Riverfront Development Report

“The aim of this project would be

transform Kanakapura as a unique cultural

platform with recreational and

entertainment facilities serving the city, its

people and tourists with new dimension,

meaning and scale of development. The

riverfront development shall be envisaged

as a city’s identity on its waterfront.”

Riverfront

Development –

Kanakapura Submitted To: The Commissioner, Directorate of Urban Land Transport, Urban Development Department, Government of Karnataka Submitted By: A.R.Alagarsamy IP 0112, M.Plan (Infrastructure Planning) CEPT University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat

Riverfront Development – Kanakapura

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I Would like to express my gratitude to the Commissioner, DULT for giving an opportunity to work in

the Organization, and takeup the inititation of this project. I would also like to thank Mr.Sahailendra

Singh, Special officer-DULT for his valuable guidance and suggestion

I am deeply indebted to my mentor and the sole supervisor Ms.Ritumoni Sonowal for his

valuable guidance, assistance and moral support throughout the Internship period. I am

honoured and grateful to have got her as my supervisor for this work during which I have

gained plenty of valuable knowledge.I hope that will not be the end of it.

5My special thanks also goes to the Deputy Director, Mr.Raghu-KPA, for providing required

information and documents on time. I would like to express my gratitude to all those who gave

me the possibility to complete this project.

Finally yet importantly, I would like to recognize the unrelenting long-distance support of my

family back home in Madurai, Tamilnadu. Their prayers for me were the main source of

inspiration, motivation and encouragement to accomplish this research work. To my parents

and my younger brothers, this work is dedicated to you.

A.R.Alagarsamy June 2012


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Table of Contents

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................ 5

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. 7

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................... 8

1.1: Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 8

1.2 Types of waterfronts ........................................................................................................................... 9

1.3 Trend of Waterfront developments worldwide ................................................................................. 9

1.4 Elements of Successful Waterfront Development ............................................................................ 10

1.5 Waterfront Developments: ............................................................................................................... 10

1.6 Special Characteristics of Water front Area ...................................................................................... 11

1.7 Importance of Public spaces ............................................................................................................. 11

1.8 Characteristics of a Public Space ....................................................................................................... 12

CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................... 13

2.1 Selection Criteria for Case Studies .................................................................................................... 13

2.2 Case Study 1: Malaysia Riverfront .................................................................................................... 13

2.2.1 Characteristics of the River front Area ...................................................................................... 13

2.2.4 Kuching Riverfront: .................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.5 Strategies: .................................................................................................................................. 17

2.2.6 Institutional Framework for waterfront development .............................................................. 17

2.3.1 Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad ....................................................................................... 18

2.3.4 Objectives: ................................................................................................................................. 19

2.3.5 Characteristics of Riverfront area .............................................................................................. 19

2.3.6 Success Stories............................................................................................................................ 22

2.4 Case Study 3: Three Rivers Park Riverfront Development ................................................................ 22

2.4.1 Objective .................................................................................................................................... 22

2.4.2 Three Different Views of Riverfront in Pittsburgh ..................................................................... 23

2.4.3 Sustainable Riverfront Development ......................................................................................... 24

2.4.4 Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project ......................................... 25

2.4.5 Characteristics ............................................................................................................................ 26

2.4.6 Success Stories ........................................................................................................................... 27

2.5 Case Study 4: Thames Riverfront Development ............................................................................... 29

2.5.1 The Role of the Waterfront in the Thames Gateway ................................................................. 29


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2.5.2 Vision for Waterfront Development .......................................................................................... 29

2.5.3 Strategy Principles...................................................................................................................... 29

2.5.4 Strategy Formulation ................................................................................................................. 30

2.6 Learning’s from the Case Studies ...................................................................................................... 31

2.6.1: Riverfront Qualities ................................................................................................................... 31

2.6.2 Steps to creating Great Waterfronts ......................................................................................... 31

2.6.3 Need of Riverfront development planning ................................................................................ 32

2.6.4: Case Studies Review .................................................................................................................. 32

Chapter 3: Project Methodology ................................................................................................................ 34

3.1 Aim, Objectives & Methodology of project ...................................................................................... 34

3.1.1. Aim ............................................................................................................................................ 34

3.1.2. Objectives .................................................................................................................................. 34

3.2: Methodology .................................................................................................................................... 35

................................................................................................................................................................ 36

3.5. Study Area Delineation .................................................................................................................... 37

3.5.1 Arkavathi River ........................................................................................................................... 38

Chapter 4: Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 40

4.1. Topographical Characteristics Analysis ............................................................................................ 40

4.1.1 Geomorphology ......................................................................................................................... 40

4.1.2 Ground Water Potential ............................................................................................................. 41

4.1.3 Elevation..................................................................................................................................... 42

4.1.4 Soil Types ................................................................................................................................... 43

4.2. Infrastructure Services ..................................................................................................................... 44

4.2.1 Water supply system .................................................................................................................. 44

4.2.2 Sewerage System ....................................................................................................................... 46

4.3 Existing Landuse Analysis .................................................................................................................. 47

4.3.1: Section 1 .................................................................................................................................... 48

4.3.2: Section 2 .................................................................................................................................... 49

4.3.3 Section 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 50

4.3.4 Section 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 51

4.3.5 Section 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 55

4.3.6 Section 6 .................................................................................................................................... 56


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4.4 Existing Landuse Pattern – Study Area ............................................................................................. 57

4.5 Environmental Concerns ................................................................................................................... 58

4.6 Proposed Landuse Development (Interim Master Plan-2021) ......................................................... 60

Chapter 5: PROPOSALS – RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................. 62

5.1 Proposals - Sections wise .................................................................................................................. 62

5.1.1 Section 1 ..................................................................................................................................... 62

5.1.2 Section 2 ..................................................................................................................................... 63

5.1.3 Section 3 ..................................................................................................................................... 64

5.1.4 Section 4 ..................................................................................................................................... 66

5.1.5 Section 5 ..................................................................................................................................... 80

5.1.6 Section 6 ..................................................................................................................................... 84

5.2: Proposed Landuse – on Study Area (Based on Riverfront Development) ....................................... 85

5.3 Common Proposals ........................................................................................................................... 86

5.3.1 Defined River width ................................................................................................................... 86

5.3.2 Check Dams ................................................................................................................................ 88

5.3.3 Dredging - De siltation of River .................................................................................................. 92

5.3.4 Sewage Treatment Plants .......................................................................................................... 93

5.3.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management Technique ...................................................................... 96

5.3.5 Trees & Plants for Riverfront Area ............................................................................................. 97

5.3.6 River Cleaning Technology ......................................................................................................... 99

Biblography .................................................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.


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List of Figures Page No

Fig 1: Trend of Waterfront developments 9

Fig 2: Elements of Successful Waterfront Development 10

Fig 3: Kuching Riverfront 14

Fig 4: Land uses around Kuching Riverfront 15

Fig 5: Land uses Kuching Riverfront 16

Fig 6: Institutional Framework for waterfront development 17

Fig 7: Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad 18

Fig 8: Landuse Plan - Sabarmati 21

Fig 9: Three Rivers Park Riverfront Development 22

Fig 10: Sustainable Riverfront Development 24

Fig 11: Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project 25

Fig 12: Three Rivers park Riverfront Views 28

Fig 13: Thames Riverfront Development Strategy Formulation 30

Fig 14: Flow chart Methodology 35

Fig 16 : Study Area 37

Fig 17 : Topographical Characteristics - Geomorphology 40

Fig 18 : Topographical Characteristics - Groundwater 41

Fig 19 : Topographical Characteristics - Elevation 42

Fig 20 : Topographical Characteristics – Soil types 43

Fig 21 : Infrastructure - Watersupply 45

Fig 22 : Infrastructure - Sewerage 46

Fig 23 : Existing Landuse 47

Fig 24 : Existing Landuse – Section 1 47




Fig .28 : Existing Landuse – Section 5 55


Fig 30 : Existing Landuse Charts 57

Fig 31 : Existing Landuse Environmental Concerns 58


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Fig 32 : Proposed Landuse Development (IMP 2021) 60

Fig 33 :Builtup Vs NonBuiltup 60

Fig 34 :Existing Landuse Distribution 61

Fig 35 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1 62



Fig 38: Water Harvesting – Section 3 65

Fig 39:Proposed Landuse – Section 4 66

Fig 40:Proposed Landuse Sketchup – Section 4 68

Fig 41:Yoga Center 69

Fig 42:Yoga Center Modal Plan 70

Fig 43: Yoga Center Modal from River View 71

Fig 44:Car Parkin 72

Fig 45:Handicraft Markets 73

Fig 46:Dhobi Ghats 74

Fig 47:Cinema Theater 75

Fig 48: Children’s Play ground 76

Fig 49: Walkways & Fountains At Riverside 77


Fig 51:Exhibition Center 79


Fig 53:Proposed Landuse –Based on Study Area 82

Fig 54:Cross Section of River at different locations 83

Fig 54:Check Dam Specifications 84

Fig 55:Check Dam Locations 88

Fig 56:Dredging Quantity 91

Fig 57:STP Locations 92

Fig 58: Duck Weed Technology 99


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List of Tables

Tab 1: Special Characteristics of Water front Area 11

Tab 2: Characteristics of the River front Area - Kuching 13

Tab 3: Kuching Riverfront Details 15

Tab 4: Characteristics of Sabarmati 19

Tab 5: Sabarmati Landuse Categories 21

Tab 6: Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project Characteristics 26

Tab 7: Case Studies Review 32

Tab 8 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1 62




Tab 12:Proposed Landuse – Section 5 71


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CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION

1.1: Introduction In general, a waterfront is the zone of interaction between urban developments and the water and a

waterfront area is considered as a unique and irreplaceable resource where it is the interface between

land, water, air, sun and productive plants. Moreover, the waterfront is characterized as a place

integrating land with water and having a natural attraction to people. In fact, the seashore and

riverfront are the most attractive water features for human settlement and, in most countries; the land

in front of water is developed earlier than the inland areas.

Waterfront development refers to any development in front of water and a water body; a river, lake,

ocean, bay, creek or canal. In the development area, considered that a waterfront development may not

necessarily need to be directly fronting water but may only need to look attached to the water. They

believe that commanding a view of water can still be considered as a waterfront property.

An official definition by the US Federal Coastal Zone Management Act, Office of Ocean and Coastal

Resources (OOCR) (1972) defines the term urban waterfront or port as, “any developed area that is

densely populated and is being used for, or has been used for, urban residential, recreational,

commercial, shipping, or industrial purposes”.

A more detailed definition by Guo (1998) as cited in Dong (2004, p. 7) described the waterfront as the

interface point where land and water meet, between approximately 200 to 300 meters from the water

line and 1 to 2 km to the land site and also takes in land within 20 minutes walking distance. Wu & Gao,

2002, as cited in Dong (2004, p. 7) added the waterfront area should have multiple features which

incorporate each other and surrounded by structural and nonstructural objects to form a focal point.

In many cities in the world, waterfront areas began as commercial centers, transportation hubs and

manufacturing centers, as a central focus for them. However, due to complex and multiple problems

such as technology change, the historic preservation movement, increased environmental awareness

and urban renewal, a dramatic change in waterfront areas was brought about and they became large

spaces of unused property in the past thirty years or so.

The first waterfront development projects were started in North American cities, in particular Baltimore

and Boston, in the 1960s. Nowadays, waterfront development is a global trend and thousands of

schemes are being carried out in large metropolises, medium-sized cities and even small towns all over


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the world. Whereas the early examples of waterfront development primarily focused on leisure and

retail, contemporary schemes have a broader scope; many are set up with the aim to create attractive

mixed urban environments that appeal to the imagination of people and persuade them to work there,

to live there, or to visit these.

Breen & Rigby (1996) assign developed waterfronts into six distinct groups: commercial waterfronts;

cultural, educational and environmental waterfronts; historic waterfronts; recreational waterfronts;

residential waterfronts; and working waterfronts.

1.2 Types of waterfronts As per NEW YORK CITY COMPREHENSIVE WATERFRONT PLAN, there are four principal functions of the

waterfront:

The Natural Waterfront, comprising beaches, wetlands, wildlife habitats, sensitive ecosystems

and the water itself.

The Public Waterfront, including parks, esplanades, piers, street ends, vistas and waterways

that offer public open spaces and waterfront views.

The Working Waterfront, where water dependent, maritime and industrial uses cluster or

where various transportation and municipal facilities are dispersed.

The Redeveloping Waterfront, where land uses have recently changed or where vacant and

underutilized properties suggest potential for beneficial change.

1.3 Trend of Waterfront developments worldwide 1960s - Massive waterfront development began and consequently initiated the world-wide era

of waterfront revitalization.

1970s - Urban waterfront redevelopment bloomed,

1980s - Accelerated and continued in the future.

Now

Fig 1: Trend of Waterfront developments


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Clearly, interest in promoting waterfront development in many countries was caused by environmental

protection, shoreline access, water quality, historic preservation, tourism and economic development,

as well as the growing potential of the waterfront for recreational, commercial and residential uses.

Moreover, festival and water sports are perhaps the most visible public-oriented activities that have

played a key role in the rediscovery of waterfronts.

1.4 Elements of Successful Waterfront Development

1.5 Waterfront Developments: Criteria for guidelines of riverfront development concept

River as a main attraction of development

o According to the guideline, for any reason, river’s role is remaining as a main attraction for

the development.

o River itself must be developed earlier than any others development planning.

o Removal and changing river line or row are not permitted.

Beautification of river reserves

o According to the guideline, developers are required to provide recreation and beautification

plan for river.

o Maintaining river reserve as a buffer zone to control environmental problem such as soil

erosion.

Elements of Successful

Waterfront Development

Effective

Management Beginning the

project

Financial

Feasibility

Environmental

Approvals

Project Theme

& Image

Construction

Technology

Authenticity

Public Perception of

Need

Function

Source: Torre, 1989; Journal of Techno Social-ISSN 2229 8940-Vol 4 No 1 April 2012 (Pg 24) Fig 2: Elements of Successful Waterfront Development


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o Utilization river reserve for green areas and recreational use are allowed to the developers.

Level of river flow

o According to the guideline, a development close to river areas would not increase level of

river flow. Development are more than 10 ha are required to build retention pond with

maximum area approximately between 3-5% of total development area.

Development of permanent infrastructure

o According to the guideline, the development of permanent building and infrastructure are

not allowed within river and river reserves, unless facilities for recreational purposes such as

playground.

1.6 Special Characteristics of Water front Area

Characteristics Description

Dynamic area Waterfront zone is a dynamic area with frequently changing biological, chemical and

geological attributes.

Habitat Waterfront zone include highly productive and biologically diverse ecosystems that

offer crucial nursery habitats for many species.

Natural

defense

Waterfront zone features such as mangrove forests serves a critical natural defense

against natural hazards (flooding, erosion and storms).

Pollution

moderator

Water ecosystems may act to reduce the impacts of pollution originating from land

such as, wetlands absorbing excess nutrient sediments, human waste

Source: ‘An Evolution of Waterfront Development in Malaysia ‘ By Azlina Binti Md. Yassin Submitted on 16Th

Pacific

Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Wellington 24-27 January 2010.

1.7 Importance of Public spaces A public space may be a gathering spot or part of a neighborhood, downtown, special district,

waterfront, or other area within the public realm that helps promote social interaction and a sense of

community.

Tab 1: Special Characteristics of Water front Area


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Examples include spaces such as plazas, town squares, parks, marketplaces, public commons and malls,

public greens, piers, special areas within convention centers or grounds, sites within public buildings,

lobbies, concourses, or public spaces within private buildings. As with all categories of Great Places, it is

important to identify what sets a space apart from others spaces to qualify it for a Great Spaces

designation. Public Spaces must be at least 10 years old.

1.8 Characteristics of a Public Space It includes the followings,

1. Promotes human contact and social activities.

2. Has design and architectural features that are visually interesting.

3. Promotes community involvement.

4. Reflects the local culture or history.

5. Relates well to bordering uses.

6. Is well maintained.

7. Has a unique or special character.

8. Establish a water’s edge that is continuous, publicly accessible and magnificent

9. Create a network of public spaces that attract and invite both Localities and tourists to waterfront

10. Require design excellence for waterfront public spaces

11. Provide a wide-range of public spaces that foster culture and creativity in our city

12. Ensure all public spaces adhere to a high environmental standard.

13. Strengthen connections along the waterfront on both sides of the river

14. Develop strong link between existing communities and emerging waterfront communities and

spaces

15. Improve the aquatic habitat and water quality along the waterfront and integrate them with river

and stream improvements

16. Maintain a consistency in waterfront design elements in all public spaces (i.e. Park benches and

lamp posts)

17. Coordinate the water usage and supporting land base to maximize the economic, recreational and

environmental asset of Water bodies.


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CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Selection Criteria for Case Studies In this Case Studies, I review & analyzed Malaysia Riverfront (Kuching); Pittsburgh (Three Rivers Park

Riverfront) & Ahmedabad (Sabarmati Riverfront).

Basically this three riverfront projects are situated within or close to downtown area and play important

role in the functioning of the city. And the study areas primarily need to include public open space

providing potential for various outdoor activities like recreation. And Mostly the impact & effect of

riverfront development projects illustrated in the particular location in terms of economy, people’s

health, recreational & tourism activities. Some of the riverfront development projects are basically

recreational purposes & some of them housing purposes. It may vary as per the distance from CBD & its

requirements & needs. Also each of the cases must be considered as successful waterfront

development, by their investors, consumers, private and Government agencies.

2.2 Case Study 1: Malaysia Riverfront Waterfront Areas : Kuching Riverfront. Malacca Waterfront, Glenmarie Riverfront

Waterfront development in Malaysia emerged after the growth of societies along the river edges and

this subsequently initiated the emergence of port towns and several other urban forms. During that

time, waterfront areas were the busiest places to cater for business and trading, and these further

transformed waterfront areas into focal points for Malaysians.

Population growth, economic growth, urbanization and increased technology have transformed many

Malaysian river systems from water industries into non water industries. Due to these changes, the

function of riverfront areas has also changed and the current pattern of riverfront development in

Malaysia now focuses more on mixed-use development and recreation, while incorporating Malaysian

cultural and historical values.

2.2.1 Characteristics of the River front Area

Case study Areas Kuching Waterfront Malacca Waterfront Glenmarie Riverfront

Features

Tab 2: Characteristics of the River front Area - Kuching


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Name of water body Sarawak River Malacca River Langat River

Type of Project Recreational Recreational Residential

Project’s Owner State of Sarawak State of Malacca DRB-HICOM

Amenities Restaurants, River Access,

Shops, Waterfront

Settlements

River Access, Shops,

Waterfront Settlements

Restaurants, River

Access, Housing

Views River Views & City River Views & City Limited River Views

Proximity to River 50m 50m 50m

Proximity to CBD 1 KM 1 KM 35 KM

Source: Waterfront Development in Malaysia

At present, many riverfront development projects have been undertaken throughout Malaysia, some

were successful developments while others were not. In some cases, the implementation of these

riverfront projects was driven more by investment needs rather than for community and environmental

needs.

2.2.4 Kuching Riverfront:

The main objective of this development proposal is to strengthen the commercial and recreational

activities which reflects character, social, culture & identity of the place. The design considers visual

Fig 3: Kuching Riverfront


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character and quality of the place as a riverside marketplace. Social and cultural events and festivals as

well as history and architecture of the place are the important aspects of the design.

Kuching Riverfront

Financial Sources Fully funded by the State Government

Institutional

Arrangement

The master plan of the project implementation was prepared by SEDC and Land

Corporation Development Authority (LCDA) and approved by state government.

Construction Period Began in 1991 & Completed in August 1993

Development Area Approximately one mile along the south bank of the river, encompassing the river

frontage to the historic business center of the township.

Developer Sarawak Economic Development Corporation (SEDC), Sarawak, Malaysia.

Contractors PPES Bena Sdn Bhd + Uraco (M) Sdn Bhd

Consultants ConyBeare Morrison & Partner (Australia) + United Consultants (Sarawak, Malaysia).

Project cost 89.90 Million (Malaysian Ringgit)

Concept An urban river park that blends the historical and cultural setting with the provision of

facilities and activities for tourists and the community, particular families. Possible

features to be considered as follows: Esplanade / pedestrian links, Malls

Entertainment area. Family outing areas and children’s playground. Tourist attraction

areas and Possible center for river cruise.

Source: ‘ An Evolution of Waterfront Development in Malaysia ‘ By Azlina Binti Md. Yassin Submitted on 16Th

Pacific Rim Real Estate Society Conference, Wellington 24-27 January 2010.

2.2.4.1 Landuse around Riverfront Area in Kuching

Residential

Public Space

Commercial

Tab 3: Kuching Riverfront Details


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Kuching’s Waterfront is a significant commercial area where trading activities concentrated along main

Bazar and Gambier Street areas on the south bank, with the Astana and Malay villages around it on the

north bank of Sarawak River. The marketplace serves as public realm that displays local characters and

help to promote the place to outsider.

The Kuching Waterfront is an approximately 1 kilometer long riverside esplanade stretching from

the main area and commercial heartland of the city to downtown Kuching.

River steps create opportunities for river activities as well as closeness to the river’s edge.

The landscaped waterfront is dotted with food stalls, restaurants and benches and offers excellent

views of Historical & Administrative Buildings on the bank of River Sarawak.

The waterfront also features an observation tower, an open-air theater and musical fountains.

The Sunday Market at Satok operates during weekends offers a large diversity of items for trade.

The Kuching Civic Center offers a panoramic view of the city from a viewing platform during the day.

Key Map

RIVERFRONT LANDUSE MAP

Fig 4: Land uses around Kuching Riverfront

Fig 5: Land uses Kuching Riverfront


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2.2.5 Strategies:

The design concept is festive market which represents the positive cultural traits, trading activities for

seasonal and diurnal times displaying a variety of daily and local products in the colonial buildings,

Chinese shop houses and also the new amenities provided.

In addition, the extension bridges enclosed the jetty that served as viewing platform and linkage to the

promenade. This project will revitalize the waterfront, enhance the quality of life and meet the demand

of healthy environment for public involvement. To achieve a linkage between the city to the River, at the

same time reinforcing Sarawak’s heritage and culture via integrating traditions and technologies.

2.2.6 Institutional Framework for waterfront development

2.3 Case Study 2: Sabarmati Riverfront Development

Town &

Country

Planning

Dept of

Local

Govt

Economic

Planning

Unit

Dept of

Mineral &

Geo

Dept of

Land &

Mines

Dept of

Irrigation &

Drainage

CABINET

Ministry of

Housing & Local

Government

Prime Minister’s

Department

Ministry of

Natural

Resources and

Ministry of

Agriculture

Dept of

Wild life

Dept of

Bio

Diversity &

Dept of

Environme

Irrigation

Division

Town &

Country

Planning

Dept

Local

Authori

ty

State

Economic

& Planning

Use

Land

Administrator

Dept of

Environment

Dept of

Irrigation &

Drainage

COMMITTEE

FEDERAL LEVEL

STATE LEVEL

Source: Malaysian Department of Drainage and Irrigation, 2009

Fig 6: Institutional Framework for waterfront development


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The sabarmati Riverfront Development project began as an urban renewal project to significantly

improve the spatial structure and habitat conditions of the river and adjoining areas. This project aims to

transform Ahmedabad’s historic yet neglected river into a vibrant & vital focus for the Ahmedabad City.

The development project encompasses both banks of the Sabarmati for a 10.5 kms, stretch, creating

approximately 185 hectares of reclaimed land. The project includes water management systems to

minimize flooding in traditionally flood-prone areas and to clean up the Sabarmati with new sewage

treatment infrastructure. These include providing interceptor sewer lines along both banks of the river

to divert sewage to Ahmedabad’s two sewage treatment plants; and building retaining walls which will

protect the low-lying areas near the riverbanks from flooding.

A key element of the project is a new linear two-level promenade. The lower promenade with a

minimum width of 10 meters will be just above water level, providing uninterrupted pedestrian access

to the water. The upper promenade will host a variety of public buildings, cultural and educational

institutions, public parks and plazas and a few areas for commercial development, while new traffic

infrastructure will connect the riverfront to the city.

The project aspires to create a unique identity for Ahmedabad by creating a unique skyline for the city.

Being a landmark project with far reaching impacts, it is the backbone for rejuvenating inner city

neighborhoods adjacent to the riverfront project, thereby spurring future developments within the city.

2.3.1 Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad

Fig 7: Sabarmati and growth of Ahmedabad


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2.3.4 Objectives:

The following are the objectives considered for Riverfront development project.

Make the riverfront accessible to the public

Stop the flow of sewage, keep the river clean and pollution-free

Reduce risk of erosion and flooding in flood prone neighborhoods

Create riverfront parks, promenades and Ghats to enjoy the water.

Revitalize riverfront neighborhoods, rejuvenate Ahmedabad.

Generate resources to pay for all of the foregoing.

Stitch together East and West Ahmedabad.

Create a memorable identity for Ahmedabad.

2.3.5 Characteristics of Riverfront area

Case study Areas Sabarmati Riverfront

Features

Name of water body Sabarmati River

Type of Project Recreational

Company Sabarmati River Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL)

Amenities Restaurants, River Access, Shops, Waterfront Settlements, Gardens,

Walkways, Amusement parks, Golf Course, Water sports

Views River Views & City

Proximity to River 50m

Proximity to CBD 1 KM

Sabarmati Riverfront

Financial Sources The project has been planned as a self-financing project. The revenues would be

Tab 4: Characteristics of Sabarmati


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generated from the sale of proclaimed land.

Construction Period Start on Early 2005 & Complete on Nov 2012

Development Area Includes both banks of the Sabarmati for a 10.5 kms, stretch, creating approximately

185 hectares of reclaimed land.

Developer Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation Setup Special Purpose Vehicle - Sabarmati River

Front Development Corporation Limited (SRFDCL) for

Consultants HCP Design, Planning and Management Pvt. Ltd

Concept It is an environmental improvement, Social and Urban rejuvenation project by

development of riverfront along Sabarmati River in the commercial capital of State.

The Objective of the project is to improve spatial structure and habitat conditions of

the river and adjoining areas. Basically it is an Urban renewal project


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anduse Plan

In Sabarmati Riverfront Development, the major part is Gardens followed by public places.

It’s clearly shown as the riverfront development is basically for Recreational purposes.

Landuse

Approved by Covt of Gujarat (Under GTPUD Act 1976)

Sl. No. Sanctional Land use Area Sq.m Arae Ha %

1 Roads 4,44,378 44 22

2 Garden 2,74,585 27 14

3 Open Space 3,71,198 37 18

4 Public Purpose 2,88,875 29 14

5 Lower Promenade 2,66,462 27 13

Fig 8: Landuse Plan - Sabarmati

Tab 5: Sabarmati Landuse Categories


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6 Multi Use for Sale 2,94,083 29 14

7 Sports 72,503 7 4

8 Residual (Utiliities, Residential, Commercial, General,

Education)

15,787 2 1

Total 20,27,871 202.8

2.3.6 Success Stories

The Sabarmati Riverfront Project add almost 10,00,000 sq. mts. of parks, promenades and plazas to

Ahmedabad.

The Sabarmati Riverfront Project help provide Ahmedabad with many new cultural trade and social

institutions (36,000 Sq.m).

Creating of City Level Recreational Activities – Water Sports and Floating restaurants.

Tourist attraction.

Recharge of Ground water Aquifers of the city

Continuous Green coverage along the river corridor.

Elimination of Flood Hazard.

Creating Vibrant Urban neighborhoods and beautification of the city.

2.4 Case Study 3: Three Rivers Park Riverfront

Development

How & Why Riverfront Development in Pittsburgh:

2.4.1 Objective

The following are the Objectives considered for development of Riverfront in Pittsburgh.

expanding Point State Park from a singular pendant to a necklace of two strands.

the Mon Wharf as a river destination, not just a parking lot.

Most of Pittsburgh’s riverbanks were polluted & abused due for Industries

located, and it creates negative impact to fresh water systems. It degraded

their riverfronts

Hard surfaces and retaining walls created hostile environments for native

birds, fish, and mammals.

Industrial processes and toxic runoff contaminated the soil and water.

Structural embankments increased the damage caused by major storms and

floods. Fig 9: Three Rivers Park Riverfront Development


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powerful perpendicular connections from the historical neighborhoods to the rivers.

the Strip District as a mixed-use district with shops, entertainment, and housing along with offices.

an accessible, beautiful, (largely) green riverfront, becoming the city’s principal public realm.

that this riverfront is luminescent, not as when the banks glowed with the energy of the mills, but

with the buzz of post-industrial activities and technologies.

people living at or near the water’s edge in a variety of dwelling types.

using the rivers daily for ordinary purposes, not just during organized events.

the riverfronts lined with remarkable fabric, not only occasional, conspicuous architecture.

great places strategically located along the rivers, and connected by public rights-of-way.

new businesses along the river, emblematic of the New Economy.

old businesses and institutions responding to their river edges rather than treating their river edge

as a back yard.

2.4.2 Three Different Views of Riverfront in Pittsburgh

At the scale of confluence

At the scale of the downtown

At the scale of the Pittsburgh Pool

At the scale of the confluence it will be manifested spatially as a

grand public basin, an outdoor room defined by the West End,

Fort Pitt, and Fort Duquesne bridges.

At the scale of the downtown it will be the celebration of Pittsburgh’s

continuous public face stretching along the rivers from the West End Bridge

on the Ohio to the Sixteenth Street Bridge on the Allegheny and to the Tenth

Street Bridge on the Monongahela.

At the scale of the Pittsburgh Pool between the Emsworth,

Braddock, and Highland Park dams, it will be the centerpiece of

the region’s park system, acting to connect regional assets


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2.4.3 Sustainable Riverfront Development

Area Types – Composition of Elements

1 Streets with Planting Strips + Multi Storied Buildings with Water Demands + Green Area

2 Streets with Planting Strips + Multi Storied Buildings with Water Demands + Square + Green Area

3 Streets with Planting Strips + Parking Lots + Green Area

4 Highway + Parking Lots

5 Streets with Unusable Planting Strips + Highway + Railway + Multi Storied Buildings with Water

Demands + Green Area

6 Streets with Unusable Planting Strips + Highway + Railway + Parking Lots + Green Area

7 Streets with Unusable Planting Strips + Highway + Railway + Parking Lots + Sport Fields

8 Saw Mill Run Situation

Source: http://www.riverlifepgh.org//images/uploads/Atelier_Dreiseit_for_Riverlifel_Stormwater_Communicator.pdf

Fig 10: Sustainable Riverfront Development


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2.4.4 Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project

Component 1: Improve connections to Point State Park

Fig 11: Components of Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project


Page | 26

Component 2: Mon Wharf as a river destination

Component 3: Allegheny Riverfront Park (Extensions to the East (or) West)

Component 4: North Shore Development Concept

2.4.5 Characteristics

Case study Areas Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project

Features

Name of water body Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers

Tab 6: Three Rivers park Riverfront Development Project Characteristics


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Type of Project Development of continuous trails and green space along the 21 km

waterfront loop between the West End Bridge on the Ohio River,

the 31st Street Bridge on the Allegheny River and the Hot Metal

Bridge on the Monongahela River.

Company River life Task Force

Amenities Restaurants, River Access, Shops, Waterfront Settlements, Gardens,

Fountains, Walkways, Amusement parks, Golf Course, Water sports

Views River Views & City

Proximity to River 200m

Proximity to CBD 1 KM

Development Area 21 km waterfront loop between the West End Bridge on the Ohio

River, the 31st Street Bridge on the Allegheny River and the Hot

Metal Bridge on the Monongahela River.

Developer River life Task Force

2.4.6 Success Stories

2.4.6.1 Environment - Sustainable storm water management system

Storm water collection and treatment to create a public amenity that cleans and filters storm water and

minimizes the discharge of storm water into the Ohio River. It is their opinion that this vision could

become the basis for a new benchmark for sustainable water management, both locally and nationally.

2.4.6.2 Economy (If You Build It, They Will Come) - Sustainable riverfront development,

Along with cutting-edge design and a dedicated community, has helped many cities transition from post-

industrial stagnation to new economic growth.

a) Louisville’s 55-acre park on the riverfront created a 28% increase in business development, and

waterfront workers there have increased from 350 to 5,300.

b) Chattanooga’s Riverfront Park has spurred $500 million in private investing.

c) Chicago’s 25-acre Millennium Park is projected to create $2.6 billion in visitor spending and have a

$1.4 billion impact on real estate in the next 10 years.

d) From 2000-2010, over $4 billion was invested in Pittsburgh’s riverfront development, half of it

private.

e) Pittsburgh is home to more than 100 multi-billion dollar global company headquarters.


Page | 28

f) More than $500 million has been invested in LEED-certified Green Buildings, of which Pittsburgh has

more than 30 either built already or under construction.

g) Rails-to-trails conversion in Western Pennsylvania has led to hundreds of miles of bike trails, much

of it along riverfronts. The Great Allegheny Passage, which will soon link Pittsburgh with

Washington, D.C., will see thousands of users each year.

2.4.6.3 Riverfront Investments

Design Three River’s parks Riverfront Green

spaces and trails

$ 112,000,000

Infrastructure (Roads, Bridges, etc.) $ 792,000,000

Private Development

- North Shore $1,724,000,000

- Downtown $ 783,000,000

- Strip District $ 133,000,000

- SS / Mon River $ 580,000,000

Total Downtown Riverfront Investment $ 4,124,000,000

2.3.6.4 Living Environment

a) Since the development of Pittsburgh’s Riverfronts, Three Rivers Park has also supported a significant

increase in downtown residential living.

b) Hundreds of new residential units, both for sale and for rent, have sprung up along the rivers’ edges.

c) Downtown living reduces the severity of regional sprawl, energizes our downtown, and supports

our many service businesses and cultural attractions. The lives of these new downtown residents

are enhanced by the outdoor enjoyment, healthy lifestyle, and recreational opportunities created by

the Park.Recreation (Pittsburgh’s Rivers are People Magnets)

Fig 12: Three Rivers park Riverfront Views


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2.5 Case Study 4: Thames Riverfront Development

2.5.1 The Role of the Waterfront in the Thames Gateway

The strategy set out in this document identifies a series of policies, actions and projects which will create

the employment, the environment and the lifestyle to which those involved aspire, primarily by securing

the opportunities offered by the area’s defining asset – the Thames.

However, as the objectives of the strategy make clear, “the reality will be made tangible by contributing

to and delivering a clear vision of the region’s future, and in particular the role of the waterfront in that

vision.”

The fundamental point of departure of the Waterfront Strategy is to harness the development benefits

that potentially emanate from the River Thames.

In very simple terms, the Thames, its riparian environs and related sensitive habitats provide or

contribute to the three crucial components – or “pillars” - of a sustainable growth strategy.

A Lifestyle

An Environment

A Gateway

2.5.2 Vision for Waterfront Development

Contribute to the delivery of an outstanding quality of life experience for the sub regions, citizens

and to become a destination of choice for visitors.

Capturing the tremendous opportunities that the River Thames offers to the TGSE sub-region in

terms of contributing to sustainable growth, the gateway function and employment.

Balancing the growth and development pressures that emerge from and impinge upon these very

same assets.

2.5.3 Strategy Principles

Sharing the river

Safeguarding the gateway function of the river


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2.5.4 Strategy Formulation

Fig 13: Thames Riverfront Development Strategy Formulation


Page | 31

2.6 Learning’s from the Case Studies

2.6.1: Riverfront Qualities

From the above studies, the following are the qualities are listed out in the waterfront destinations.

2.6.2 Steps to creating Great Waterfronts

The following are the major steps taken for creating great waterfronts, with Public accessibilities.

1) Access and Linkage

2) Edge Uses

3) Attractions & Destinations

4) Identity & Image

5) Amenities

6) Water Uses

7) Flexibility in Design

8) Seasonal Strategy

9) Landuse Management

10) Diverse Funding Sources.


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2.6.3 Need of Riverfront development planning

The Riverfront developments are contribute to the quality of life in all of its aspects like Economic, Social

& cultural.

2.6.4: Case Studies Review

Case Studies

Malaysia Riverfront 1) To Help the local Vendors in terms of Wet Market & Dry Market

2) Commercial Oriented Development

3) Recreational development like walkways & Yoga Mediation center

4) River Beautification works

Sabarmati

Riverfront

1) Urban Reform Project

2) Flood Mitigation works

3) Recreational development

4) Public Space Creation

5) Slum Rehabilitation works

6) Groundwater Recharge

7) Infrastructure development

Three Rivers Park

Riverfront

Development

1) Commercial Development

2) Parks & Recreational facility creation

3) Property developments

1) To develop city as a major commercial and service center with international class facilities.

2) To project on city as waterfront city with attractive investment opportunity to further

enhances the economic growth and stability.

3) To establish cities as one of the major tourism attraction center of the country with

international class facilities.

4) Appealing leisure and entertainment function contained with landscape & fountains.

5) Manifesting cities nature with urban economic development.

6) Increase the Overall living standard of people in the cities contain with riverfront.

7) Making excellent living environment.

8) Fully Accessible to Public & fully guaranteed as a Public waterfront.

Tab 7: Case Studies Review


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4) Landuse classification

5) Public Space creation

6) Attracting Investors

7) Revitalization of River

Thames Riverfront

Development

1) City Oriented Development

2) To Attract investors & boost economic growth

3) River Revitalization

4) Infrastructure Development

5) Recreational development


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Chapter 3: Project Methodology

3.1 Aim, Objectives & Methodology of project

3.1.1. Aim “The aim of this project would be transforming Kanakapura as a unique cultural platform with

recreational and entertainment facilities serving the city, its people and tourists with new dimension,

meaning and scale of development. The riverfront development shall be envisaged as a city’s identity on

its waterfront.”

The project would look into the ways to rejuvenate the urban life and the space through improved quality

of life, facilitating recreational and cultural activities, organizing informal businesses and designing better

public spaces with creative amenities. The goal is to plan a development that would be oriented towards

creating an urban form that is wholly consistent with the physiographic feature of the area. The urban

form integrated with the natural landscape would create an enriching experience by responding to the

context of water and existing diversity of activities thereby, create a visually dominant landmark.

3.1.2. Objectives Objective 1: Ecological preservation:

Identify and implement environmental protection priorities to protect water quality and other

sensitive natural features;

Stop the flow of sewage, keep the river clean and pollution-free;

Revitalize riverfront neighborhoods, rejuvenate Arkavathi River

Objective 2: Create Social/ Public space:

Make the riverfront accessible to the public

Create riverfront parks to enjoy the water.

Objective 3: Designing Development that is in harmony with the natural character of the area.

The urban form integrated with landscape, thereby, creating an enriching experience by

responding to the context of water, existing diversity of activities, and forming a visually

dominant landmark. Encourage development of appropriate design, scale, and use to improve

the utilization of public lands and to improve residents’ quality of life.

Create a memorable identity for Arkavathi River in Kanakapura


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3.2: Methodology

ANALYSIS

Secondary Data

Water supply

Sewerage

Transport

Social Amenities

Public Space

Literature Review & Background Study

Objective Formulation

Data Collection

Secondary Data

Landuse

Geomorphology

Groundwater Potential

Soils

Elevation

Topographic

Geomorphology

Soil Type

Groundwater Potential

Elevationes

Infrastructure

* Level of Service Improvements

* Public Space Creation

Formulation of Strategies

Urban form

* Existing Landuse

Fig 14: Flow chart Methodology


Page | 36

Goal / Vision:

1. To plan a development that would be oriented towards creating an urban

form that is wholly consistent with the physiographic feature of the area.

2. The urban form integrated with the natural landscape would create an

enriching experience by responding to the context of water and existing

diversity of activities thereby, create a visually dominant landmark.

Objective 1: Ecological preservation

Strategy 1: Environmental Protection

Strategy 2: Green belt

Strategy 3. Embankment

Objective 2: Create Social/ Public space

Strategy 1: Designs Public Places & Parks

Strategy 2: Make Public Accessibility

Objective 3: Designing Development that is in

harmony with the natural character of the area.

Strategy 1. River Oriented Activities

Strategy 2. Needs for Kanakapura


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3.5. Study Area Delineation Realizing the potential and scope for planned development along the river Arkavathi in the Kanakpura

town, the Kanakpura Planning Authority identified the riverfront development project in its Master plan

2011.

The Arkavati is a large mountain river in Karnataka, India, originating at Nandi Hills of Chikkaballapura

district.It is a tributary of the Kaveri, which it joins at 34 KM south of Kanakapura, called Sangama in

Kannada, after flowing through ramanagara and Kanakapura. The river drains into the

Chikkarayappanahalli Lake near Kanivenarayanapura. Kumudavathi and Vrishabhavathi rivers are

tributaries to this river.

The river is used by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide 135 million liters of

drinking water per day to the city of Bangalore, or about 20% of the entire city's water. As it is filtered in

the nearby mountain aquifer, the water is fresh and crystal clear. The water is taken from two reservoirs

built on the river, the Hesaraghatta (or Hesseraggatta), which was built in 1894, and the

Tippagondanahalli Reservoir (or T G Halli), which was built in 1933.

Kanakapura Planning Area Zones

Kanakapura Conurbation Area

BMRDA Regions

Fig 16 : Study Area


Page | 38

3.5.1 Arkavathi River

The Arkavathi is a tributary of the Cauvery. Rising in the Nandi Hills to the north of Bangalore it passes

through most of Bangalore Rural district and joins the Cauvery at Sangama in Kanakapura district. It

flows for 190 kilometres and in hydrological parlance is called a second order stream, meaning it is a

tributary of the Cauvery which joins the sea. The Cauvery is a first order stream flowing into the sea, its

major tributaries are second order streams and the Vrishbhavathi which joins the Arkavathi is a third

order stream. The catchment area from where the water collects in the river is more than 4000 square

kilometers.

The river is used by the Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board to provide 135 million liters of

drinking water per day to the city of Bangalore, or about 20% of all the city's water.The water is taken

from two reservoirs built on the river, the Hesaraghatta (or Hesseraggatta) which was built in 1894 and

the Tippagondanahalli Reservoir (or T G Halli), which was built in 1933.

The Gazetteer of Bangalore Rural says the Arkavathi “is not exactly a seasonal stream, in the summer

months it presents the usual aspect of a sandy bed with a small current of water flowing at one side.”

In short it was a perennial river. Large tanks such as the Madhure and the Dodballapur were also

constructed on the river and would usually fill up. The town of Dodballapur depended on the Arkavathi

for its drinking water requirement as did the town of Ramanagara.

Existing Situation in Arkavathi River Basin in Kanakapura

Excess sediment/silt inputs caused by destructive form of land use and other land clearance

activities paving way mainly for housing, quarrying and farming.

Demographic Details (As on 2001)

Total Area 7.20 Km2

Population 47,060

Population Density 6,537 / km2

Literacy 66%

No. of Households 9,878

Source: “REQUIEM FOR OUR RIVERS” by S.Vishwanath Secretary General - International rainwater Catchment systems association http://www.kannada.indiawaterportal.org/sites/kn.indiawaterportal.org/files/Arkavati_sem_vol.pdf

Table : Demographic Details (Source: Census 2001)


Page | 39

Excessive water withdrawals or diversions affecting the natural lake inflow volume as against

the outflow capacity.

Sewage and Industrial pollution caused by direct discharge of domestic and industrial waste

from surrounding industries and households.

The perennial source at Kanakapura is gradually reducing day by day due to numerous irrigation

pumps.


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Chapter 4: Analysis

4.1. Topographical Characteristics Analysis

4.1.1 Geomorphology

Kanakapura LPA lies predominantly in Pediplain geomorphic unit. Small patches of Structural and

Denudational hills are also traced in north eastern and southern part. The above figure shows

geomorphic pattern within the conurbation boundary. This map clearly indicates that, infiltration zones

are larger in area than runoff and are suitable for ground water recharge. The potentiality will also be

moderate to good.

Based on Topographical most of the Zone is falling under Pedi plain Strata, Pedi plain is the level ground

surface slightly inclined towards the river flow.

Source: Interim Master Plan -2021 (Kanakapura Planning Area)

Fig 17 : Topographical Characteristics - Geomorphology


Page | 41

4.1.2 Ground Water Potential

Apart from the structural valleys, supported by the surface water bodies as showing better prospects for

ground water developments. The above figure clearly shows the ground water potential in which the

ground water prospects in the valley portion is good and in majority area of the Conurbation boundary it

is moderate. This can be converted as good potential zone by adopting artificial recharge techniques.

The Groundwater potential in the valley portion of river flow path is good (i.e., 150 to 200 Meter). The

Infiltration zones are larger in area than runoff and are suitable for ground water recharge.


Ground Water Potential

Water Body

Very good to good

Good

Good to Moderate

Moderate

Moderate to Poor

Poor

Poor to Nil

Fig 18 : Topographical Characteristics - Groundwater


Page | 42

4.1.3 Elevation

The elevation falls from 833 m to 620 m from north of the study area to the south upto Arkavathy valley

and increases in elevation generally towards the south-west. Terrain shows undulating topography with

varying elevation between 833 meters to 620 meters above MSL. The lowest elevation being 620 m is

found around Kanakapura town in the valley portion. The slopes vary from 20-150 metres/kilometre

shows the elevation pattern in the Kanakapura Conurbation area. The Kanakapura conurbation area is

in the Cauvery basin. The main tributary of Cauvery, river Arkavathy, flows in the study area. The study

area is covered by the sub basin of Arkavathy and drains southwards. The drainage density and stream

frequency are moderate to high (hilly zone, in northern, eastern and western part) and medium to low

in central part. The drainage pattern is dendratic and parallel. It encourages for infiltration than runoff,

as the stream frequency and density are medium to low and have good constant channel maintenance.

These drainages are controlled by structures and lithology.

Elevation – MSL (Meters)

< 650

650 to 700

>700


Fig 19 : Topographical Characteristics - Elevation


Page | 43

4.1.4 Soil Types

The area is underlain with grey and pink granites and granite gneisses and intruded by dolomitic

pegmatite and quartz veins. The above figure shows the general lithological units in and around

Kanakapura conurbation boundary. The inclusions of dolorate and amphibolites dykes are also traced.

The general trends of the peninsular genesis are North West – South East to North East – South West.

These show a steep dip of about 70 to 80 degrees due South East. According to the Earthquake Map of

Karnataka, the Kanakapura Conurbation area belongs to very low damage risk zone and is in stable belt.

Major portion of the study area consists of red loamy sandy soils, which is moderately porous and

medium permeability. The patches of loamy, loamy clayey, sandy type of soils are noticed within the

area. The clayey and loamy types of soils are more in area extent in southern part than in the rest of the

area. Uplands show these types of soils.

Soil Types

Water Body

Fine Sand

Very Fine Sand

Sandy Skeletal

Fine Loamy

Loamy skeletal


Fig 20 : Topographical Characteristics – Soil types


Page | 44

The soils are favorable zones for ground water recharge. As permeability and porosity for the soils for

medium, the infiltration rates will be medium to high. It is better to avoid the water polluting industries

in this belt.

There is a need for striking a balance between the competing claims of different sectors. It is imperative

to think of a systematic and scientific long range plan to harness the land resources not only for

satisfying the competing demands from various sectors, but also for ensuring sustainability of the

systems.

In Study Area, the majority is Fine Sand Deposit & Sandy Skeletal. Average Specific Yield of Fine sand is

21%, So the flow of the river can improve Groundwater level in the nearby areas.

4.2. Infrastructure Services

4.2.1 Water supply system

The water resources comprise of two major sources – surface and sub – surface. All around and nearby

proposed conurbation areas of Kanakapura, there are surface water sources like Arkavathy,

Suvarnamukhi, are available. The perennial source at Kanakapura is gradually reducing day by day due to

numerous irrigation pumps (schemes). The important sources of drinking water in Kanakapura town was

tube wells/hand pumps. The overhead tanks (OHTs) capacity is around 796250 ltr. Considering only once

filling of OHTs approximately around 21 lpcd available to the population of Kanakapura from Piped

Water Supply System.

As per the records of Kanakapura, the capacity available from BWSSB is around 4 MLD and bore wells is

around 2 MLD. Hence the total capacity available to the town is around 6 MLD. At present, around 120

lpcd can be supplied if the full capacity is utilized. From the Water supply network shows that in two

places there is water pumping from the river and overhead tanks are located on the Trunk line of the

Distribution network. Total 134 Bore wells are spreaded all over the Kanakapura area.


Page | 45

. Source : TMC & STEM-KUWS&DB; Utility Map – Water Supply & Sewerage; Interim Master Plan -2021 (Kanakapura Planning Area)

Fig 21 : Infrastructure - Watersupply


Page | 46

4.2.2 Sewerage System

At Present, the two most prevalent systems of sewage disposal is the open and the box surface drains.

The Above figure shows the sewerage system in Kanakapura conurbation boundary area. Per Capita

sewerage generation as per 2001 – 94 lpcd; 70% of water supply. Now, the KUWS&DB is implementing

Underground drains in the town along with an STP (5.8 MLD) for the future population of 1 lakh within

Source : TMC & STEM-KUWS&DB; Utility Map – Water Supply & Sewerage; Interim Master Plan -2021

(Kanakapura Planning Area)

Fig 22 : Infrastructure - Sewerage


Page | 47

the TMC area (7.8 sq km) is under consideration by the government. The project is expected to be

completed in another 2 years’ time.

4.3 Existing Landuse Analysis For this study purpose, the area has been divided into six sections.

The classification of sections as shown below,

Section 1

Section 2

Section 3

Section 4

Section 5

Section 6

Fig 23 : Existing Landuse


Page | 48

4.3.1: Section 1

Characteristics of Section 1

Section 1

Length (in mtr) 1,427.07

Study Area (in sq.km) 0.407

Existing Landuse Categories

River Path 18 %

Sand Deposits 3 %

Agricultural 64 %

Open Areas 15 %

Fig 24 : Existing Landuse – Section 1


Page | 49

In Section 1, the maximum area is used for Agricultural purposes, and it is located near NH-209

Dindugal-Bangalore Highway, and State Highway SH3 – Kanakapura – Ramanagar route is about

250meter from the river bank.

Due to its remote location from the city, most of the illegal solid waste dumping & misuse of the river

areas happen in this section. Illegal sand mining also happen in this section. The agricultural people are

fully dependent on the river for their agricultural growth and every person having agricultural land have

their own well for irrigation purpose. The ground water automatically gets recharged because of the

presence of the river in a close proximity. From the above land use map it is seen that, most of the lands

near the river are kept as idle as barren land, for which actions should be taken for reclamation of these

land and convert this to useful agricultural land / green belt areas.

The followings are the takeoff we consider for Riverfront development based on existing situation on

section 1.

1. Both sides of the river are agricultural land. Fully Green Areas.

2. No Residence & Public Places exist.

3. Solid Waste disposal & dumping activities take place at the banks of the river.

4. River flow is disturbed because of sedimentation process which leads to the formation of small

sand islands.

5. Width of River varies from 50 mtr to 110mtr in this section.

4.3.2: Section 2




Page | 50

The section 2, is located near the township of

Kanakapura town. Here, mostly the land uses are

agricultural. The Arkavathi Bridge acts as the major

connecting point for Kanakapura town with rest of the

surrounding villages & townships. Majorly Coconut trees

are grown near the river areas. The agriculture irrigation

wells are made with the help various irrigation schemes

from government. The recharge of irrigation wells

depend upon the flow in the Arkavathi River. Due to its

nearest location to Town areas more river pollution happen in this section. River pollution in the forms

of Sewage disposal, Solid waste dumping are remarkable.


the section 2.

1. Agricultural lands are located on both sides of the river. Fully green areas with majority coconut

trees.

2. River Pollution, Solid Waste disposal and dumping happen at the banks of river.

3. No Residence & Public Places.

4. Width of River Varies from 80 mtr to 110 mtr

5. Islands formation in the river due to soil sedimentation during rainy season.

4.3.3 Section 3

Section 2




River Path 15 %

Sand Deposits 5 %

Agricultural 67 %

Open Areas 13 %



Page | 51


Section 3 is the confluence portion of Arkavathi River with

Suvarnamukhi river which passes through Boodhguppe

village. This Boodhuguppe village is located near the

confluence of rivers. In this section, a bridge of two lanes

with a length of 140meter (for NH 209) is crossing the

Arkavathi river. The Pete Kere town lake is located in this

section. Currently there is no connection with arkavathi

river with the existing pete kere town lake. The pete kere

town lake is fully depend on the monsoon rain. The lake

also helps to improve groundwater recharge in the locality.

The followings are the takeoff we consider for Riverfront

development based on existing situation on the section 3.

1. Agriculture land is located in both sides of river. Fully Green Areas.

2. 140m Length 2 Lanes Bridge for Dindugal – Bangalore (NH 209) Road Crossing Arkavathi River.

3. Confluence of Arkavathi & Swarnamukhi River.

4. Boodhuguppe Village located near the confluence.

5. Sewerage problem

4.3.4 Section 4

Section 3




River Path 21 %

Sand Deposits 8 %

Agricultural 56 %

Open Areas 13 %

Residential 2 %

Public Places 1 %



Page | 52


This Section 4 located near the major urban settlements of Kanakapura Township. It is located on the

left side

of Arkavathi river. In this section, Public & Private Bus Stands are available. Major Public Places are

located in this section. Major areas near the river area are kept

as idle condition. If we don’t take any action for retrieving this

empty land, then in future it may possibly become slum area.

There is a lack of provisions for public spaces in the city. Rural

Educational College and major institutions are located in this

section. It is the central part of Kanakapura. The Government

offices and government buildings are located in and around the

bus stands. The possibility of river pollution in this section is

more than other sections, because of density of settlements

and commercial activities happening in this section.

Sri Degula Mutt is the one of the oldest temple in this region. A

large number of religious activities take place in this Mutt all

around the year from various parts of the country. It is located

near the river & nearest to the confluence portion of Arkavathi

& Suvarnamukhi river. Behind the Sri Degula Mutt the Pete Kere

lake is located & two small size tanks are also in between them. This area has a high potential of

developing public spaces around it.

Nearly some 60-80 numbers of dhobi’s are using the river for their work purpose. They simply use the

river water and release polluted water again to the stream directly. This is affecting the ecological value

of river and it contaminates the ground water quality also.

The Malagaalu Bridge which is 135meter-2 lanes is connecting Malagaalu village with Kanakapura town.

There is a water pumping station is near the Bridge. Water is brought to the overhead tanks and then

distributed to the Kanakapura conurbation area.

Section 4




River Path 12 %

Sand Deposits 7 %

Roads 10 %

Agricultural 23 %

Open Areas 16 %

Residential 10 %

Public Places 13 %

Public Utilities 1 %

Commercial 1 %

Mixed Use 2 %


Page | 53

Due to the location of Bus Stands being close to the urban area, traffic congestion always happen on the

Bangalore road. To avoid this traffic congestion in the city, some roads along the riverfront is needed to

plan out as Bypass Route or some traffic management measures like creating one ways.

Traffic Congestion in Bangalore Road Solid Waste Disposal Near Malagaalu Bridge

Solid Waste Dumping & Open Areas Sewage Disposal & Water Pumping Room

Sewage Disposal & River Pollution Sand Deposits in river


Page | 54


the section 4.

1. Sri Degula mutt (1400 Est.) located on the bank of river

2. Water Pumping Station near the river.

3. 135m, 2 Lanes Malagalu Bridge crossing.

4. Dhobi Ghatt along the river.

5. Solid waste dumping & Sewage disposal

Solid Waste Dumping & Sand Mining Near

Malagaalu Bridge


Page | 55

4.3.5 Section 5


As compared to other sections, section 5 is developed in a

planned manner. The Electrical Substation (220 kV & 66kV) is located in this section. Around the

electrical substation lots of areas are kept idle. However, residential areas are constructed in planned

manner. The Streets & Roads are connecting all the parts to rest of the city. The Community parks are in

every gated community & apartments in this section. The NH 209 & SH3 are passing through this

section. The other side of the river is fully utilized for agricultural purpose. There is one school is located

in this part.


the section 5.

1. Improper river flow path. Island Formation in the river.

2. Sewage disposal & solid waste dumping.

3. Agricultural land & Green areas.

4. Residential areas.

Section 5




River Path 6 %

Sand Deposits 5 %

Water Bodies 3 %

Roads 12 %

Agricultural 23 %

Open Areas 26 %

Residential 19 %

Public Places 1 %


Commercial 1 %

Mixed Use 1 %

Parks 1 %

Fig .28 : Existing Landuse – Section 5


Page | 56

4.3.6 Section 6


The Section 6 is located at the downstream of Arakavathi River in Kanakapura town. There is no

Residential land use falling within the study area. Most of the land uses are agricultural. Because of the

meandering shape of the Arkavathi River, there are lots of sand deposits in the river portion in this

section. On the converse and conclave edges of the river, too much of sand deposits take place during

monsoon season. The river flow gets affected due to these sand deposits and eventually the width of

the river is converging in some places.

Section 6



Landuse Categories

River Path 35 %

Sand Deposits 17 %

Agricultural 27 %

Open Areas 19 %

Residential 1 %

Open Drain & Sewage Disposal Solid Waste & Sewage Disposal




Page | 57

Existing Situation

1. Improper river flow path.

2. Sewage disposal & solid waste dumping.

4.4 Existing Landuse Pattern – Study Area Based on the study area taken for Riverfront Development, the land use distribution is as below –

The above Landuse chart mentioned the followings,

1. The river flow is majorly interrupted sand deposits on the river path. Nearly half of the river

areas are covered with improper silt deposition.

2. Nearly 38% of land use for Agricultural purposes in the study area.

3. 20% of land kept as Open areas, we use the area for Riverfront development purposes.

4. Commercial & Mixed use land use also very less.

5. Only 2.5% of public places available near to the riverfront area.

Fig 30 : Existing Landuse Charts


Page | 58

4.5 Environmental Concerns Based on the above Existing scenario Analysis, the following are the problems identified from the all

over the river sections.

As per Environmental Concerns, the following three locations are majorly affected Sites

1

2

3

Fig 31 : Existing Landuse Environmental Concerns


Page | 59

Location 1: Solid Waste Dumping & River Pollution

Location 2: Unscientific Solid Waste Dumping, Sewage Disposal & Sand Deposits on the river

Location 3: Sewage Disposal


Page | 60

4.6 Proposed Landuse Development (Interim Master Plan-2021) – Prepared by Kanakapura Planning Authority.

Fig 32 : Proposed Landuse Development (IMP 2021)

Fig 33 :Builtup Vs NonBuiltup


Page | 61

Residential 43%

Commercial 2%

Industrial 15%

Public & Semi Public 5%

Open Spaces 17%

Utility Services 1%

Vacant land 3%

Transport & Communication

12%

Water Bodies 2%

Proposed Landuse Distribution - 2021

Fig 34 :Existing Landuse Distribution


Page | 62

Chapter 5: PROPOSALS – RIVERFRONT

DEVELOPMENT

5.1 Proposals - Sections wise

5.1.1 Section 1

Section 1



Proposed Landuse Categories

Defined Water way 22 %

Green Belts 31 %

Agricultural 41 %

Roads 6 %

Proposals

1. Provide Check dam 1 (Latitude - 12.566117° , Longitude - 77.408095°) to control the Silting process. Surface

water availability will increase and thereby over-exploitation of groundwater can be prevented.

2. Additional roads connecting the Master Plan proposed 12m road.

Fig 35 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1

Tab 8 :Proposed Landuse – Section 1


Page | 63

5.1.2 Section 2

Section 2





Green Belts 35 %

Agricultural 37 %

Roads 5 %

1. Provide Check dam 2 (Latitude - 12.565487°, Longitude – 77.409376°) and Check dam 3 (Latitude -

12.561712°, Longitude - 77.417659°) to control the Silting process.

2. In the sides of the river plant trees to check soil erosion – plant specification




Page | 64

5.1.3 Section 3

Section 3





Green Belts 36 %

Agricultural 35 %

Roads 7 %

Residential 2 %

Public Places 1 %

Channel 1: Width 8m Length 183m




Water Harvesting – Connecting Lakes with River By Channel




Page | 65

1. The Existing Pete Kere (Town lake) connecting by 183 mtr length channel, so during the monsoon

period the excess flow in river divert into the lake, and it stored for ground water recharge purpose.

2. The overflow water from pete Kere Lake again send to river by 509 mtr length in the eastern side of

the lake.

3. In between pete Kere Lake & river, two intermediate storage location can also formed for maximum

utilization of surface water.

Interconnections of the tanks/lake by natural open channels need to be maintained in each lake series,

more so when additional water is fed into the tanks. As a precautionary measure, it is advisable to grow

bushy plants all along the interconnecting canal so that there is less tampering and proper filling of tanks

takes place during rainy season. At places along the interconnecting canals, access should be provided

for the villagers and cattle for washing purposes. This access can be in the form of steps / cattle ramps.

Furthermore, where ever possible, separate waterways like small stream can be provided so that the

Fig 38: Water Harvesting – Section 3


Page | 66

interconnecting canal can be left un tampered. Separate washing area avoids contamination of water

from detergents and other wastes.

Also, Fish culture can be developed in the natural tanks. Development of fish culture shall increase the

income of the village Panchayats. The variety of fish that shall be raised is the one that yields better

finances with least maintenance. This shall be done in consultation with the Department of Fisheries.

5.1.4 Section 4

Fig 39: Proposed Landuse – Section 4


Page | 67

Section 4





Green Belts 8 %

Agricultural 41 %

Roads 8 %

Residential 9 %

Public Places 14 %

Riverfront activities 7 %


Commercial 1 %

Mixed Use 2 %

Dhobi Ghat 0.005%

1. Walkways from the Bridge up to Sri Degula Mutt, People

can enjoy riverfront. Parks & Gardens near to the

walkways.

2. Yoga & Meditation Center - 4702.5 m2 (620 Persons

Capacity)

3. Parking lots – 4670 m2 (130 Cars & 200 Motor Cycles);

4. Handicraft Market – 4580 m2

5. Cinema Theater – 3780 m2 (2000 Peoples Seating

Capacity)

6. Children’s Park – 4840 m2 ;

7. Proposed Dhobi Ghat with treatment facility &

Restrooms (Owned by Local Bodies) – 2855 m2

Land Reclamation based on defined

river path = 1.83 Hectares



Page | 68

Proposed Section 4 With Walkways, Recreational facilities, Cinema Theater, Yoga Center,

Handicraft Market Children’s Playground Dhobi Ghat etc.,

2

1

4

5

6

(1) Yoga & Meditation

Center

(2) Car Parking

(3) Handicraft Market

(4) Open Air Theater

(5) Children’s

Playground

(6) Dhobi Ghats

3

Fig 40:Proposed Landuse Sketchup – Section 4


Page | 69

5.1.4.1 Yoga & Meditation Center

Location: Yoga Center is located 75m from Arkavathi river & 200m from Degula Mutt, the other three

sides are covered with green areas (like Agricultural lands), the users of Yoga centers can easily reach

riverfront. Relax and enjoy in the riverfront.

Fountains are located right in front of the Yoga & Meditation Center. It increases site attraction.

Available Area for Yoga Center 4702.5 Sq.mtr

Deduct Guest room facility 1000 Sq.mtr

Area required for one person 4.65 Sq.mtr

Add Other facilities (Like Lockers, Restroom,

Office Room)

Add 50% from the above

Therefore, Area Occupancy for one person 6.975 Sq.mtr

Total Occupancy 530 Persons

Yoga & Meditation Center

Fig 41:Yoga Center


Page | 70

Yoga & Meditation Center

The Modal Floor Plan of Yoga Studio as shown below

The above Plan Showing the Occupancy of 20 & 15 People in Yoga Studio, with related facilities.

Fig 42:Yoga Center Modal Plan


Page | 71

Yoga Center accessible from Riverfront

Yoga Center

Yoga Center

Fig 43: Yoga Center Modal from River View


Page | 72

5.1.4.2 Car Parking

Parking lots – 4670 m2 (130 Cars & 200 Motor Cycles)

Parking Areas

Fig 44:Car Parking


Page | 73

5.1.4.3 Handicraft Market

Available Area for Handicraft Market – 4580 m2

This Handicraft Market helps to improve the economic background of the people

Reference from Delhi Haat

Chennai Kanakapura

Population 16,750,000 50,000

Delhi Haat Area 250 x 200 = 50000 sq.mtr

Consider 1/30th of delhi population use the delhi haat, remaining from outside peoples

0.089 sq.mtr per person

=50,000 * 0.089 = 4450 sq.mtr

So Choose Handicraft Market as size of 4580 Sq.mtr

Handicraft Market

Fig 45: Handicraft Markets


Page | 74

Handicraft

Market Handicraft

Market

Handicraft

Market

Handicraft

Market

Fig 45:Handicraft Markets


Page | 75

5.1.4.4 Dhobi Ghat

Available Area for Dhobi Ghat 2850 m2

In the existing condition, the dhobi’s are using the river area

Proposal for Dhobi Ghat

Available Area 2850 Sq.mtr

Allocate Area for Drying Clothes & Water tanks & Vehicles Parking,

Waste water treatment facilities

1500 Sq.mtr

Remaining Area 1350 sq.mtr

Assume the space required for one dhobi worker (4 x 4 mtr) 16 sq.mtr

Total dhobi space 80 persons

1. As per Available space 80 dhobi’s can use the proposed dhobi ghat.

2. Harmful detergents are restricted in the dhobi ghats

3. Educate the users of the dhobi ghat as optimum utilization of water for washing purposes.

Dhobi Ghat

Fig 46:Dhobi Ghats


Page | 76

5.1.4.5 Open Cinema Theatre & Children’s Playground

One Cinema Theatre with latest available technology and all kind of facilities relate in cinema activities is

proposed near to Malagalu Bridge, opposite to Rural Education Society.

Available Area for Cinema Theatre 3780 Sq.mtr

Deduct Parking & Other ground facilities 500 Sq.mtr

Area required for one person 1.89 Sq.mtr

Add Other facilities (Like Restroom, Office Room) Add 50% from the above

Therefore, Area Occupancy for one person 2.895 Sq.mtr


Reduce 25% for commercial Shops & Food Centers


Open Cinema Theatre with 930 capacity

Open Cinema Theatre


Page | 77

Cinema Theater, Market (Fruits, Flowers & Vegetable) & Children’s Play ground)

Children’s Play ground

Fig 47:Cinema Theater


Page | 78

5.1.4.6 Walkways & Foot Paths in Riverfront Areas

Available Area

In Section 4, => 49880 m2

Total Area for Riverfront development = 93770 m2 => 9.377 Hectares

In Section 4 & 5, i.e., near to Kanakapura town area, the riverfront is designed with walkways of 2 meter

& Recreational parks with benches provide. Fountains are located at important site viewing places.

Landmarks & Signage are provided

Fig 48: Children’s Play ground


Page | 79

Fig 49: Walkways & Fountains At Riverside


Page | 80

5.1.5 Section 5

Fig 50:Proposed Landuse – Section 5


Page | 81

5.1.5.1 Walkways & Foot Paths in Riverfront Areas:

Available Area

In Section 5, => 43890 m2

Total Area for Riverfront development = 93770 m2 => 9.377 Hectares

In Section 4 & 5, i.e., near to Kanakapura town area, the riverfront is designed with walkways of 2 meter

& Recreational parks with benches provide.

Fountains are located at important site viewing places.

Landmarks & Signage are provided

Section 5



Landuse Categories


Green Belts 14 %

Agricultural 25 %

Roads 10 %

Residential 22 %

Public Places 4 %

Riverfront activities 4 %


Playground 3 %

Mixed Use 1 %

Open Spaces 4 % Proposals

1. Riverfront Parks = 37820 m2

2. Exhibition Center = 5600 m2

3. Roller skating Ground = 5560 m2

Tab 12:Proposed Landuse – Section 5


Page | 82

5.1.5.2 Exhibition Center (or) Community Center for Kanakapura

Exhibition Center Area = 5600 m2

Currently there is no Community gathering place in Kanakapura. There is number of Silk & Granite

industries located in & around the Kanakapura area and Kanakapura is located 55km from Bangalore. So

Business entrepreneurs and industrialists can easily to commute this location. Because Kanakapura is

one of the major exports in terms of silk & granite, such an exhibition centre will boost the economy of

Kanakapura town.

Exhibition center located 900mtr from City center

Reference from Chennai Trade Centre

Chennai Kanakapura

Population 4,590,000 50,000

Exhibition Halls

Hall 1 4,400 m2

Hall 2 1,760 m2

Hall 3 4,400 m2

So, Consider Exhibition Hall 5600 m2 (as per available Land in the

location)

Exhibition Center

Fig 51:Exhibition Center


Page | 83

5.1.5.3 Roller Skaters Ground

Area available for Roller Skater Ground = 5560 m2

The Roller Skater ground is planned to locate near to residential & school areas. It attracts Children and

those who are all interest in Roller skating activities. This Outdoor activity improves the image & value of

the city into higher level.

Roller Skater Ground 175 mtr

35 mtr

Fig 52:Roller Skater


Page | 84

5.1.6 Section 6

Section 6





Green Belts 17 %

Agricultural 39 %

Residential 1 %

Proposals – Section 6

1. Provide Check dam 5 (Latitude – 12.529316°, Longitude - 77.423408°) and Check dam 6 (Latitude - 12.517611°,

Longitude - 77.432323°) to control the Silting process.

Land Reclamation based on defined

river path = 10.80 Hectares

Fig 52:Proposed Landuse – Section 6 Tab 13 :Proposed Landuse – Section 6


Page | 85

5.2: Proposed Landuse – on Study Area (Based on Riverfront

Development)

Fig 53:Proposed Landuse –Based on Study Area


Page | 86

5.3 Common Proposals

5.3.1 Defined River width

Fig 54:Cross Section of River at different locations

1

2

1

3

1

4

1


Page | 87

Cross Section at Location 1





Page | 88

5.3.2 Check Dams

Check Dams – To Prevent Sand Deposits on the River, and make Revenue generation to the

government.

Cross – Section of Check dams

During Non-Water flow periods, clean debris & sand in the upstream side of Flow.

Water Flow

Water Flow Water Flow

Fig 54:Check Dam Specifications


Page | 89

Objectives of Providing Check Dams

1. To reduce the sand deposition all over the stretch, the sand collected in a particular location,

and it makes cleaning of river as easy.

2. Ground water recharge in the surrounding locations.

3. To divert water from river to nearby lakes or any other water storage structures.

While selecting the locations for construction of check dams the following priorities are to be followed.

1. The width of river in in converging shape & ground condition should be in stable.

2. The newly constructed structure should not have any adverse impact on the hydrological

efficacy of the existing, ongoing and future major, medium & minimum irrigation projects.

3. In stream/river storage will be developed near urban centers if suitable rivers and locations

available for multipurpose domestic & irrigation use.

The distance between two check dams is depend upon the river slope, The check dams will construct in

continuously until the end of

the stream.

Diagram of check dam

showing the distance

between check dams.

A – Upstream Check dam

B – Downstream Check dam

D – Distance between check dams

The base of the upstream check dam is even with the peak of the downstream structure. As the slope of

the conveyance structure is increased, the number of check dams that will be needed to prevent

concentrated flow in the channel increases as well. As a result, check dams used in conveyance

structures with slopes greater than 6% may not be practical.


Page | 90

Sediment Storage Basin

The sediment control basin, which

allows sediment and other suspended

particles to settle out before passing

through the check dam, should be

constructed at the upstream side of

the check dam and extend across the

entire conveyance structure. Sediment

control basins should be sized

according to the individual site

characteristics.


Page | 91

Check Dams location suggested as shown below,

Check Dam 1

Latitude - 12.566117°

Longitude - 77.408095°

Check Dam 4

Latitude - 12.557281°


Check Dam 2

Latitude - 12.565487°

Longitude – 77.409376°

Check Dam 3

Latitude - 12.561712°


Check Dam 5

Latitude – 12.529316°


Check Dam 6

Latitude - 12.517611°


1

1 2 3

4

5

6

Fig 55:Check Dam Locations


Page | 92

5.3.3 Dredging - De siltation of River

Dredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out at least partly underwater or fresh

water areas with the purpose of gathering up bottom sediments and disposing of them at a different

location. This technique is often used to keep waterways navigable.

The process of dredging creates spoils (excess material), which are carried away from the dredged area.

Dredging can produce materials for land reclamation or other purposes (usually construction-related).

Dredging can create disturbance in aquatic ecosystems, often with adverse impacts.

Why?

Silt deposit reduced the water carrying capacity in river by 20-30%

There is a lot of illegal sand mining in the area. Law should be enforced.

There are several loaded trucks in the area which damage the roads.

Selling off river sands during winter Period from the deposits of check dams and the

river bed acts as the source of revenue for government.

River areas to be dredged:

Fig 56:Dredging Quantity


Page | 93

The above chart, shows the river areas to be dredged for

maintaining the defined river path in terms of 60m river

width. In Section 6, have to do maximum amount of

dredging works, because it forms the ‘S’ shape, so in the

curve portions of the river accumulate too much sand

settlements.

Authority - THE RIVERS DESILTATION AUTHORITY OF

INDIA & Local Bodies

5.3.4 Sewage Treatment Plants

New STP =

10 MLD

Fig 57:STP Locations


Page | 94

Schematic Diagram of Sewage Treatment Plant

Location of Treatment Plant:

The Treatment Plant should be located as near to the point of disposal as possible. If the sewage

as to be disposed finally in to the river. The plant should be located near the river bank. Care should be

taken while locating the site that it should be on the downstream side of the city and sufficiently away

from intake works. If finally the sewage as to be applied on land, the treatment plant should be located

near the land as such a place from where the treated sewage can directly flow under gravitational forces

toward the disposal point. The plant should not be much far away from the town to reduce the length of

the sewer line.

Sewage Treatment Plant for 10 MLD Sewage Generations (In 2031) - Reference from currently running

plant at Yamuna nagar/Jagadhari in Haryana state

Sl.No. Treatment Unit Number/Size

1 Screen and Grit Channel 10 x 4m

2 UASB Reactors 2 Nos. 24 x 16 x 5.5m Each

3 Polishing Pond 120 x 79 x 1.2m


Page | 95

4 Sludge Drying Beds 12 Nos. 14m x 14m Each

Finance Details

Rs.0.70 / Kilo liter to run the STP

Approx. Construction cost for Sewage Treatment Plant

Option 1 Extended aeration plant (incl Civil & Mech) Rs. 70 Crores

Option 2 Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor plant (MBBR) Rs. 90 Crores

Benefits:

1. Improvements in the physical infrastructure: Improvements to physical infrastructure will consist of

roads, walkways, lawns, greeneries, etc as mandated by the Town and Country Planning Act in force

2. Improvements in the social infrastructure: Improvements in social infrastructure do not apply in this

case as the place is not meant for any social activity and in fact will be a restricted center.

3. Employment potential –skilled; semi-skilled and unskilled: Employment potential does arise for

skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled persons in the maintenance of the STP and this will come within

the realm of the contractor who is to do the O&M initially for 5 years and subsequently on

extendable basis.

4. Other tangible benefits: The single largest tangible benefit is that untreated sewage flowing all over

the collection zone will actually be converged and treated in a controlled center and a treated

effluent which can be a resource for farm forestry or cooling water for power plant is brought up.

Suggestion to solve River Pollution in Arkavathy

STP is planned at the downstream of Kanakapura town, but the river is polluted from upstream (waste

disposal from Bangalore). Another STP can be planned before Arkavathy’s entry into the town. The

treated waste water can be used for non-potable purposes (Like Irrigation & Industrial Purposes)


Page | 96

5.3.4 Integrated Solid Waste Management Technique

Solutions to improver Solid Waste Management

The municipality is ill-equipped. Hence, provide solution to improve the collection, transportation and

disposal of solid waste can be planned. Door to Door collection through Self Help Groups (SHGs) is one

of the possible solutions for the segregation of waste at source.

At present, none of the areas in Kanakapura town and villages in the LPA possess any scientific or

systematic or garbage or solid waste disposal system. However, town and some large villages have

waste lands at the out skirts wherein al the waste is being dumped. With this present scenario, it is very

Solid Waste Processing Plant &

Dumping Yard


Page | 97

much necessary that the villagers do not contaminate the natural tanks with any of the garbage or solid

waste that can cause serious health problems.

Care should be exercised that children are kept away from tampering and dumping waste into these

natural tanks. The tank bunds and the environs shall not be used for defecation.

The above Solid Waste Management Technique has to be implemented with the help state government

& Local Bodies.

5.3.5 Trees & Plants for Riverfront Area

Uses of Trees:

1. Trees help to prevent floods.

2. The roots of trees keep river banks firm and do not let them crumble.

3. Water is thus prevented from pouring out onto the fields and spoiling the farmers’ crops, or

entering villages and destroying houses and drowning people and animals.

Segregation at Source

Solid Waste Management

Waste Minimization

Waste Collection from Source to Segregation Centers

Waste Segregation into Degradable to non-Degradable Centers

Non Degradable Wastes

Degradable Wastes

Recycling Plants Organic Waste Reduction

Aerobic Composting

Agricultural Land, Gardens Etc.,


Page | 98

4. Wherever there are groups of trees, or forests they attract rain. Trees send up water vapor into

the atmosphere through their leaves. When this vapor meets the cool air above it turns into

drops of water which then fall as rain.

5. They give us shade and protection from weather. More important, crops such as cocoa and

vanilla (Suggested as Sub plants in between coconut trees) are protected from strong winds,

rain, or too much sunshine by trees which grow around them.

6. They give us beauty, color and greenery. This is something which we often forget and fail to

appreciate.

7. They are the homes of many birds, animals and insects. Each of these is important in keeping up

a balance in nature.

Trees Suggested in the River Banks

1. DRUMSTICK TREE

- It grows best in the sandy beds of rivers and streams.

2. MAST TREE

- This tree is planted in many

parts of India along roads, by

rivers, around buildings and

temples. It grows well in

poor soil and its trunk is

strong enough to stand

against the monsoon winds.

3. PONGAM

- It grows all over India and is planted for its beauty,

by the sides of roads and in gardens. It is very hardy

and can thrive in the cold as well as the heat. It


Page | 99

grows especially well on coasts and near streams and rivers.

4. QUEEN’S FLOWER

- This tree is found in many parts of India. It is very

common on river banks and in marshy places.

5. TEAK TREE

- This tree fairly adaptable but grows best inland

and loves a warm, moist tropical climate with

plenty of rain. Teak trees also need plenty of

space, light, and a good soil. They are often found

near rivers and can grow enormously tall.

5.3.6 River Cleaning Technology

Maintaining the river Quality

In river, Grow Aquatic Plants (Ex: Duckweed, Water Lilly, Indian lotus ) to maintain clean water in the

river, and maintain Ecological Balance.


Page | 100

Duckweed Technology : Duckweed is an aquatic plant which can grow when temperature ranges

between 15 to 30 .

Bibliography 1. Reference Master Plan 2021 - Kanakapura Planning Authority

2. Sabarmati Riverfront Development Project (www.sabarmatiriverfront.com)

3. Project for Public Spaces – 9 Steps to Creating a Great Waterfront

4. Kanakapura Town Municipal Council

Fig 58:Duck weed Technology


Page | 101

5. Kuching Waterfront – Proposed landscape redevelopment for commercial riverside marketplace

along jalan Gambier (Source: http:fabserver.utm.my)

6. Discovery Channel – Strip the City – London – Thames River Revitalization Project

7. “Trees for River & Creek Plantings” – Nimbin Plant Selection Guide – By David McMinn

8. Waterfront Strategy – Final Strategy, March 2006 – Thames Gateway South Essex Submitted by

GHK Consulting (www.ghkint.com)

9. Capital Investment Plan (CIP) – Karnataka Municipal Reforms Project – KUIDFC – Feedback

Venture Report

10. Three Rivers Park Design Handbook – by Riverlife Task force, Oct 2012

http://www.ghkint.com/

Career

Riverfront Development Report