Using CRM Data for “Big Picture” Research.

David G. Anderson1

1Department of Anthropology, University of Tennessee

A paper presented in the session “40 Years of CRM (1974-2014):

Accomplishments, Challenges, And Opportunities”, organized by Francis McManamon. 79th Annual Meeting of the Society for American

Archaeology, Austin, Texas.

25 April 2014

Men and women with PhDs by decade of degree award. Women and men are increasingly evenly represented in more recent award decades.

Images and text courtesy Melinda A. Zeder, http://www.saa.org/Portals/0/SAA/publications/SAAbulletin/15-2/SAA9.html

Image courtesy Society for American Archaeology. American Antiquity 39(4):675-676.

Me!

Cultural Resources Management (CRM) Archaeology

National Historic Preservation Act (1966) National Environmental Policy Act (1970)

Executive Order 11593 (1971)

Image courtesy: http://www.museum.state.il.us/ismdepts/anthro/CRM-AppliedArchaeology.html; http://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=22492

Image courtesy: http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/i/image/image-idx?;c=bhl&ei=1&quality=2&view=entry&subview=detail&cc=bhl&entryid=x-bl006410

The Southeastern Archaeological Conference, November 1939. At the Earthlodge/council house, Ocmulgee National Monument

SEAC, LIKE THE SAA, STARTED OUT SMALL!

No Bucks, No Buck Rogers!

Gordon Cooper: You know what makes this bird go up?

FUNDING makes this bird go up.

Gus Grissom: He's right. No bucks, no Buck Rogers

The Right Stuff, 1983

(movie)

No bucks, No books!

Monographs Resulting from CRM Work

Excavating Zebree site, 3MS20, in 1976, while the site was being destroyed around us. Shiloh Mound A Excavations, 1999-2004

The Richard B. Russell Dam on the Upper Savannah River, 1981.

The Rucker’s Bottom Site (9EB91), along the Upper Savannah River, at the close of the excavations in 1982.

Reconstructed view of the fortified Mississippian village

at Rucker’s Bottom, ca. A.D. 1400. (Painting by Martin Pate)

“Archaeology, History, and Predictive Modeling: Research on Fort Polk 1972-2002”

University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

1988

1995 Sample size = 2785 sites

Sample size = 1661 sites

Image and text (modified somewhat) courtesy http://cast.uark.edu/other/nps/nadb/nadb.mul.html

Report Citations per County Image courtesy http://cast.uark.edu/other/nps/maplib/USsittot.1993.html

This map shows the total number of archeological sites per county inventoried between 1991 and 1993 by State Historical Preservation Officers

and Information Centers.

Recorded Archaeological Sites in NADB, 1993 n=941,019 total

Site data in the Southeast.

1970: ca. 15,000 1994: 179,944 2011: 376,269

1994 Archaeological Site File Management: A Southeastern Perspective. (David G.

Anderson and Virginia Horak, editors). Interagency Archeological Services Division,

National Park Service, Southeast Regional Office, Atlanta, Georgia.

1994

2009 (partial sample)

Table from Recent Developments in Southeastern Archaeology: From Colonization to

Complexity, by David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman. Society for American Archaeology Press, Washington, D.C. , p. 32.

Southeastern Archaeological Sites and Reports in NADB,

2004

9424

3015

2002

3611 2063 3625

9920

1037

1010

1056

National Archaeological Database: Southeastern Reports, 2004

3015

7154 1010

1037

1010

9920

Image courtesy: http://www.cast.uark.edu/other/nps/maplib/UScittot04.html Table adapted from Recent Developments in Southeastern Archaeology: From Colonization to Complexity, by David G. Anderson and Kenneth E. Sassaman. Society for American Archaeology Press, Washington, D.C.

Image and text (modified somewhat) courtesy http://cast.uark.edu/other/nps/nadb/nadb.mul.html

This map shows the total number of archeological citations per county. It was created using the data uploaded in 2004 in the National

Archeological Database, Reports module (NADB-R).

Report Citations per County Reports per County in NADB, 2004

N = ca. 350,000

Archaeological Curation

Images courtesy: http://www.nps.gov/archeology/collections/issues_pr.htm; http://www.archaeologysouthwest.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/salmon_curation_3.jpg; http://i.imgur.com/qfMLJWA.gif; http://img4.wikia.nocookie.net/__cb20080523032114/indianajones/images/9/9a/400.jpg

Bulk collection storage at the Bureau of Land Management, Anasazi Heritage Center, Dolores,

Colorado. facility at Salmon Pueblo

New curation facility at Salmon Pueblo. curation facility at Salmon Pueblo

CRM Information: What is needed

• Compile the information

• Curate it for posterity

• Develop procedures to use it efficiently

Grand Challenges for Archaeology

Keith W. Kintigh, Jeffrey H. Altschul,, Mary C. Beaudry, Robert D. Drennan, Ann P. Kinzig, Timothy A. Kohler, W. Fredrick Limp, Herbert D. G. Maschner, William K. Michener, Timothy R. Pauketat, Peter Peregrine, Jeremy A. Sabloff, Tony J. Wilkinson, Henry T. Wright, and Melinda A. Zeder 2014a Grand challenges for archaeology PNAS 111 (3) 879-880. 2014b Grand Challenges for Archaeology. American Antiquity 79(1):5-24.

Grand Challenges for Archaeology

Keith W. Kintigh, Jeffrey H. Altschul,, Mary C. Beaudry, Robert D. Drennan, Ann P. Kinzig, Timothy A. Kohler, W. Fredrick Limp, Herbert D. G. Maschner, William K. Michener, Timothy R. Pauketat, Peter Peregrine, Jeremy A. Sabloff, Tony J. Wilkinson, Henry T. Wright, and Melinda A. Zeder 2014a Grand Challenges for Archaeology. American Antiquity 79(1):5-24. 2014b Grand challenges for archaeology PNAS 111 (3) 879-880.

“…the greatest payoff will derive from investments that allow us to exploit the explosion in systematically collected archaeological data… [and] far more comprehensive online access to thoroughly documented primary research data and to unpublished reports and other documents detailing the contextual information essential for the comparative analyses” (Kintigh et al. 2014a:19).

The Digital Archaeological Record (tDAR) is an international digital repository for the digital records of archaeological investigations. tDAR’s use, development, and maintenance are governed by Digital Antiquity, an organization dedicated to ensuring the long-term preservation of irreplaceable archaeological data and to broadening the access to these data.

Images and text courtesy http://www.tdar.org/about/ https://www.tdar.org/news/2013/01/taking-a-look-back-at-tdar-in-2012/

Preserving Archaeological Reports

Image and text courtesy http://www.tdar.org/news/2014/04/preserving-archaeological-legacies-turning-a-citation-into-a-resource/

Grand Challenges for Archaeology

Keith W. Kintigh, Jeffrey H. Altschul,, Mary C. Beaudry, Robert D. Drennan, Ann P. Kinzig, Timothy A. Kohler, W. Fredrick Limp, Herbert D. G. Maschner, William K. Michener, Timothy R. Pauketat, Peter Peregrine, Jeremy A. Sabloff, Tony J. Wilkinson, Henry T. Wright, and Melinda A. Zeder 2014a Grand Challenges for Archaeology. American Antiquity 79(1):5-24. 2014b Grand challenges for archaeology PNAS 111 (3) 879-880.

…our survey emphatically reinforced the need for the kinds of online access provided by the Digital Archaeological Record… (Kintigh et al. 2014b:879)

Images and text courtesy http://opencontext.org/

Open Context is maintained and administered by a dedicated staff with the Alexandria Archive Institute, a not-for-profit organization. The California Digital Library at the University of California provides data archiving and preservation services. Open Context development has been funded by foundation grants and charitable donations.

Open Context

Image courtesy Jason O’Donoughue (2007) Living In The Low Country: Modeling Archaeological Site Location In The Francis Marion National Forest, South Carolina. MA Thesis, University of Tennessee.

FMNF 2007 Predictive Model

(Images courtesy Jason O’Donoughue)

Sample size = 1883 sites

Kisatchie National Forest,

Louisiana

Images courtesy: Erik N. Johanson, 2011 Predictive Modeling in Western Louisiana: Prehistoric and Historic Settlement in the Kisatchie National Forest, MA Thesis, University of Tennessee, pages 2 , 116, 160.

Sample size = 4175 sites

(Images courtesy Erik N. Johanson)

Images from Anderson, David G., and Steven D. Smith 2003 Archaeology, History, and Predictive Modeling: Research on Fort Polk 1972–2002. The University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.

Fort Polk, Louisiana: 1988 and 1995

Predictive Models

Sample size = 2785 sites

Sample size = 1661 sites

Images courtesy: Chamblee, John F. 2006. Landscape Patches,

Macroregional Exchanges and Pre-columbian Political

Economy in Southwestern Georgia. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

Georgia’s Middle

Woodland Mounds and

Sites

Image from Chamblee 2006:253

Images courtesy: Chamblee, John F. 2006. Landscape Patches,

Macroregional Exchanges and Pre-columbian Political

Economy in Southwestern Georgia. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

Georgia’s Late

Woodland Mounds and

Sites

Image from Chamblee 2006:254

Images courtesy: Chamblee, John F. 2006. Landscape Patches,

Macroregional Exchanges and Pre-columbian Political

Economy in Southwestern Georgia. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

Georgia’s Early

Mississippian Mounds and

Sites

Image from Chamblee 2006:255

Images courtesy: Chamblee, John F. 2006. Landscape Patches,

Macroregional Exchanges and Pre-columbian Political

Economy in Southwestern Georgia. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

Georgia’s Middle

Mississippian Mounds and

Sites

Image from Chamblee 2006:258

Images courtesy: Chamblee, John F. 2006. Landscape Patches,

Macroregional Exchanges and Pre-columbian Political

Economy in Southwestern Georgia. Doctoral Dissertation, Department of Anthropology, The University of Arizona, Tucson.

Georgia’s Late

Mississippian Mounds and

Sites

Image from Chamblee 2006:263

Working with archaeological site file

managers is critical to integrating information.

A 1994 workshop

brought southeastern site file managers and data together for the

first time.

1994 Archaeological Site File Management: A Southeastern

Perspective. (David G. Anderson and Virginia Horak, editors).

Interagency Archeological Services Division, National Park

Service, Southeast Regional Office, Atlanta, Georgia. 140 pp.

As part of an NSF collaborative proposal awarded to PIs David G. Anderson and Stephen J. Yerka at the University of Tennessee, Eric and Sarah Kansa of Open Context/Alexandria Archive, Berkeley,

and Joshua J. Wells of Indiana University, South Bend, a workshop was held at the UT Office of Research on March 19th and 20th to

develop procedures for linking large archaeological datasets.

Eastern Woodlands Household Archaeology Data Project

• The goal of the Eastern Woodlands Household Archaeology Data Project is to assemble information about prehistoric residential structures in eastern North America: these remains are a basic unit of analysis in archaeological studies of households.

• As of March 2014 the database contains

information about the location, time period, shape, and size of 2130 structures and 16 “domestic areas” from 272 archaeological sites across the eastern United States and Canada.

• Created and maintained by: Andrew White aawhite@umich.edu

Images and text courtesy http://www.householdarchaeology.org/

Primary Data Is Available Online at:

http://pidba.tennessee.edu/main.htm

Paleoindian Database of the

Americas

Fluted Points

(including Clovis, excluding some

later fluted types)

13,000 -12,000 cal BP

n=11,906

points

>1500 locations.

DINAA (Digital Index of North American

Archaeology)

DINAA partnerships as of April 2014 showing the distribution of cultural

resources at low resolution within states whose data has

been received thus far. Dots do not refer to exact site locations,

but to groups of five sites whose position has been

randomly distributed within 20x20km grid cells.

DINAA (Digital Index of North American

Archaeology) Distribution at low resolution

within states whose data has been integrated thus far. Data

is displayed using 20x20km grid cells.

Middle Woodland Sites

(n=27,387)

DINAA (Digital Index of North American

Archaeology) DINAA datasets are archived

with the California Digital Library, a world leader in

digital preservation.

There are multiple search options with the data.

Using site file data to

examine the impacts of sea

level rise

At present 10,766 sites are at sea level

In 100 years, 14,105

sites will be covered!

Past and future sea-level projections

Sea level data chart courtesy I. Allison, N. L. Bindoff, R.A. Bindschadler, P.M. Cox, N. de Noblet, M.H. England, J.E. Francis, N. Gruber, A.M. Haywood, D.J. Karoly, G. Kaser, C. Le Quéré, T.M. Lenton, M.E. Mann, B.I. McNeil, A.J. Pitman, S. Rahmstorf, E. Rignot, H.J. Schellnhuber, S.H. Schneider, S.C. Sherwood, R.C.J. Somerville, K.Steffen, E.J. Steig, M. Visbeck, A.J. Weaver. 2009. The Copenhagen Diagnosis, 2009: Updating the World on the Latest Climate Science. The University of New South Wales Climate Change Research Centre (CCRC), Sydney, Australia

Site loss due to sea-level rise in six southeastern states given a one, two, and three meter rise in sea level.

Numbers of known sites at risk in red

10,677

14,105

21, 123

17,004

Fluted Points

(including Clovis, excluding later

fluted types)

13,000 -12,000 cal BP

n=11,906

points

>1500 locations.

The End! Support Big

Picture Research!