Embed Size (px)
DESCRIPTION
Post-construction support to rural water supplies: costs and impacts - presen
Citation preview
Post-construction support to rural water supplies: costs and impacts
29 August 2012Water services that last
Water MDG
29 August 2012Water services that last
Capital expenditure dominates
Management /recurrent expenditure
dominates
Coverage rates
Sector effort and costs
25% 50% 75% 100%
Danger zone: as basic infrastructure is provided, rate of
coverage growth risks stagnating
Capital maintenance exp. dominates
But…. a danger zone looms
(Moriarty, 2011)
29 August 2012Water services that last
Background
• Wide acceptance that majority of community-based service providers are unable to manage their water supply without some form of support– Direct support: structured support activities to service providers as well
as to users or user groups
– Indirect support creating and regulating the enabling environment for rural water supply services provision and support to service authorities
• Yet, very little data available on the impact of direct and indirect support and what it costs
• Literature study as well as primary data collection on costs (Andhra Pradesh, Ghana and Mozambique) and impacts of support (Colombia, Ghana)
29 August 2012Water services that last
Arrangements for providing direct support
Arrangement for supportagent
Some examples
Direct supportby local government
Burkina Faso, Ghana, Mozambique and Uganda
Local governmentsubcontracting a specialised agency
South Africa: municipalities can contract a Support Services Agency (SSA), which can be a private company or a NGO (Gibson 2010)
Central governmentor parastatal agencies
•Honduras: circuit riders•Chile, regional utilities contracted by Central Ministry
Association of community-based service providers
The Sistema Integrado de Saneamento Rural (SISAR) in north-eastern Brazil combines association of community-based service providers with support from a state-level utilityHonduras: AHJASA
NGOsEl Salvador: The Asociación Salvadoreña de Servicios de Agua (ASSA) offers direct support using a circuit rider model.
29 August 2012Water services that last
Effectiveness of arrangements for direct support
• Earlier research had shown that most communities receive some support
• But, what impact does it have?
• What are the most effective arrangements?
– Ad hoc and on demand arrangements
– Structured support arrangements
29 August 2012Water services that last
Impact of direct support: Ghana
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
%o
f W
ATS
AN
s m
ee
tin
g th
e b
en
chm
ark
on
se
rvic
e p
rovi
de
r in
dic
ato
rs
Percentage of WATSANs meeting service provider benchmark, without monitoring support
Percentage of WATSANs meeting service provider benchmark, with monitoring support
Source; Adank et al., 2012 forthcoming
29 August 2012Water services that last
Impact of direct support: Colombia
• Survey of 40 rural systems:– 29 with structured support
– 9 with ad hoc support
– 2 had not received any support at all
• Those with structured support have significantly better performing service providers; impact on service levels is positive but not significant
Number of systems Average performance
score of the service
provider (on scale of 0-
100)
Average score for service
level (on scale of 0-5)
Systems linked to post-
construction support model
29 61.1 3.63
Systems without structured
post-construction support
11 48.1 3.52
Source; Smits et al., 2012
29 August 2012Water services that last
Impact of direct support: Colombia
Sin modelo de apoyo
Aguas Manantiale
s Pacora
Comite de Cafeteros
UES Rural Cali
Aguas de Manizales
AQUACOLSecretaria Vivienda Caldas
Programa Cultura
Empresarial
Calificacion promedia en gestion tecnico-operativa
14.7 14.7 17.2 17.1 19.0 17.7 20.2 26.9
Calificacion promedia en gestion administrativa
18.6 20.7 20.1 19.9 19.5 25.6 21.6 30.9
Calificacion promedia de gobernanza y legalidad
17.4 15.0 17.7 18.3 17.8 23.7 25.2 25.6
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
Pe
rfo
rman
ce o
f se
rvic
e p
rovi
de
r sc
ore
Score in technical performance
Score in administrative performance
Score in organizational performance
No support
Source; Smits et al., 2012
29 August 2012Water services that last
Impact of direct support: Colombia
• High variability within and between support models; not clear that one model works better than another
• Need to look at the underlying factors that explain effectiveness of models:
– degree of institutionalisation
– frequency of support
– inter-institutional character of support model
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
90.00
0 (n=2) 1-4 (n=16) 5-8 (n=13) 9-12 (n=4) Más de 12 (n=5)
Pe
rfo
rman
ce o
f se
rvic
e p
rovi
de
r
Frequency of support visits
Source; Smits et al., 2012
29 August 2012Water services that last
Costs of direct support
• Costs of:
– Salaries of support providers
– Travel and accommodation
– Materials for training etc
– Overhead
• Difficult to collect and compile data
– Little structured capturing of such data
– No unified criteria
– Often combined with other cost categories of operation, maintenance and replacement
29 August 2012Water services that last
Comparing expenditure on direct support in various case studies
Case ExpDS (US$/ person/ year)
Mozambique 0.0015El Salvador 0.25India (Andhra Pradesh) 0.32Mali 0.34 Ghana 0.78Honduras 0.90Namibia 1.12-2.76 (actual)
2.59-5.49 (required) South Africa 1.69-3.93Chile 3.44Brazil 3.63
Source; Smits et al., 2011
29 August 2012Water services that last
Expenditure and costs of direct support
• Annual expenditure on direct support of less than US$ 1 per person per year reported that the relevant agencies were unable to fulfil their mandate (Ghana, Mozambique)
• Annual expenditure of above US$ 3 per person all reported reasonable levels of functionality (South Africa, Chile, Brazil)
• Realistic cost of support is probably a couple of US dollars per person per year
• In countries with higher expenditure on support, this is not provided by local government, but by dedicated agencies
• Some scope for user contributions, but largely financed through taxes of transfers
29 August 2012Water services that last
Conclusions• Many community-based service providers demand
and access external support
– Though few in a structured way
• Little data available suggests that direct support to service providers leads to better performing service providers
• But doesn’t necessarily translate into better services
– Other factors at play
– Type and levels of support are in many places not adequate
29 August 2012Water services that last
Conclusions• There is not a single type of “best” institutional
arrangement; contributing factors include: frequency, degree of institutionalization and inter-institutional character
• Direct support is not cheap – 2-3 US$/person/year seems to be needed; below 1 US$/person/year too low to have any impact
• Scope for some user contributions, but to be funded largely through taxes and transfer
• To be part of recurrent costs so as to avoid a danger zone
29 August 2012Water services that last
Next steps
• Develop clarity of mandate for support, assessing also existing informal arrangements
• Identify strengths and gaps of these models and possible ways of strengthening them and/or develop new modalities for support
• Studies on existing expenditure combined with modelling of adequate financial resources – 2 to 3 US$ per person per year?
• Identifying financing sources for direct support costs
