture

Self-esteemSelf-esteem Hierarchical and multidimensional modelHierarchical and multidimensional model

Traffic Lights

Correlation and meaning

Traffic controlled by lights

Regularities of behaviour

Correlation: colour/observable behaviour

But…... meaning of relationship?

General theory linking traffic signals/traffic movement

Sport Magic box; social vaccine

Mechanisms, processes, experiences

Necessary conditions sufficient conditions

Families of programmes families of mechanismsNot ‘sport’ process is all

Not ‘sport’ sport plus .is it even sport? Causation is contingent……………

‘Sport’ presumed to have causal powers Closed system: medical/treatment model Measure ‘outcomes’

It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it. It ‘s not what you do, but the way that you do it.

Rosenberg Self-esteem scale For each of the statements below, indicate how much you agree or disagree with each statement:

StronglyStrongly

agree Agree Disagreedisagree

On the whole I am satisfied with myself At times I think I am no good at all

I feel that I have a number of good qualitiesI am able to do things as well as most other peopleI feel I do not have much to be proud of I certainly feel useless at times I feel that I am a person of worth, at least equal with othersI wish I had more respect for myself All in all, I am inclined to think that I am a failureI take a positive attitude towards myself

Believing I can do Believing I can do believing in me believing in me

A normal distribution Sport for ‘development’?Sport for ‘development’?

How can we ask him questionsHow can we ask him questions?

• Experienced as more intrusive than questionnaire? especially sensitive issues [cultural and individual factors] Interviewee and interviewer

Interviewer bias

• More subjective than questionnaires researcher decides issues to pursue/what to hear [reporting: quotes/examples]

• Interviewer ‘perspective’: political/religious/cultural/personal/professional self-interest Hearing what you want to hear… hearing what you think you hearHearing what you want to hear… hearing what you think you hear

Possible disadvantagesPossible disadvantages

Any questions?