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APPLICATION AND TESTING OF NONWOVEN Submitted By:-Tina dhingra The Technical Institute of Textile and Sciences ( Bhiwani) M.tech (F.A.E)

Nonwoven (application, testing)

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Page 1: Nonwoven (application, testing)

APPLICATION AND TESTING OF NONWOVEN

Submitted By:-Tina dhingraThe Technical Institute of Textile and Sciences ( Bhiwani) M.tech (F.A.E)

Page 2: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Defination of nonwoven

• Defination According to ASTM 1989:- Structure

produced by bonding or interlacement of fiber or both accomplished by mechanical , chemical ,thermal or solvent mean and the combination of techniques .

Term does not include paper or fabric that are woven, knitted or tufted or those made by other felting process.

or we can say that nonwoven is direct conversion of fiber

to fabric.

Page 3: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Why to go for nonwoven????

• Due to high production a versality of use of different fibres to produce final product having required properties according to final product and also elimination of spinning and weaving process

• The function and general textile-physical and

chemical characteristics should also be evaluated as a function of the very different end-uses of the various materials

Page 4: Nonwoven (application, testing)

INDA -Standard methods of testing nonwoven

• Trapezoid tear• Cantilever stiffness• Tear strength• Breaking load and elongation• Thickness• Co-efficient of friction• Resistance to dry cleaning and laundering• Resistance to linting• Web uniformity test• Resistance to penetration of bacteria• Gurley stiffness test• Internal bond strength• Weight (grammage)

Reference:- BY HASSAN M.BEHERY(Nonwovens- Theory, process, performance and testing) chapter -10/207

Page 5: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Standard Test Method forTearing Strength of Fabrics by the Tongue (Single rip)

procedure• The CRE-type tensile testing machine has become the preferred test apparatus for determining tongue tearing strength.• This test method applies to most fabrics including• woven fabrics, air bag fabrics, blankets, napped fabrics, knit fabrics, layered fabrics, pile fabrics. The fabrics may be untreated, heavily sized, coated, resin-treated, or otherwise treated. Instructions are provided for testing specimens with or without wetting.

Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02, D 5735-95

Page 6: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Standard Test Method forTearing Strength of nonwoven Fabrics

• A rectangular specimen, cut in the center of a short edge to form a two-tongued (trouser shaped) specimen,

• in which one tongue of the specimen is gripped in the upper jaw and the other tongue is gripped in the lower jaw of a tensile testing machine.

• The separation of the jaws is continuously increased to apply a force to propagate the tear.

• At the same time, the force developed is recorded.

• The force to continue the tear is calculated from autographic chart recorders or microprocessor data collection systems.

Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02, D 5735-95

Page 7: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Standard Test Method stiffness of nonwoven fabrics using the cantilever test

• Scope :-• This test method covers stiffness properties of nonwoven

fabrics by employing the principle of cantilever bending of the fabric under its own weight.

• Bending length is measured and flexural rigidity calculated.

• This test method applies to most nonwoven fabrics that are treated or untreated, including those heavily sized, coated, or resin treated

Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02, D 5732-95

Page 8: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Stiffness testing method of thenon-woven fabrics

• Set the tester on a table or bench .• Remove the movable slide. Place the specimen on

the stationary table with the length of the specimen parallel to the edge of the table. Align the edge of the specimen with the line scribed 6mm (1/4 in.) from the right-hand edge of the table.

• Place the movable slide on to the specimen careful not to change its initial position.

• Verify that the bend angle indicator is at the (41.5 degree) angle marked on the scale.

• In manually testers, move the clamped specimen by hand in a smooth even manner until the edge of the specimen touches the knife edge.

• Read and record the overhang length from the linear scale to nearest 1 mm.

Reference:- Annual book of ASTM Standard, vol 07.02, D 5732-95

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Application Area 1)Sanitary and Medical uses

1.Feminine Hygiene

2.Diapers3.Patient Apparel4.Surgical gown/ mask

2)Packaging materials 1.Floor & wall covering2.Blankets 3.Pillow covers, Bed sheets4.Towels5.Luggage & Table cloth6.House hold wipes

3)Civil Engg. Application 1.Geotextiles water proofing2.Roofing material

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4)FOOTWEAR APPLICATIONS

1.Shoe cover 2.Lining 3.Sole

5) APPARELS 1.Interlinings 2.Protective clothing 3.Laboratory aprons

6)OTHER UTILITY MATERIAL

1.Decorative textiles 2.Book covers 3.Tea bags 4.Tents

Page 11: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Hygiene and medical products

• The largest use of and textiles is for hygiene applications such as wipes.

• Babies diapers (nappies) and adult sanitary and incontinence products.

• Nonwoven fabrics are used in the medical and hygiene sectors to treat patients both directly and indirectly.

• This provides information on the compatibility of materials and products which come into contact with the skin.

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NONWOVEN IN MEDICAL PRODUCT NONWOVEN IN HYGIENE PRODUCT

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Properties of the medical nonwoven

• The main criteria for determining the suitability of textile products are :-

• – barrier efficiency toward bacteria, viruses, liquids and dust particles

• – capacity to absorb and store body fluids• – resistance to mechanical influences

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Barrier efficiency towards bacteria and liquids

SS 8760019 EDANA 190.0-8ASTM F 1670-97ASTM F 1671-97DIN EN 20811

Bacterial loading of products DIN EN 1174

Particle emissions EDANA 220.0-96EDANA 300.0-84

Liquid absorption capacity ASTM F 1819-97

Liquid storage capacity ISO 9073-6

Liquid transfer capacity Test methods of the leading organizationsof German medicalinsurance companies

Textile-physical properties ISO 9073-3ISO 9073-4ISO 13938-1

STANDARD FOR MEDICAL AND HEIGIENE NON-WOVEN

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Test methods for fluid barrier properties of surgical gowns (AAMI)

• Impact penetration• Hydrostatic pressure test• Blood repellency test• Antibacterial assessment

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Test method for surgical gown• Impact penetration:- impact penetration test

is performed according to the AATCC 42. A 178x33O mm sample with pre weighted blotting paper is placed on an inclined surface at an angle of 45 as shown in figure.

• One end of specimen is clamped under the spring clamp at the top of inclined stand. Another clamp of 0.4536 kg is clamped to the free end of sample.

• A 5OO ml of distilled water is poured in the funnel of the tester and allowed to spray on to the specimen from a height of 60 c.m.

• The blotting paper is removed and reweighed. The amount of water passing through the fabric is given by the change in weight of the blotting paper, which can be used as an indication of water repellency.

Spray impact penetration test

Reference:- VINAY KUMAR MIDHA National seminar on nonwovens and technical textiles, October 5-6,2012Department of textile technology, NIT Jalandhar

Page 17: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Household textiles

• Nonwoven fabrics can be used in the following household textile applications:

• – floor coverings• – sub-upholstery materials• – webbings Materials for use in the contract sector have to

meet legal specifications regarding their flammability.

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NONWOVEN HOUSEHOLD PRODUCT

Nonwoven wall hanging China nonwoven carpet

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Materials for use in the contract sector have to meet legal specifications regarding their flammability:-

DIN 53 855-3: 1979-01 Testing of textiles – Determination of thickness of textilefabrics – Floor coverings

DIN 54 316: 1983-10 Testing of textiles – Determination of thickness loss oftextile floor coverings at static load.

DIN 54 326: 1984-01 Testing of textiles – Determination of appearance retentionof textile floor coverings – Tetra pod-walker-test

DIN 54 345-3 1985-07 Testing of textiles – Electrostatic behavior – Determinationof electrostatic charge of textile floor coverings bymachine

Special DIN Standards exist only for floor coverings; these are already subject to existing textile-physical testing procedures for use in special applications.These include, for example:-

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Properties for household product (carpets)

• Colorfastness to light• Colorfastness to water• Colorfastness to rubbing• Colorfastness to dry-cleaning solvents• Resistance to insects• Bond strength with backing • Resiliency• Flammability• Water repellency

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Heat- and flame-resistant clothingEN 469 Protective clothing for fire fighters – Requirements and

test methods for protective clothing for fire fighting

EN 1486 Protective clothing for fire fighters – Test methods andrequirements for reflective clothing for specialized fire fighting.

EN 470-1 Protective clothing for use in welding and allied processes– Part 1: General requirements

EN 531 Protective clothing for industrial workers exposed to heat(excluding fire fighters’ and welders’ clothing)

EN 533 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and flame –Limited flame spread materials and material assemblies

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EN 348 Protective clothing – Test method: determination of behavior of materials on impact of small splashes of moltenmetal

EN 366 Protective clothing – Test method: determination of behavior of materials on impact of small splashes of moltenMetal

EN 367 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and fire – Method of determining heat transmission on exposure to flame

EN 373 Protective clothing – Assessment of resistance of materials to molten metal splash

EN 532 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and flame – Test method for limited flame spread

EN 702 Protective clothing – Protection against heat and flame Test method: Determination of the contact heat transmission through protective clothing or its materials

Special testing standards:-

Page 23: Nonwoven (application, testing)

NONWOVEN IN PROTECTIVE CLOTHING

FLAME RESISTANCE NONWOVEN GLOVES

NONWOVEN USED RESIST TO CHEMICAL

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Filter fabrics

• Pulsejet fabric filters are widely used in many industries like solid, fuel, Fired power generation.

• e.g. for industrial dust removal or for cleaning atmospheric air.

• Conveyor belts, seal gasket, other industrial equipment.

• nonwoven fabrics are to be used as filter media for both wet and dry filtration.

• The end-use-specific textile physical and general physical parameters should also be determined:-

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Property of filter nonwoven fabric

• mass per unit area• – thickness• – gross density• – percentage of pores• – air permeability• – strength and deformation characteristics• – surface characteristics• – behavior during further processing• – moisture absorption capacity• – burning behavior• – electrostatic behavior

Page 26: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Required property of industrial fabrics

• Their resistance to other materials should also be determined:

• – chemical resistance• – thermal resistance• – biological resistance, e.g. to bacteria

Page 27: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Geo Textiles

• Nonwoven geotextiles:- nonwoven geotextiles are

thicker and made either from short and continuous filaments, carded or laid in even patterns and then mechanically (needle punched) or thermally bonded.

Woven geotextiles Nonwoven geotextiles

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Benefits of nonwoven geotextiles

• Cheap and easy to manufacture.• Superior chemical resistance in even the

aggressive environment application.• Highly porous structure• Staple fibres needle punched together to form

fabric capable of withstanding construction installation stresses.

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Published product standards for geotextiles and related products, situation as at 1999-06 :-

Page 30: Nonwoven (application, testing)

GEO NONWOVEN

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Mechanical property of geo textile

• Tensile and puncture properties of geotextiles• Frictional behavior of geotextiles• Creep behavior of geotextiles• Hydraulic properties of geotextiles• Porous structure of geotextiles• Permeability characteristics of geotextiles

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1) Breaking (grab strength) ASTM D 5034-95

2) Trapezoid tearing strength ASTM D4533-04

3) Puncture strength ASTM D4833-00e1

4) Permittivity ASTM D4491-99a (D5493-93)

5) Pore size ASTM D4451-04 (D6767-02)

6) Mass per unit area ASTM D5261-92

7) Bursting strength ASTM D3786-01

North American (ASTM,AATCC AND MIL Geotextiles

Page 33: Nonwoven (application, testing)

Thermoplasting fabrics in roofing/ waterproofing

ASTM D4830-98

Wide width tensile strength ASTM D4595

Abrasion damage simulation( sliding block test)

ASTM D4886-88

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(An apparatus for in Soil testing)

Reference:- Amit Rawal , Tahir Shah and shubash Anand Textile progressGeotextiles : production, properties and performanceVol. 42, no. 3, September 2010, 181-226

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Conclusion…..

• nonwoven is direct conversion of fiber to fabric. elimination of spinning and weaving process.

• Application area of nonwoven are medical and hygiene, civil Engg. (geotextiles) apparel, footwear and other uses.

• These are standard method used for nonwoven. Trapezoid tear, Cantilever stiffness, Tear strength, Breaking load and elongation,Thickness,Co-efficient of friction, Resistance to dry cleaning and laundering, Resistance to linting.

• Nonwoven fabric is a cheap and easy to manufacture.

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Other References• www.Conteches.com “product/geotextlies/woven-geotextiles.”• www.geofabrics.com “geotextiles”.• www.conteches.com “geotextiles/nonwoven-geotextles”.• Huang, W and Leonas, k. (2000). Evaluating a one Bath process for Imparting Antimicrobial

activity and Repellency to Nonwoven Surgical Gown Fabrics, Textile Research journal 70(9), 774-782.

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THANKU…