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MEASURING THE GENDER GAP
Gabriela Ramos
OECD Chief of Staff, Special Counsellor to the OECD Secretary-General, and Sherpa to the G20
Why women matter
Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International CooperationRome, October 21 2016
The economic case for addressing the gender gap
2 Source: OECD June 2016 Economic Outlook database; OECD calculations.
Contributions to potential output per capita growth in the OECD
Women are less likely to study engineering, manufacturing, and construction
Source: OECD Education at a Glance 2015
Female share (%) of graduates in engineering, manufacturing and construction, all tertiary levels (ISCED2011 levels 5 to 8), 2014 or latest available
3
Argenti
na
Indon
esia
Italy
Brazil
South
Africa
India
Mexico
Turkey
France
Korea
OECD avera
ge
Austra
lia
United
Kingdo
m
German
y
United
States
Russia
n Fed
.
Canad
aJa
pan
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Female share (%) of grad-uates in engineering, man-ufacturing and construction
Female labour force participation rates and gender gaps differ across the OECD
Female and male labour force participation rates (15-64 year olds), 2015 or latest available
OECD Employment Database and OECD estimates based on national labour force surveys for Argentina and Saudi Arabia. 4
Turkey
Mexico Ita
lyChile
Korea
Greece
Hunga
ryPola
ndIre
land
Slovak
Repub
lic
Colombia
Belgium
Luxem
bourg
Czech R
epub
licJap
an
United S
tates
OECD - Aver
age
Sloven
iaFran
ceIsr
aelSpa
in
Portug
al
Austral
iaAust
ria
Estonia
United K
ingdo
m
German
y
Finland
Netherl
ands
New Zea
land
Canad
a
Denmark
Norway
Switzerla
nd
Sweden
Icelan
d0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Women Men
Gender pay gaps are substantial across countries
Note: Data refer to hourly wage for full time employees (working more than 30 hour per week in the main job), except for Germany, Japan, and Korea for which they refer to monthly earnings of full-time employees.Sources: OECD estimates based on EU-SILC for EU countries except for Germany for which they are based on GSOEP, Household, Income and Labour Dynamics for Australia, Labour force Survey for Canada, National labour force survey for Korea, Basic Survey on Wage Structure for Japan, Encuesta Nacional de Ocupación y Empleo (ENOE) for Mexico, National Labour Force Survey for Turkey and the Current Population Survey, ASEC Supplement for the United States.
Gender pay gap in median hourly wages, full-time employees, 2014 or latest available
5
ESTPRT
SVKLVA
USACZE
AUTNOR
CHEGBR
AUSCHL ISL FIN
CANOECD
FRAESP IRL
POLHUN
LUXDNK
GRCSVN
NLD ITAMEX
BELTUR
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
2014 2005
The 2013 OECD Gender Recommendation: Promoting Gender Equality in Education, Employment, and Entrepreneurship
• Sets policy measures that governments should consider to:
• Promote good quality education for boys and girls, and gender equality in educational choices;
• Promote family-friendly policies and working conditions, and combat discrimination;
• Reduce the gender gap in entrepreneurship activity.
• Countries are called to reinforce the production of gender-specific data and monitor progress
6
Promoting equality at the highest levels of the private sector
7Source: European Commission (2016) and Catalyst (2015) in OECD Gender Data Portal
Female share of seats on boards of the largest
publicly-listed companies,
2014
Promote gender equality in public and private leadership
Data refer to share of women parliamentarians recorded as of 1 June 2016, and 25 October 25 2002. Bars in light blue represent countries with lower or single house parliaments with legislated candidate quotas and/or reserved seat quotas. Italy does not have lower or single house parliaments with legislated candidate quotas and/or reserved seat quotas but does have legislation requiring candidate quotas for sub-national elections. In Australia, Canada, Germany, Italy, Turkey and the United Kingdom some political parties operate voluntary party quotas. Source: OECD Gender Review of Mexico (forthcoming) for OECD member countries..
Female share (%) of seats in lower or single house legislative bodies, 2002 and 2016
8
Sweden
Spain
Denmark
Netherl
ands
German
y
Switzerla
nd Italy
Austria
United K
ingdo
m
OECD avera
ge
Austral
iaFran
ce
Canad
a
United S
tates
Korea
Hunga
ryJap
an0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
2016 2002
Female share (%) of seats
The 2015 OECD Recommendation on Gender Equality in Public Life
• Recommendation proposes a range of policy tools to promote:
• Good governance and accountability for gender equality;
• Gender balance in leadership and public institutions;
• Gender equality in public employment.
• Targeted outcomes are gender-sensitive laws, policies, budgets, and services and improved access to public leadership.
9
• As part of our broader mission to promote better policies for better lives, in 2017 we will publish a report monitoring countries’ progress on our 2013 Gender Recommendation.
• Other OECD gender work includes Gender Data Portal, Gendernet, Index of Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI), and country gender reviews (USA, Mexico, Germany, Pacific Alliance countries).
Ongoing work on gender
10
Ending violence against women
11
• OECD has joined the Call to Action to Combat Gender-Based Violence in Emergencies
• The OECD is applying three tools in this campaign:– Gathering and publishing new data tracking violence against
women – Focusing on policies to tackle the root causes of gender-based
violence: laws, attitudes, social norms– Drive action on the ground to improve countries’ response to
violence against women
The G20 Gender Target
• OECD was instrumental in defining the G20 commitment on gender.• A major breakthrough in 2014, under the Australian G20 presidency:
Leaders agreed to reduce the gender gap in labour market participation rates by 25% by 2025 introduced 11 policy principles to improve the quality of employment.
12
• This objective could have a “double dividend”: 100 million more women in the labour force Positive effects on productivity
• The OECD, with the ILO, were charged with implementing this commitment which will help achieve the growth targets.
Gender in the G7
• Gender equality has also been in the agenda of the G7.• Under the German presidency, in 2015, G7 countries adopted
principles to boost entrepreneurship among women. • The 2016 Japanese presidency focused on promoting women in STEM
and launched the G7 Women’s Initiative in Developing STEM Career.• The OECD supported presidencies in these efforts and we stand ready
to support the Italian presidency as well.
13
Thank you and further information
Contact: [email protected] me: @gabramospOECD Gender Data PortalOECD Closing the Gender Gap - Act Now
www.oecd.org/gender www.genderindex.orgwww.oecd.org/dac/genderdevelopment/aboutgendernet
www.oecd.org/inclusive-growth
OECD Better Life Initiativehttp://www.oecd.org/statistics/how-s-life-23089679.htm
14