Odd one out

• Tibia – Ulna – Fibula – Femur

• Skull – ribs – pelvis – vertebral column

• Humerus – clavicle – sternum – phalanges

• Tibia – tarsals – fibula – talus

• Femur – humerus – ulna - patella

Name me…

Mineral storage

Movement

Protection

Blood cell production

Support

…the five functions of the skeletal system

Articular

White fibrocartilage

Elastic cartilage

…the 3 different types of cartilage

Radius

Ulna

…all the articulating bones of the radio-ulna joint

Carpals

Radius

Ulna

…all the articulating bones of the wrist joint

Femur

Tibia

…all the articulating bones of the knee joint

Glenoid fossa of Scapula

Head of Humerus

…all the articulating bones of the shoulder joint

Femur

Tibia

…all the articulating bones of the knee joint

Key terms – body positionsSelect from the words below to complete the following sentences

• The sternum is ………………………………………. to the scapula• The scapula is ………………………………………. to the clavicle• The thoracic region of the vertebral column is

…………………………………. to the lumbar region• The tibia is …………………………………….. to the femur• The vertebral column is …………………………………. to the

humerus • The phalanges are ……………………………………… to the

pelvis

Medial Superior Posterior

Anterior Lateral Inferior 

Review Quiz 1

The Skeletal System

In silence complete all 10 questions

No conferring with others!!

All books and notes out of sight!!

Answers1. Axial - Any 2 from: Skull/cranium, vertebrae, ribs

Appendicular – Any 2 bones other than skull/cranium, vertebrae, ribs

2. Movement, support, mineral storage, blood cell production and protection

3. Patella

4. Epiphysis

5. Articular (hyaline) cartilage

6. Humerus, radius, ulna

7. Carpals, radius, ulna

8. Femur, tibia

9. Talus, tibia, fibula

10. Head of femur and accetabulam of the pelvis

Grading

• <4/10 <40% U

• 4/10 40% E

• 5/10 50% D

• 6/10 60% C

• 7/10 70% B

• 8/10+ 80%+ A

Today’s learning objectives

To know and understand:

• The structural and functional characteristics of a synovial joint

• The range of movement of synovial joints

Be able to:

• Identify the main muscles groups of the muscular system

Today’s learning objectives

• Complete the following columns of the movement analysis table for each of the joints....– Joint type– Articulating bones

Classification of Joints

• Fibrous • No movement• Most stable

• Cartilaginous• Little movement• Stable

• Synovial• Free movement• Least stable

Give an example for each type of joint

Mostly located in axial

skeleton

Mostly located in appendicular

skeleton

Synovial joints

1. Ball and socket joint

2. Hinge joint

3. Condyloid joint

4. Saddle joint

5. Gliding joint

6. Pivot joint

Synovial joints• Name the 6 types of synovial joints

Condyloid Gliding Pivot Ball & socket

Hinge Saddle

Wrist Spine (between the bony

processes of the

vertebral discs)

Radio-ulnar

Atlas and axis (C1

& C2) (neck)

Hip

Shoulder

Elbow

Knee

Ankle

Thumb

TASK

• Complete the following columns of the movement analysis table for each of the joints....– Joint type– Articulating bones

Synovial joint structure - knee

Femur

Tibia

Patella

Tendon

Cruciate ligaments

Articular cartilage

Synovial fluid within synovial cavity

Bursa

Bursa

Meniscus

Pad of fat Ligament

Joint capsule

Quadriceps

Synovial membrane

Key features - NEW

• Bursa – A flattened fibrous sac lined with synovial fluid– Prevents friction at sites where ligaments, muscles, tendons and

bones might rub together

• Meniscus– White fibrocartilage that improves the fit between adjacent bone

ends– Make joint more stable and reduces wear and tear between joint

surfaces

• Pad of fat– Fatty pad that provides cushioning between the fibrous capsule

and a bone or muscle

Structure of a synovial joint

Features that improve STABILITY

Features that improve MOBILITY

Ligament

Meniscus

Joint capsule

Articular cartilage

Synovial fluid

Bursa

Structure of a synovial joint

• Complete the table to show the name, definition and function of each part of the synovial joint.

STRUCTURE & FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SYNOVIAL JOINT

Joint feature Structure Function

Joint Capsule

Discs of fibro-cartilage

Synovial fluid

Synovial membrane

Articular cartilage

Bursa

Ligaments

Pads of fat

Meniscus

Fibrous tissue encasing the joint Forming a capsule around the joint adds stability

C-shaped rims of fibrocartilage Acts as shock absorbers

A fluid that fills the joint capsuleNourishes and lubricates the articular cartilage

Lines the joint capsule Secretes synovial fluid

Covers the articulating surfaces of the bones

Prevents friction between the ends of bones

White fibrous connective tissue which attaches bone to bone

By securing the bones of joints together it adds significantly to joint stability

A sac filled with synovial fluid located between tendons/ligaments and bones

To reduce friction where tendons, ligaments, muscle or bones might rub together

Fatty tissue located between fibrous capsule and bone or muscle

Provides a cushion between the joint capsule and the bone/muscle

Wedges of fibrocartilage found between bones

Stabilises joint by improving the fit between bones. Reduces wear & tear

Specimen paper 2000

Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….

(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers

and gymnasts.

Ball and socket jointsUse your understanding of the structure of the

shoulder and hip joints to explain which allows the greatest range of movement

The hip joint

Shoulder Joint

• The socket on the scapula (glenoid fossa) is small and shallow making the joint less stable

• The joint capsule is very loose (allowing seperation between the two bones) allowing more movement

• The head of the humerus is rounded but not as ball-like as the head of the femur, therefore it does not sit as deeply into the glenoid fossa

• The shoulder joint is stabilised by the rotator cuff muscles but these are not as strong as the muscles surrounding the hip.

• It is relatively easy to dislocate a shoulder

Hip joint

• The socket on the pelvis (acetabulum) is deep and cup-like in shape making the joint more stable

• A rim of fibrocartilage adds depth to the acetabulum, adding to stability

• The head of the femur is very spherical and fits snugly into the acetabulum

• The joint is supported by 5 strong ligaments

• The hip joint is surrounded by large muscle groups that aid stability, e.g. Gluteus maximus

• It is relatively difficult to dislocate the hip

Specimen paper 2000

Explain the differences in flexibility measurements given for the shoulder joint and the hip joint in terms of….

(i) the structure of the joint;(ii) the difference between swimmers

and gymnasts.

Specimen paper 2000

(b) 1 mark for each of• The glenoid fossa at the shoulder joint is very shallow and allows

more movement than the hip• The acetabelum on the hip joint is quite deep giving more

stability and less movement.• The muscles and connective tissue surrounding the shoulder

joint are less restrictive than the hip as stability is not essential• Any relevant comment regarding the difference in technique for

swimmers or gymnasts• Any relevant comment concerning training for swimmers or

gymnasts

[max 4]

Exam question – Jan 2008

Identify two structures of a synovial joint and describe the role of one of these structures during physical performance

(3 marks)

Exam question – May 2005

Identify two structures of the hip joint and describe the role of each structure during physical performance

(4 marks)

Types of movement

• What type of movements do we already know?

– Flexion– Extension– Abduction– Adduction– Rotation

Horizontal flexion

Horizontal extension

Lateral flexion

Circumduction

Pronation

Supination

Dosiflexion

Plantar flexion

Flexion & Extension

• Flexion – makes a body part move in a forwards direction from the anatomical position

• Extension – makes a body part move in a backwards direction from the anatomical position

• Except the knee joint! Flexion = lower leg moves backwards

Type of movementsFlexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Rotation

Circumduction

Horizontal flexion

Horizontal extension

Lateral flexion

Pronation

Supination

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Memory aids

• Horizontal flexion/extension – Fingers are already pointing to the horizon

• Abduction – Being taken ‘away’ from or ‘abducted’

• Supination– Holding a bowl of soup ‘soupination’ = palms

upwards

• Plantar flexion – P for plantar and P for pointed feet

Practical task – on your feet….

Find a position in which all the major joints in your body are flexed

TASK

• In the table, match the type of movement to the correct definition

Movement analysis table

• Complete the ‘Movement allowed’ column of your movement analysis table

Key terms – body positions

1. Flexion of the wrist

2. Extension of the wrist

3. Flexion of the elbow

4. Extension of the elbow

5. Flexion of the spine

6. Extension of the spine

7. Flexion of the hip

8. Extension of the hip

9. Flexion of the knee

10.Extension of the knee

11. Horizontal flexion of the shoulder

12. Horizontal extension of the shoulder

13. Abduction of the shoulder

14. Adduction of the shoulder

15. Abduction of the hip

16. Adduction of the hip

17. Rotation of the shoulder

18. Rotation of the hip

19. Circumduction of the shoulder

20. Lateral flexion of the spine

For each of the actions below, give at least one sporting action that demonstrates the movement

Movement analysisLook at the pictures and identify what movement

actions are taken place at each joint

Muscles

• Label one person in your group with all the muscles you can remember

PectoralsDeltoids

Biceps

Abdominals

Quadriceps Hamstrings

Latissimus Dorsi

Trapezius

Triceps

Gastrocnemius

Gluteals

Front View Back View

Major Voluntary Muscles

Skip to labelled diagram

Muscles• Triceps brachii• Biceps brachii• Deltoid• Trapezius• Latissimus dorsi• Gluteus maximus• Gastrocnemius• Soleus• Pectoralis minor• Pectoralis major• Rectus abdominus• Erector spinae group• Wrist extensors• Wrist flexors• Iliopsoas

• Gluteus medius• Gluteus minimus• Internal obliques• External obliques• Pronator teres• Supinator• Tibialis anterior• Biceps femoris• Semitendinosus• Semimembranosus• Rectus femoris• Vastus lateralis• Vastus medialis• Vastus intermedius

Hamstrings

Quadriceps