Team Building and Team Building and Team WorkTeam Work

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Teamwork and HighTeamwork and HighPerformance TeamsPerformance Teams

Study questions.Study questions. What is a high performance teamWhat is a high performance team…and …and

what is teamworkwhat is teamwork?? What is team building?What is team building? What can be done to improve team What can be done to improve team

processes?processes? How do teams contribute to the high How do teams contribute to the high

performance workplace?performance workplace?

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What is a high performance What is a high performance teamteam…and what is teamwork…and what is teamwork??

A team is a small group of people with A team is a small group of people with complementary skills, who work complementary skills, who work actively together to achieve a common actively together to achieve a common purpose for which they hold purpose for which they hold themselves collectively accountable.themselves collectively accountable.

Teams are one of the major forces Teams are one of the major forces behind revolutionary changes in behind revolutionary changes in contemporary organizations.contemporary organizations.

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What is a high performance What is a high performance teamteam…and what is teamwork…and what is teamwork??

Types of teams.Types of teams. Teams that recommend things.Teams that recommend things.

►Established to study specific problems and Established to study specific problems and recommend solutions to them.recommend solutions to them.

Teams that run things.Teams that run things.►Have formal responsibility for leading other Have formal responsibility for leading other

groups.groups. Teams that make or do things.Teams that make or do things.

►Functional groups that perform ongoing tasks.Functional groups that perform ongoing tasks.

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What is a high performanceWhat is a high performanceteamteam…and what is teamwork…and what is teamwork??

The nature of teamwork.The nature of teamwork. Team members actively work together in Team members actively work together in

such a way that all of their respective such a way that all of their respective

skills are utilized to achieve a common skills are utilized to achieve a common

purpose.purpose.

Teamwork is the central foundation of any Teamwork is the central foundation of any

high performance team.high performance team.

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What is a high performanceWhat is a high performanceteamteam…and what is teamwork…and what is teamwork??

Characteristics of high performance Characteristics of high performance

teams.teams. High performance teams:High performance teams:

►Have strong core values.Have strong core values.

►Turn a general sense of purpose into specific Turn a general sense of purpose into specific

performance objectives.performance objectives.

►Have the right mix of skills.Have the right mix of skills.

►Possess creativity.Possess creativity.

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What is a high performanceWhat is a high performanceteamteam…and what is teamwork…and what is teamwork??

Diversity and team performance.Diversity and team performance. To create and maintain high performance To create and maintain high performance

teams, the elements of group teams, the elements of group effectiveness (Chapter 9) must be effectiveness (Chapter 9) must be addressed and successfully managed.addressed and successfully managed.

Diverse teams:Diverse teams:►Improve problem solving and increase Improve problem solving and increase

creativity.creativity.►May struggle in the short term.May struggle in the short term.►Have strong long-term performance potential.Have strong long-term performance potential.

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What is team building?What is team building?

Team members and leaders must work hard Team members and leaders must work hard to achieve teamwork.to achieve teamwork.

Team building helps in achieving teamwork.Team building helps in achieving teamwork. Team building.Team building.

A sequence of planned activities designed to A sequence of planned activities designed to gather and analyze data on the functioning of a gather and analyze data on the functioning of a group and to initiate changes designed to group and to initiate changes designed to improve teamwork and increase group improve teamwork and increase group effectiveness.effectiveness.

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What is team building?What is team building?

How team building works.How team building works. Five step process.Five step process.

►Problem or opportunity in team effectiveness.Problem or opportunity in team effectiveness.

►Data gathering and analysis.Data gathering and analysis.

►Planning for team improvements.Planning for team improvements.

►Actions to improve team functioning.Actions to improve team functioning.

►Evaluation of results.Evaluation of results.

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What is team building?What is team building?

Approaches to team building.Approaches to team building. Formal retreat approach.Formal retreat approach.

►Team building occurs during an offsite retreat.Team building occurs during an offsite retreat. Continuous improvement approach.Continuous improvement approach.

►The manager, team leader, or members take The manager, team leader, or members take responsibility for ongoing team building.responsibility for ongoing team building.

Outdoor experience approach.Outdoor experience approach.►Members engage in physically challenging Members engage in physically challenging

situations that require teamwork.situations that require teamwork.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Increased emphasis on teams and Increased emphasis on teams and teamwork:teamwork: Presents challenges to people accustomed Presents challenges to people accustomed

to more traditional ways of working.to more traditional ways of working. Creates complications due to multiple and Creates complications due to multiple and

shifting memberships.shifting memberships. Requires team leaders and members to Requires team leaders and members to

deal positively with group dynamics issues. deal positively with group dynamics issues. Requires ongoing team building.Requires ongoing team building.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

New member problems.New member problems. New members are concerned about issues New members are concerned about issues

of:of:

►Participation.Participation.

►Goals.Goals.

►Control.Control.

►Relationships.Relationships.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

New member problems New member problems — — contcont.. Behavior profiles of coping with individual Behavior profiles of coping with individual

entry problems.entry problems.►Tough battler.Tough battler.►Friendly helper.Friendly helper.►Objective thinker.Objective thinker.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Behavior profiles for coping.Behavior profiles for coping.

Tough battler.Tough battler.

►Is frustrated by a lack of identity in the new Is frustrated by a lack of identity in the new

group.group.

►May act aggressively or reject authority.May act aggressively or reject authority.

►Seeks to determine his or her role in the Seeks to determine his or her role in the

group.group.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Behavior profiles for coping Behavior profiles for coping — — contcont.. Friendly helper.Friendly helper.

►Is insecure, suffering uncertainties of intimacy Is insecure, suffering uncertainties of intimacy

and control.and control.

►May show extraordinary support for others, May show extraordinary support for others,

behave in a dependent way, and seek behave in a dependent way, and seek

alliances.alliances.

►Needs to know whether she or he will be liked.Needs to know whether she or he will be liked.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Behavior profiles for coping Behavior profiles for coping — — contcont.. Objective thinker.Objective thinker.

►Is anxious about how personal needs will be Is anxious about how personal needs will be met.met.

►Acts in a passive, reflective, and even single-Acts in a passive, reflective, and even single-minded manner.minded manner.

►Concerned with fit between individual and Concerned with fit between individual and group goals.group goals.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Task and maintenance leadership.Task and maintenance leadership.

High performance teams require High performance teams require

distributed leadership.distributed leadership.

►The team leader and team members share in The team leader and team members share in

the responsibility of meeting task needs and the responsibility of meeting task needs and

maintenance needs.maintenance needs.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Task activities.Task activities. The various things members do that contribute The various things members do that contribute

directly to the performance of important group directly to the performance of important group tasks.tasks.

Task activities include:Task activities include:► Initiating discussion.Initiating discussion.►Sharing information.Sharing information.►Asking information of others.Asking information of others.►Clarifying what has been said.Clarifying what has been said.►Summarizing the status of a deliberation.Summarizing the status of a deliberation.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Maintenance activities.Maintenance activities. Support the group’s social and Support the group’s social and

interpersonal relationships.interpersonal relationships. Maintenance activities include:Maintenance activities include:

►Encouraging the participation of others.Encouraging the participation of others.►Trying to harmonize differences of opinion.Trying to harmonize differences of opinion.►Praising the contributions of others.Praising the contributions of others.►Agreeing to go along with a popular course of Agreeing to go along with a popular course of

action.action.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Groups members should avoid the following Groups members should avoid the following disruptive behaviors:disruptive behaviors: Being overly aggressive toward other members.Being overly aggressive toward other members. Withdrawing and refusing to cooperate with others.Withdrawing and refusing to cooperate with others. Horsing around when there is work to be done.Horsing around when there is work to be done. Using the group as a forum for self-confession.Using the group as a forum for self-confession. Talking too much about irrelevant matters.Talking too much about irrelevant matters. Trying to compete for attention and recognition.Trying to compete for attention and recognition.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Roles and role dynamics.Roles and role dynamics. A role is a set of expectations associated A role is a set of expectations associated

with a job or position on a team.with a job or position on a team. Performance problems occur when roles Performance problems occur when roles

are unclear or conflictive.are unclear or conflictive.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Roles and role dynamics Roles and role dynamics — — contcont.. Role ambiguity Role ambiguity — o— occurs when a person is ccurs when a person is

uncertain about his/her role.uncertain about his/her role. Role overload Role overload — o— occurs when too much is ccurs when too much is

expected and the person feels expected and the person feels overwhelmed with work.overwhelmed with work.

Role underload Role underload — o— occurs when too little is ccurs when too little is expected and the person feels expected and the person feels underutilized.underutilized.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Roles and role dynamics Roles and role dynamics — — contcont.. Role conflict Role conflict — occurs when a person is — occurs when a person is

unable to meet the expectations of unable to meet the expectations of others.others.

Forms of role conflict.Forms of role conflict.►Intrasender role conflict.Intrasender role conflict.►Intersender role conflict.Intersender role conflict.►Person-role conflict.Person-role conflict.►Interrole conflict.Interrole conflict.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Norms:Norms: Represent beliefs about how group or team Represent beliefs about how group or team

members are expected to behave.members are expected to behave. Are rules or standards of conduct.Are rules or standards of conduct. Clarify role expectations.Clarify role expectations. Help members to structure their behaviorHelp members to structure their behavior Help members to gain a common sense of Help members to gain a common sense of

direction.direction. Help to reinforce group or team culture.Help to reinforce group or team culture.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Key norms that can have positive or Key norms that can have positive or negative implications.negative implications. Performance norms.Performance norms. Organizational and personal pride norms.Organizational and personal pride norms. High-achievement norms.High-achievement norms. Support and helpfulness norms.Support and helpfulness norms. Improvement and change norms.Improvement and change norms.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Team cohesiveness.Team cohesiveness.

The degree to which members are The degree to which members are

attached to and motivated to remain a attached to and motivated to remain a

part of the team.part of the team.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Members of highly cohesive groups:Members of highly cohesive groups: Value their membership.Value their membership. Try to maintain positive relationships with other Try to maintain positive relationships with other

members.members. Are energetic when working on team activities.Are energetic when working on team activities. Are not prone to absenteeism or turnover.Are not prone to absenteeism or turnover. Are genuinely concerned about team Are genuinely concerned about team

performance.performance. Tend to satisfy a broad range of individual needs.Tend to satisfy a broad range of individual needs.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

High team cohesiveness occurs when:High team cohesiveness occurs when: Members are similar in age, attitudes, needs, Members are similar in age, attitudes, needs,

and backgrounds.and backgrounds. Group size is small.Group size is small. Members respect each others’ competencies.Members respect each others’ competencies. Members agree on common goals.Members agree on common goals. Members work on interdependent tasks.Members work on interdependent tasks. Groups are physically isolated from others. Groups are physically isolated from others. Groups experience performance success or crisis.Groups experience performance success or crisis.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Rule of conformity in group dynamics.Rule of conformity in group dynamics. The more cohesive the group, the greater The more cohesive the group, the greater

the conformity of members to group the conformity of members to group norms.norms.

PositivePositive performance norms in a highly performance norms in a highly cohesive group have a cohesive group have a positivepositive effect on effect on task performance.task performance.

NegativeNegative performance norms in a highly performance norms in a highly cohesive group have a cohesive group have a negativenegative effect on effect on task performance.task performance.

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What can be done to improveWhat can be done to improveteam processes?team processes?

Cohesiveness can be increased or Cohesiveness can be increased or decreased by making changes in:decreased by making changes in: Group goals.Group goals. Membership composition.Membership composition. Member interactions.Member interactions. Group size.Group size. Competition within and between teams.Competition within and between teams. Rewards.Rewards. Location.Location. Duration.Duration.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

Problem-solving teams.Problem-solving teams. Employee involvements teams include a Employee involvements teams include a

wide variety of teams whose members wide variety of teams whose members meet regularly to collectively examine meet regularly to collectively examine important workplace issues.important workplace issues.

Quality circle.Quality circle.►A special type of employee involvement team.A special type of employee involvement team.►Team meets periodically to address problems Team meets periodically to address problems

relating to quality, productivity, or cost.relating to quality, productivity, or cost.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

Cross-functional teams.Cross-functional teams. Consist of members representing different Consist of members representing different

functional departments or work units.functional departments or work units. Used to overcome functional silos Used to overcome functional silos

problem.problem. Used to solve problems with a positive Used to solve problems with a positive

combination of functional expertise and combination of functional expertise and integrative systems thinking.integrative systems thinking.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

Virtual teams.Virtual teams. Members meet at least part of the time Members meet at least part of the time

electronically and with computer support.electronically and with computer support. Groupware facilitates virtual meetings and Groupware facilitates virtual meetings and

group decision making.group decision making.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

Key advantages of virtual teams.Key advantages of virtual teams. Brings cost effectiveness and speed to Brings cost effectiveness and speed to

teamwork.teamwork. Brings computer power to information Brings computer power to information

processing and decision making.processing and decision making. Key disadvantage of virtual teams.Key disadvantage of virtual teams.

Direct personal contact among members Direct personal contact among members suffers.suffers.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

Self-managing teams.Self-managing teams. Small groups are empowered to make the Small groups are empowered to make the

decisions needed to manage themselves on a decisions needed to manage themselves on a daily basis.daily basis.

Teams make decisions on:Teams make decisions on:►Scheduling work.Scheduling work.►Allocating tasks.Allocating tasks.►Training in job skills.Training in job skills.►Evaluating performance.Evaluating performance.►Selecting new team members.Selecting new team members.►Controlling quality of work.Controlling quality of work.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

How self-managing teams work.How self-managing teams work. Are permanent and formal elements of Are permanent and formal elements of

the organizational structure.the organizational structure. Team members assume duties otherwise Team members assume duties otherwise

performed by the manager or first-line performed by the manager or first-line supervisor.supervisor.

The team should include between 5 and The team should include between 5 and 15 members.15 members.

Members rely on multiskilling.Members rely on multiskilling.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

Benefits of self-managing teams.Benefits of self-managing teams. Productivity and quality improvements.Productivity and quality improvements. Production flexibility.Production flexibility. Faster response to technological change.Faster response to technological change. Reduced absenteeism and turnover.Reduced absenteeism and turnover. Improved work attitudes.Improved work attitudes. Improved quality of work life.Improved quality of work life.

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How do teams contribute to the How do teams contribute to the high performance workplace?high performance workplace?

Operational difficulties for self-Operational difficulties for self-

managing teams.managing teams. Impact on supervisors and others Impact on supervisors and others

accustomed to a more traditional way of accustomed to a more traditional way of

working.working.

Self-managing teams are not appropriate Self-managing teams are not appropriate

for all organizations.for all organizations.

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