Bridging the development gap

FOUR MIND MAPS TO HELP WITH REVISION

1. Development gap players2. Narrowing the development gap3. Smart aid4. Barriers to narrowing the gap in sub-Saharan Africa

5.

UN MillenniumDevelopment Goalspriorities achieved bystrategies opposite

Narrowing theDevelopment Gap

International AidOfficial

DevelopmentAssistance (ODA)

Micro-funding

Reducing thedigital divide

Trade

IMF's structuralreadjustments

Debtre-scheduling

Land reform

Both multi- and bi-lateral ODA aid areexamples of top-downdevelopment

Bilateral - individualcountries

Multilateral - IMF,World Bank, etc

Providing incentiveand motivation todrive developmentforward

Developing a globalpartnerships fordevelopment -Progressing in SouthAfrica

Ensuring environmentalsustainability -achieved in Thailandand progressing inSouth Africa & Mexico

Combating diseasesespecially HIV &malaria - Achieved inThailand andprogressing in Mexico

Improvement tomaternal health -Achieved in Thailand

Reducing by two thirdsinfant mortality -achieved in Mexico &Thailand

Gender equality andempowering women -achieved in Bangladesh& Thailand andprogressing in SouthAfrica & Mexico

Primary education forall - achieved Mexico &Thailand andprogressing in SouthAfrica, Bangladesh &Kenya

Eradicating extremepoverty and hunger -achieved in Thailand,progressing in SouthAfrica & MexicoCreating the means to

develop education,training, maternalhealth and generalhealth (see MDGs)

Linked to 'tied aid'that is both top downand donor controlled

Managing subsidiesand tariffs to facilitatea level playing field

Fairtrade - workingwith small farmershelping to make themmore economicallysecure

Facilitatingdevelopment ineducation,infrastructure,communication, etc

Tiny loans that canfacilitate progress butbe easily repaid

BOTTOM UPLocal

initiativessupported by

NGOs

TOP DOWNCapital

intensive andoften

governmentled

Appropriatetechnology

Hightechnology

Eg mobile phones arecheaper and easierthan computers ataccessing information

Eg tube wells are lesscostly and morepractical than largedam schemes atproviding clean water

Appropriate to meansand needs

Eg Pergau Dam inMalaysia - UKgovernment aidprogramme set upwithout localconsultation. Manybelieve the £234m aidpackage was 'tied' to a£1b arms deal.

Eg Hunger Project - oneof several organisationsforging partnershipswith local communitiesin Africa, Asia & LatinAmerica to mobilisegrassroots people forself-reliant action aswell as intervening forgender equality

Water &sanitationsave lives

Killer diseaseon the runs

SMART AID

Researchdrives

development

Small loansproduce big

results

Educatedgirls change

worlds

Researchers,governments, NGOsand health workerscooperating to helperadicate killerdiseases like malaria,measles, polio andAIDS, that can killmillions each year.

Important developments include:insecticide treated bed nets to preventmalariaimproved vaccines and better access tothose who need them.

Sickness can be devastatingfor the entire family because:

they must pay for doctors,hospitalisation andmedication from their ownpocketssomeone in the family hasto stop work to care for thesick relativecan run into debt just bypaying for over the counterdrugs to combat childhoodfevers.

Wider benefits include fewerdays off work or school thusbenefiting the economy bothshort term (work) and longterm (school).

A matter of human dignity aswell as saving lives -thousands of under5s diefrom cholera, dysentery andtyphoid every day

Girls forced to queue for upto 10 hours a day to collectwater from a far off welldenies them of an education

Preventing diarrhoealdiseases reduces malnutrition

Aid agencies, NGOsand governmentsgetting more girlsinto school by:

abolishing feesproviding toilets(not having them isa huge deterrent).

Increased earningpotential andgreaterindependenceLess likely to marryyoung and childrenmore spaced apartMore education thegreater likelihoodthat the childrenwill be immunised,better fed andbetter educatedtoo.

Improved earnings mean:children can be sent to schoolfamilies eat better and are thereforehealthierwomen earning gain self-esteem andmore say in the home & neighbourhood.

Tiny loans (knownas microfinance)that buyinexpensive items,such as mobilephones, enableentrepreneurs tostart a smallbusiness - egselling, weaving,baking, bicyclerepair, etc.

Success means others can be employed inthe business.

Being very small(often less than200$) repayment ispossible in a fewmonths, so avoidingburdensome debt andturning on its headthe entrenched viewthat poor people arecredit risks.

Helps understand how plant,animal and human diseases spread

New strains of plants developedsuch as the staple crop cassava ledto yields 9X that of older varieties.

Resources

Conflict

Aid

Barriers tonarrowing thedevelopment

gap insub-Saharan

Africa

Food

Water

Debt

Most MEDCs do not givethe 0.7% of their GDPthey promised

Averages 4% of GDPand is off-set by debt

There have been at least18 civil andinternational conflicts inthe region since 1990

Repayments draingovernment income

In Mozambique it is204% of GDP

Averages 70% ofGDP

Aquifers over usedand running dry

Lack of water supplyprevents farmimprovements

Per capita foodproduction is fallingin the region

12 countries haveexperienced faminesince 1990

Deforestation, soil erosion anddesertification are occuring asincreasing populations degraderesources