Technology Transfer

Changes in the materials and

containers used to store and transport

wine.

Kate Franklin WSC 5.05 2013

Evolution of wine storage

Animal skins Earthenware – Amphorae Barrels Concrete and Steel Glass

First wine and storage

6000+ BC Wine produced as an accident Used for medicinal purposes Animal skins were thought to be used

because they were watertight, but couldn’t be used as containers for transport

Earthenware – Amphorae

600BC Egyptians, Greeks and Romans Trade and selling spread the design to other

cultures Shape of amphorae

– Provided easy transportation– Pushed into soft ground during fermentation

Earthenware – Amphorae

Development of the amphorae

Glass grazing Stamps of origin and winemaker For transport, amphorae became too heavy

and were easily broke. Leading to development of barrel

Wood – Barrel

100BC Gaul’s began using barrels for beer Romans noticed this and adapted the vessel

for wine in Bordeaux Design much like barrels today Barrels were too big, wine stored in barrels

began to turn to vinegar

Early Barrel Design

Glass bottles

Used previously for decanting, not for storage and transportation until 17th century

Sparkling wine made glass storage necessary

Previous wood-burning furnaces were not adequate to produce thick enough glass

Glass bottles - Stoppers

Corks used 1800-1900AD Progression to aging wine from work by

Pasteur Ground glass used to remove problem of

cork taint, hard to remove from bottle

Glass bottles - standard size

Prior to 17th century, bottles weren't standardized and were just a ‘breath’ of the glass blower

During 17th century, cylindrical shaped bottles were found to be easier to store and kept the cork wet

Glass bottles – standard size

1800’s industry standardized bottles – dependent on region

Up until 1945, Burgundy and Champagne came in 800 ml bottles.

1979 USA set requirement for 750ml bottles, EU regulated to 750ml so winemakers could ship to US

Glass bottle development

Present day storage

Stainless steel and concrete tanks Different sized tanks for different winery

practices Tank refrigeration Barrels still used

Present day storage

Bottles shapes used today are still localized– Bordeaux bottles: Short neck and high shoulder– Burgundy bottles: Long neck with slanted

shoulder– Champagne bottles: Thicker and fit into riddling

racks– German Riesling bottles: Green tall slender

bottles– Italian wine: Some have retained bulb shaped

bottles wrapped in straw

Shipping wine in containers

Bottled wine– On pallets or loose stacked– Refrigeration units– 20 foot or 40 foot containers– All organized with a Freight Forwarding

agency and insurance included

Long distance and Bulk transportation

High quality transport methods now available Flexi tanks – up to 24,000L in a 20 foot

container Pallecons – 1,000L

– Membranes are impermeable to gasses

ISO tanks– Very heavy, used for domestic transportation

Flexitanks and ISO tanks

Bulk Transport – cheaper production

Ability for cheaper offshore bottling Cheaper dry goods and bottling rates Decrease in shipping of dry goods to New

Zealand for production, then shipped to customer close to origin of dry goods

Future of wine storage

Consumers pushing for smaller format bottles– 375ml and 187ml becoming popular

Glass has many disadvantages– Weight– Energy required to produce– Lack of recycling

Future of wine storage

Production of PET single serve plastic bottles– Outdoor events and Festivals– Trains and airlines

Tetra pack – Lightweight– Made from cardboard

Both have only a 12 month shelf life

Future of wine transport

Lighter packaging materials Limiting use of excess materials

– Eradicating use of dividers– Change in ‘bottle’ design to reduce ‘dead space’– Loose stacked containers

Increase in offshore bottling

References

A short history of wine bottles. (2009, April 27). Retrieved from http://salutwineco.wordpress.com/2009/04/27/historyofbottles/

Anthente. (2009). Flexitank overview. Retrieved from http://www.anthente.com/products/flexitank.html

Bershad, K. (n.d.). A history of fine wine storage [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://www.finewineconcierge.com/a-history-of-fine-wine-storage

Eastern Institute of Technology, (2009). History of wine and the vine. Paper presented at lecture for WSC5.05, Introduction to Wine Business, EIT.

Foulkes, C. (1994). Larousse encyclopedia of wine. Paris, France: Larousse Kingfisher Chambers Inc.

The History of Wine Part III - Wine Storage – Barrels. (2009). Retrieved from http://www.snooth.com/articles/the-history-of-wine-part-ii-wine-storage-barrels/?viewall=1

Hoover container solutions. (2012) ISO tank containers. Retrieved from http://www.hooversolutions.com/iso-containers.html

References

Jackson, R. S. (1994). Wine science: principles, practice, perception (2nd ed.). London, England: Academic Press.

Lascabanes to Moissac. (2008, August 31). Retrieved from http://beautywelove.wordpress.com/2008/08/31/lascabanes-to-moissac/

Lo, C. (2013). The wine to bring to your next picnic. Retrieved from http://www.goodhousekeeping.com/product-reviews/research-institute/new-wine-trend-single-servings

Richards Packaging. (n.d.) Wine bottles. Retrieved from http://www.richardsmemphis.com/winebottles.html

Schmitt, P. (2013, 16 July). Fetzer swamps stadia with single serve. Retrieved fromhttp://www.thedrinksbusiness.com/2013/07/fetzer-swamp-stadiums-with-single-serve/

Unwin, T. (1996). Wine and the vine. New York, NY: Routledge.Weibe, R. (2013, March 25). Timeline of the ancient history of wine.

Retrieved from http://suite101.com/article/timeline-of-the-ancient-history-of-wine-a327213