Citation And Style Mannuals

Citation and Style

Jameela P.M. Phil. Scholar

Dept. of Library and Information ScienceUniversity of Calicut

Introduction

SOME IMPORTANT TERMS USED IN RESEARCH WORK

Reference

Bibliography

Citation

Reference?An organised listing of works cited in the text, placed at the end of the document.

What we quoted in the text consists of author name, title and pages of sources, publication details,

A reference list should be provided at the end of the article. All cited works should be included, anno un-cited works should be included. References should be arranged alphabetically by author. Works by the same author should be arranged by second author, then by date. Works by the same authors in the same year should be cited as “(2010a)” and “(2010b)”. In-text citations are given in brackets in the text, for example (Smith and Jones, 2010; Marshall, 2003).

Bibliography? Bibliography is the full listing of all material consulted

in relation to the research, including any source material not directly cited in the text, placed at the end of the document.

In the context of academic research, a list of books or references to In the context of academic research, a list of books or references to sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an sources cited, for further reading, usually printed at the end of an article or in the back matter of a book includes author name, title, article or in the back matter of a book includes author name, title, year, place of publication, publisher.year, place of publication, publisher.

Citation ? In academic research we read works by other people and

collect information to act as a foundation for our own work. When we use this information we give credit to the original author. This process is called citation.

A citation is both a signpost and an acknowledgement. As a signpost, it signals the location of your source. As an acknowledgement, it reveals that you are indebted to that source.

A citation can appear in different formats: within the text (in-text citation) at the bottom of the page (footnotes ), or at the end of the paper (endnotes).

You Need To Cite When You…

Use or refer other's words or Idea. Gain information by interviewing another

person. Copy the exact words or unique phrase Copy the pictures, Diagram, illustration,

charts, video, music etc.

You Don’t Need to Cite When You…

Write from your own experiences, observations, insights, thoughts, conclusions about a subject

Use “common knowledge”--shared information in your field of study

Compile generally accepted facts Write up your own experimental results

Why should you acknowledge your sources?

By citing sources, you demonstrate your integrity and skill as a responsible participant in the conversation of scholarship.

Citations are a courtesy to the reader, who may share your interest in a particular area of scholarship.

Citations reflect the careful and thorough work you have put into locating and exploring your sources.

Failure to provide adequate citations constitutes plagiarism.

Plagiarism?Plagiarism is representing someone else's

work as your own. It's plagiarism whether you use

a whole document a paragraph a single sentence a distinctive phrase a specialized term specific data a graphic element of any kind

Using Knowledge

Use your own words, your own voice, your own ideas

AND/ORParaphrase or quote, and cite

Paraphrase: restate information, giving the meaning in another form

Quote: to repeat wording exactly using quotes (“”)

Cite: to give credit to original author of material; to provide full source information of original material (author, title, publisher, date, etc.)

When Researching...

Writing Process:

Mark everything that is someone else’s words with a big Q (for quote) or with big quotation marks

Indicate in your notes which ideas are taken from sources (S) and which are your own insights (ME)

Record all of the relevant documentation information in your notes

Appearance on final product:

Proofread and check with your notes (or photocopies of sources) to make sure that anything taken from your notes is acknowledged in some combination of the ways:

In-text citation, footnotes, bibliography, quotation marks, indirect quotations

When Paraphrasing and Summarizing

Writing Process:

First, write your paraphrase and summary without looking at the original text, so you rely only on your memory.

Next, check your version with the original for content, accuracy, and mistakenly borrowed phrases

Appearance on final product:

Begin your summary with a statement giving credit to the source: According to Jonathan Kozol, ...

Put any unique words or phrases that you cannot change, or do not want to change, in quotation marks:

"savage inequalities" exist throughout our educational system.1

When Quoting Directly

Keep the person’s name near the quote in your notes, and in your paper

Select those direct quotes that make the most impact in your paper -- too many direct quotes may lessen your credibility and interfere with your style

Writing Process: Appearance on final product: Put quotation marks around

the text that you are quoting

Optional with quotes: Mention the person’s name before or after the quote

When Quoting Indirectly

Keep the person’s name near the text in your notes, and in your paper

Rewrite the key ideas using different words and sentence structures than the original text

Mention the person’s name either at the beginning of the information, or in the middle, or at that end

Double check to make sure that your words and sentence structures are different than the original text

Writing Process: Appearance on final product:

How to Cite

Footnote Use automatic footnoting in Word Footnotes can be delegated to bottom of page or end

of document According to Langacker,1

In-Text Citation According to Langacker (1973)

With an indirect quote, don’t need page number “…and often are." (Langacker, 1973, p. 60)

With a direct quote, cite page number

1 Ronald Langacker, Language and Its Structure, 2nd ed., NY: Harcourt,

Brace and Jovanovich, 1973, p. 60

Quote Summarize Paraphrase

Use parenthetical citationsUse parenthetical citations

when you when you

Parenthetical citations should be:Parenthetical citations should be:

Brief

Give only enough information to identify the source on your Works Cited page

Complete Citation Information

Many styles, but information must include Author Title of work Where it appeared (journal, newspaper, Internet)

Name of publication Date of work, date of publication Page number For book: Name of publisher, City of publication

Style Manuals? … that illustrate how to correctly format and record information.

They are most frequently consulted for information on formatting citations, but they also include a variety of other information that is useful for research, including where to find information for other bibliography, general rules for punctuation, formatting footnotes, spacing, indention, form of author's name, etc.

There are several different styles used in research with style manuals for each style. Only three of the styles are shown here.

MLA

APA

Chicago Manual of Styles

Why do we need to Style Manuals?

To avoid plagiarism

To provide a clear, uniform style for references

To organize your paper so it is less confusing for the reader

MLA Style Manual

Modern Language AssociationModern Language Association MLA Style sheet was established in 1951 by Modern MLA Style sheet was established in 1951 by Modern

Language Association; the first MLA handbook was Language Association; the first MLA handbook was established in 1977established in 1977

Style provides guidelines for publication in Liberal Arts Style provides guidelines for publication in Liberal Arts & Humanity Journals, especially Language and & Humanity Journals, especially Language and Literature JournalsLiterature Journals

Gibaldi, Joseph. Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.. New York: MLA Association of America, 2003.. New York: MLA Association of America, 2003.

MLA Style ManualCiting BooksBook citations in MLA generally require the author name, work tit

le, publication city, publisher, year published, and an indication of the publication medium, such as print or web.

Author's Name: Reverse the Author's name.

Franke, Damon.

Title of the Books: Full title of the book including any Subtitle.

Library Administration: theory and practice.

Publication Information: Place, Name and Year of Publication.

New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Books

General Book-Format

Author (Inverted). Title: subtitle. Place of Publication: Name of the Publisher, Year of Publication. Publication Medium.

Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Books

Single Author

Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

Two or Three Author

Tripathi, S. M., C.Lal, and K. Kumar. Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

More than Three Author

Tripathi, S. et al..Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964. Print.

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Books

Corporate/ organization as Author

National research Council. Beyond Six Billion: Forecasting the world's Population. Washington: Natl. Acad., 2000.Print.

An article in a Reference book

“Japan.” The Encyclopedia Americana. 2004 ed. Print.

Allen, Anitha L. “Privacy in Health-care” Encyclopedia of Bioethics. Ed. Stephen G. 3rd ed. Vol. 4. New York:

Macmillan-Thomson, 2004.Print.

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Books

Author with an editor

Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Ed. Katheleen A. Hauke. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

Author with a translator

Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Trans. Katheleen A. Hauke. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

Editor with no author

A Draft of History. Ed. Katheleen A. Hauke. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Books

Multi-volume Work

Blacano, Richard L. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2Nd ed. 2 vols. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.

Blacano, Richard L. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2Nd ed. 1 vol. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Books

A Book without Publication information or Pagination

No Place

n.p.: U of Gotham P, 2008.

No Publisher

New York: n.p., 2008.

No Date

New York: U of Gotham P, n.d.

No Pagination

New York: U of Gotham P, 2008. N. pag.

...MLA Style ManualCiting Periodicals1. Author's Name

2. Title of the Article

3. Name of the Periodical

4. Series number or name

5. Volume number

6. Issue Number

7. Date of publication

8. Inclusive Page numbers

9. Medium Of Publication

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Periodical

Article in a scholarly Journal

Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print.

Piper, Andrew, and Michael Hutcheon. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print.

Piper, Andrew, et al. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print.

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing Periodical

Article in a Newspaper

Jeromack, Paul. “This Once, a David of the World Does Goliath a Favour.” New York Times 13 July 2002, New England

ed.: Print.

Article in a Magazine

Weintrab, Dermot. “Little Books, Big Success.” Publishers Weekly 30 Oct. 2006: 26-28. Print.

...MLA Style Manual

Citing Web Publications1. Name of the Author

2. Title of the Work

3. Title of the Overall Web site

4. Edition Used

5. Publisher or Sponsor of the site, if not available, use N.p.

6. Date of Publication (Day, Month, and Year); if nothing is available , use n.d.

7. Medium of publication

8. Date of Access (Day, Month, and Year)

...MLA Style Manual

...Citing web Publications

General Format

Author. Title of the site. Sponsor, Date Created. Medium. Date Accessed

Entire Website

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standards. EPA, 8 July 2004. Web. 24 Jan. 2006

Page from Website

Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. Nativeweb, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2006.

...MLA Style Manual...Citing web Publications

Article in a Web Magazine

Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-145. Web. 5 Dec. 2008.

Article in an Online Journal

Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-

145. Web. 5 Dec. 2008.

Periodical Publication in an Online Database

Bent, Henry E. "Professionalization of the Ph.D. Degree.” The Journal of Higher Education 30.3 (1959): 140-145.

Project Muse. Web. 5 Dec. 2008.

...MLA Style Manual


E-mail

Kunka, Andrew. "Re: Modernist Literature." Message to the author. 15 Nov. 2000. E-mail.

Dissertation

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” Diss. University of Chicago, 2008. Web.

APA Style Manual

American Psychological Association

In 1929, the APA published a manual with instructions for authors on how to prepare manuscripts for publication in psychology journals.

This format is widely used for course papers and journal articles in Psychology and also in the social sciences, education, engineering, and business.

...APA Style Manual

Citing Books General Book-Format

Author (Year). Title: subtitle. Place of Publication: Name of the Publisher. Publication Medium.

Pollan, M.(1964) Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

Note:- Use Pollan, M. instead of Pollan, Michael.

...APA Style Manual...Citing Books

Single Author

Mittal, R. L.(1964) Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

Two or Three Author

Tripathi, S. M.,Lal, C. & Kumar, K. (1964) Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

More than Three Author up to Seven

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1964) Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

More than seven Author

Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T.,

Bach, J. S... Last Author's Name (1964) Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book.

...APA Style Manual

...Citing Books


Poston, T. (2000). A draft of history. K.A. Hauke, (Ed.). Metropolitan Book.


Laplace, P. S. (1951). A philosophical essay on probabilities. (F. W. Truscott & F. L. Emory, Trans.). New York: Norton, 2001.


Duncan, G. J., & BrooksGunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York: Norton, 2001.

...APA Style Manual

...Citing Books

Multi-volume Work

Wiener, P. (Ed.). (1973). Dictionary of the history of ideas (Vols. 1‐4). New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.

Encyclopedia/ Dictionary

Posner, R. (1987). Romance Languages. In The encyclopedia Britannica: macropedia (15th ed.). New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.

...APA Style Manual

Citing Periodicals Author.(Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical,

Volume Number. Page.

Poniewozik, J. (2000, November). TV makes a too‐close call. Time, 20, 70‐71.

Poniewozik, J. (2000, November). TV makes a too‐close call. Time ( 20.1)( 20.1), 70‐71.

...APA Style Manual

Citing Web Publications

Generally cites author, date, page title, site title, available page numbers, and a URL or DOI.

If a DOI is available, it is used in place of a URL.

...APA Style Manual


General Format

Author. (Year [use n.d. if not given]). Article or page title. Site Title , volume or issue number. Retrieved from http://url address

Shiva, V. (2006, February). Bioethics: A third world issue. Nativeweb. Retrieved from http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html

Article in a journal

Bent, H. (1959). Professionalization of the Ph.D. degree. The Journal of Higher Education, 30.3, 140-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1978286.

...APA Style Manual


Dissertation

Choi, M. (2008). Contesting imaginaries in death rituals during the northern song dynasty (Doctoral dissertation). Available fromProQuest database. (AAT 3300426).

Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style, also often called “Turabian Style”

Chicago Style established in 1906 Turabian created in 1937 when Kate L. Turabian

assembled a guideline for students at the University of Chicago

Style provides guidelines for publication in some of the social sciences and natural & physical sciences, but most commonly in the humanities—literature, history, and the arts

...Chicago Manual of Style

Citing Books Book citations in CMS style generally require the author name,

work title, publication city, publisher, and publication year.

Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma. New York: Penguin Group, 2006.


...Citing Books

Single Author

Mittal, R. L. Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.

Two or Three Author

Tripathi, S. M., C.Lal, and K. Kumar. Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.

More than Three Author

Tripathi, S and others. Library Administration: theory and practice. New Delhi: Metropolitan Book, 1964.


...Citing Books


Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Edited by Katheleen A. Hauke. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.


Posten, Ted. A Draft of History. Translated by Katheleen A. Hauke. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.


Katheleen A. Hauke. ed. A Draft of History. New York: Norton, 2001. Print.


...Citing Books

Multi-volume Work

Blacano, Richard L. The Life of Langston Hughes. 2Nd ed. 2 vols. New York: Oxford UP, 2002. print.


Citing Periodicals CMS periodical citations include author name, article title, public

ation title, publication date, and issue information. CMS also requires citation of a URL if the journal was accessed online.

Bagchi, Alaknanda. "Conflicting Nationalisms: The Voice of the Subaltern in Mahasweta Devi's Bashai Tudu." Tulsa Studies in Women’s Literature 15.1 (1996): 41‐50.


Citing Web Publications Author.

Document Title.

URL or DOI.

General Format

Author. Document Title. URL or DOI.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Drinking Water Standards. http://water.epa.gov/drink.



Page from Website

Shiva, Vandana. “Bioethics: A Third World Issue.” Nativeweb. http://www.nativeweb.org/pages/legal/shiva.html.

Dissertation

Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaries in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (A AT 3300426).

….

For complete and thorough information about using these styles, go straight to the source.

Career

Citation And Style Mannuals