Enbe report

ENBE | Final Project | Part A – Report | The Future City Representation

Better Cities of the Future

OCTAGON CITY

Khairul Jefri bin Khairul Azhar Neo

0318237

FNBE FEB 2014

Taylor’s University

Your Name | Your Student ID | Group d/i/f/h | FNBE Feb 2014 | Taylor’s University1


Content:

1. Introduction 2. A City 3. Investigation & Data Collection: 4. Investigation & Data Collection: 5. Investigation & Data Collection6. Case study on the selected type of the future city 7. The New “X” City / Or the new name 8. The Conclusion



1. Introduction

For our final Element of Natural and Built Environment (ENBE) project, we have to pretend that we are the mayor of the ‘X’ city. The people in ‘X’ city require a new city because of reasons that it no longer liveable. As a mayor , we need to propose a new layout of the new ‘X’ city very quickyly. We have to choose a option from 5 layout which is , an underground city, an underwater city , a floating on water city , a city in the air or a city on land next to a river or sea. After we choose a layout from the 5 option we have , we have to propose a city layout which can fit in 150,000 to 300,000 Malaysian people. The new propose city must be smaller than Subang Jaya which should be 20 kilometer square to 40 kilometer square. Besides that , we have to include this in the city planning:

The geometric shape, form, pattern, hierarchy, system and structure of the city

The main focus of the city such as square etc The zoning of the city The people , population, social issues, activities, food distribution,

culture and religion Transportation and networking Infrastructure ,utility, services , and amenities Sustainable initiative and climate change consideration and

resilience Other services such as police etc



2. The City

2.1 The City Definition

A city is a relatively large and permanent human settlement. Although there is no

agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language

meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on

local law.

Cities generally have complex systems for sanitation, utilities, land usage, housing, and

transportation. The concentration of development greatly facilitates interaction between

people and businesses, benefiting both parties in the process. A big city or metropolis

usually has associated suburbs and exurbs. Such cities are usually associated

with metropolitan areas and urban areas, creating numerous business commuters traveling

to urban centers for employment. Once a city expands far enough to reach another city,

this region can be deemed aconurbation or megalopolis.

Different country have different meaning of city :



2.2 What is the brief history

The building of cities has a long and complex history. Although city planning as an organized profession has existed for less than a century, all cities display various degrees of forethought and conscious design in their layout and functioning.Early humans led a nomadic existence, relying on hunting and gathering for sustenance. Between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago, systematic cultivation of plants and the domestication of animals allowed for more permanent settlements. During the fourth millennium B.C., the requirements for the "urban revolution" were finally met: the production of a surplus of storable food, a system of writing, a more complex social organization, and technological advances such as the plough, potter's wheel, loom, and metallurgy.

Cities exist for many reasons, and the diversity of urban forms can be traced to the complex functions that cities perform. Cities serve as centers of storage, trade, and manufacture. The agricultural surplus from the surrounding countryside is processed and distributed in cities. Cities also grew up around marketplaces, where goods from distant places could be exchanged for local products. Throughout history, cities have been founded at the intersections of transportation routes, or at points where goods must shift from one mode of transportation to another, as at river and ocean ports.Religious elements have been crucial throughout urban history.



Ancient peoples had sacred places, often associated with cemeteries or shrines, around which cities grew. Ancient cities usually had large temple precincts with monumental religious buildings. Many medieval cities were built near monasteries and cathedrals.

Cities often provide protection in a precarious world. During attacks, the rural populace could flee behind city walls, where defence forces assembled to repel the enemy. The wall served this purpose for millennia, until the invention of heavy artillery rendered walls useless in warfare. With the advent of modern aerial warfare, cities have become prime targets for destruction rather than safe havens.Cities serve as centers of government. In particular, the emergence of the great nation-states of Europe between 1400 and 1800 led to the creation of new capital cities or the investing of existing cities with expanded governmental functions.

2.3 What makes a city

Every city contains an amazing array of pathways to carry flows of people, goods, water, energy, and information. Transportation networks are the largest and most visible of these. Ancient cities relied on streets, most of them quite narrow by modern standards, to carry foot traffic and carts. The modern city contains a complex hierarchy of transportation channels, ranging from ten-lane freeways to sidewalks. In the United States, the bulk of trips are carried by the private automobile, with mass transit a distant second. American cities display the low-density sprawl characteristic of auto-centered urban development. In contrast, many European cities have the high densities necessary to support rail transit.

Modern cities rely on complex networks of utilities. When cities were small, obtaining pure water and disposing of wastes was not a major problem, but cities with large populations and high densities require expensive public infrastructure. During the nineteenth century, rapid urban growth and industrialization caused overcrowding, pollution, and disease in urban areas. After the connection between impure water and disease was established, American and European cities began to install adequate sewer and water



systems. Since the late nineteenth century, cities have also been laced with wires and conduits carrying electricity, gas, and communications signals.

Buildings are the most visible elements of the city, the features that give each city its unique character. Residential structures occupy almost half of all urban land, with the building types ranging from scattered single-family homes to dense high-rise apartments. Commercial buildings are clustered downtown and at various subcenters, with skyscrapers packed into the central business district and low-rise structures prevailing elsewhere, although tall buildings are becoming more common in the suburbs. Industrial buildings come in many forms ranging from large factory complexes in industrial districts to small workshops. Open space is sometimes treated as a leftover, but it contributes greatly to the quality of urban life. "Hard" spaces such as plazas, malls, and courtyards provide settings for public activities of all kinds. "Soft" spaces such as parks, gardens, lawns, and nature preserves provide essential relief from harsh urban conditions and serve as space for recreational activities. These "amenities" increasingly influence which cities will be perceived as desirable places to live.

2.4 What makes a good city

What is the good city? We are unlikely to arrive at an unequivocal answer; the diversity of human needs and tastes frustrates all attempts to provide recipes or instruction manuals for the building of cities. However, we can identify the crucial dimensions of city performance, and specify the many ways in which cities can achieve success along these dimensions.

A vital city successfully fulfills the biological needs of its inhabitants, and provides a safe environment for their activities. A sensible city is organized so that its residents can perceive and understand the city's form and function. A city with good fit provides the buildings, spaces, and networks required for its residents to pursue their projects successfully. An accessible city allows people of all ages and background to gain the activities, resources, services, and information that they need. A city with good control is arranged so that its citizens have a say in the management of the spaces in which they work and reside.

Finally, an efficient city achieves the goals listed above at the least cost, and balances the achievement of the goals with one another. They cannot all be maximized at the same time. And a just city distributes benefits among its citizens



according to some fair standard. Clearly, these two meta-criteria raise difficult issues which will continue to spark debates for the foreseeable future.

3. Investigation & Data Collection:Ancient Cities

Derinkuyu Underground city

Underground cities were excavated as early as early as Hittite times , and expanded over the centuries as various marauding armies traversed Central Anatolia in search of captives and plunder. There are 36 underground cities in Cappacodia and the deepest one is Derinkuyu underground city , while the widest is the Kaymakli Underground city.



There are about 600 outside doors to the Derinkuyu Underground city ,hidden in the courtyards of surface dwellings. The underground city is approximately 85m deep. It contains all the usual rooms found in an underground city which is stables, cellars , storage rooms, refectories, churches , wineries etc. There are also a large room with a barrel vaulted ceiling on the second floor which is a missionary school , the rooms to the left being study rooms. From third floor and forth floors onwards , the descent is by way of vertical staircases which lead to a cruciform plan church on the lowest floor. The 55m deep ventilation shaft was also used as a well. Not every floor was provided with water wells up to the surface in order to protect the dwellers from poisoning during raids. Derinkuyu underground city contains at least 15,000 ventilation ducts that provide fresh air deep within the underground city.




Derinkuyu underground city were not intended to built for permanent dwellinds or long stays, but were clearly built to withstand attack and could support large numbers of people and their domestic animals , for extended periods of time. The urban organization was very complex , and there was probably always work in progress.


The extensive networks of passages , tunnels , stepped pits and inclined corridor link family rooms and communal spaces where people would meet,work and worship. The cities were complete with wells, chimneys for air circulation , niches for oil lamps , stores , water tanks, stables and areas where the dead could be placed until such time as conditions on the surface would allow their proper disposal. Most importantly, carefully balanced moving stone doors , resembling mill stones , were devised to quickly blocked the corridors in the event of an attack. These doors operated from one side only.

The element I gonna use from this ancient cities is : ventilation ducts that provide fresh air deep within the underground

city the concept of blocking the corridors for emergency

4. Investigation & Data Collection:Present Cities

Montreal underground city

Montreal underground city is an indoor city and the largest underground complexes in the world. Not all the portion of the indoor city are underground. Montreal underground city containing over 200 restaurants, 1700 boutiques, 30 movie theatres, halls , museums, and hotels. All of these connected to the city’s subway stations. This unique feature has made people often refer to Montreal as ‘two cities in one’ and can allow visitors to explore the city without having to worry about bad weather or lengthy travel time between the city’s shopping districts.

Montreal underground city map



There are 33 kilometers of connecting passageways beneath downtown, with the metro(subway),commuter trains and buses also converging here.



Montreal’s underground pedestrian network, which began beneath the Central station complex took off during the 1960s when Place Ville-Marie was built. The transportation infrastructures criss-cross and complement each other. The elegant place Bonaventure metro station designed by Montreal architect Victor Prus.

SEATTLE UNDERGROUND CITY



Seattle underground is a network of underground passageways and basements in downtown Seattle , Washington, United States that was ground level at the city’s origin in the mid 19-th century.

Seattle first building were wooden. On June 6,1889 at 2:30 in the afternoon , a cabinetmaker accidentally overturned and ignited a glue pot. The fire chief was out of town and the volunteer fire department made the mistake of trying to use too many hoses at once. In the end, the Great Seattle Fire destroyed 31 blocks of buildings. Instead of rebuilding the city as it was before , the city leader make two strategic decisions:

All new building must be stone or brick, as insurance against a similar disaster in the future

Regrade the streets one to two stories higher than the original street grade

In the end , the streets were lined with concrete walls that formed narrow alleyways between the walls and the buildings on both sides of the street, with a wide ‘alley’. The streets were raised to a desired new level, generally 12 feet higher than before , in some places nearly 30 feet.

BEIJING UNDERGROUND CITY



The underground city in Beijing is a bomb shelter comprising a network of tunnels. It has been called the Underground Great Wall because it was built for the purpose of military defense. The complex was constructed during the 1970s in anticipation of a nuclear war with the Soviet Union.

The tunnels run beneath Beijing’s city center,covering an area of 85 square kilometers under the surface. At one time there were about 90 entrances to the complex, all of which were hidden in shops along the main streets of Qianmen.

Zoning of the Beijing Underground city

the element I gonna use from these present cities is : The concept of two cities in one from montreal underground city so

that no one feel distance and away from the earth

5. Investigation & Data Collection:



Future Cities

Montreal underground city planned to add more level beneath the underground city.

‘Many cities do not recognize the potential of the land on which they are built,’ says Dr Li Huan Qing.’Our goal was to provide planners with a set of guidelines to help them exploit subsoil resources in the most efficient manner. The issue is partly related to various aspects of engineering and in part to the economic aspects. We wanted to integrate both disciplines to develop our approach.’ Space is probably the most obvious underground resource, but It comes at a price. Building down can cost up five times as much as a conventional building above ground.



Geothermal energy is one of the many resources that can be tapped into in the subterranean city. Made more accessible by excavations, it can be used for heating residential and industrial applications. Geo-materials are another resource. The accumulated debris from excavations can be used to stabilize roads or produce cement. There also have greater access to groundwater with careful preservation. This may help in developing sustainable cities.

Managing the multitude of resources that can be present on a single piece of land can be a significant challenge. Most modern cities have detailed plans for the use and value of their land but few have similar plans for their subsoil.

AMSTERDAM



Amsterdam is to go underground as overcrowding and soaring land prices force planners to look beneath the city’s famous canals for future urban development. ‘There has always been a lack of space in the city, so what we are doing is a building a city under the city by using a new construction technique,which will not interfere with street traffic,’ said Moshe Zwarts, a partner at the architects Zwarts & Jansma.The one-way streets, on either side of Amsterdam ‘s waterways, are also feeling the strain of overcrowding, and traffic is frequently thrown into chaos for hours by delivery vans and rubbish collectors. Amsterdam was originally built on drained , swampy marshland and many of the classic Dutch gabled houses along its canals are still precariously supported by underground wooden beams. The Dutch engineers have decided it is easier to build in the clay under the canals to find space for new developments.

Mexico city



‘When there’s no place to go but down’. This project is a 65-storey inverted pyramid known as the ‘ Earthscraper’. Instead of reaching for the sky, it would burrow 1000 feet into the ground beneath Mexico city’s main square, the Zocalo. The architect Esteban Suarez,of BNKR Arquitectura , who imagined this plan. This city take an elevator 40 floors down into the Earth. The Zocalo plaza would be covered with glass that would serve as the building’s ceiling. The center of the Zocalo plaza would be left as open space to allow natural light and ventilation to flow through each floor. And every 10 floors, there’d be an ‘Earth Lobby of plant beds and vertical gardens to help filter the air down there. The first 10 first floors nearest the surface as a museum, with the next 10 down reserved for condos and shops and the next 35 floors designed as office space.

The element I gonna use from this future cities is : The geothermal energy and geo-material as my city resources Natural light and ventialation to flow Verticals garden to help filter the air



6. Case study on the selected type of the future city

SEEDS OF LIFE



A city piled high of trash , they call it garbage city’ and it seems unstoppable. People started to get used to situation which will lead to a huge trash covering the whole city and from another point, garbage cant be moved outside the city. The problems leads to another , as there is lots of diseases and pollution. The concept of this building is :

power: using the garbage as seed buried underground to generate biogas, electricity and fertilize.

Human : changing the society point of view towards the homeless people by making them helpful and productive to the community and this will happen by rehabilitate their lives and then giving them the opportunity to be a real human

Plants: green slabs coming out, providing the towe with lots of organic elements , making the tower self sufficient and to reduce the pollution

The idea of reviving the environment and that will happen when we revive it’s elements (human-plants-animals) and provide them with the necessary power to live.

tubes that being used as structures and some are vertical circulation systems and they can provide biogas ,water and electricity from winds



and provide it to all the units. Forming the units this way to allows the air to flow.RHIZOME TOWER

Rhizome tower is a proposal to develop a ‘Groundscraper’ that harvest natural resources above and below the ground while creating a new living typology.The project is divided in 4 different layers, organized around a central core that is open to the light.

1st layer: contains the recreational and food production facilities with agriculture fields, farms, and glasshouses. These entire façade covered with photovoltaic cells to harvest solar energy and specific locations are also equipped with turbines.

2nd layer: 60 levels of residential area , with a diverse range of living quarters according to family sizes.

3rd & 4th layers: office and services area with the deepest part of the project dedicated to the study and harvest of geothermal energy.

Based on the rhizome theory, the project is not a unity or a part, is a continue combination of elements, structure and substructure, functions and relationship. Every element ant its combination follow the fractal autosimilarity to reproduce themselves in every scale.



7. The New “X” City / The New NAME?

OCTAGON CITY

the city is octagonal shape because such shape system would not only allow the creation of the uniqueness of the city , but also allow for planes growth and healthy living. ‘The more this plan is studied, the more It will be found to approach the idea of practicability, primarily in regard to shorter distance that a person would have drive from any one point to another. The sub-division of the interests into groups by a division of the park area, is to be distinctly commended from its sanitary point of view, as these interruptions of natural foliage give the greatest advantage to the public,semi-public and private buildings around common centers largely increasers the architectural and artistic possibilities over the accidental opportunities offered by the ordinary plan of the city while the angles caused by the octagon permit interesting variety in the treatment of the street facades over that developed by any straight or continuously curved street.’ (Lamb , 1904)



ZONING

residential area is split into 4 area which is north , south , west and east. Every side of the residential area has service area and educational area. Every side of residential area also have an agriculture area. This agriculture area provide food to each side of the residential area. The government area is on the middle of the city and it is surrounded by business area and commercial area. Between the downtown and the residential area , there are green areas which is park and forest . these green area provide scenery and to reduce carbon within the city. The industrial part is located outside the city and far away from the residential part.


Industrial area hospital

Residential area

agriculture

Education area

transportationForest &parks

governmentService area

Business area Commercial


RESIDENTIAL AREA

some part of the residential area is built this way so that every people have their own spaces and able to solve the issue of overpopulation. Structure if the building :


Depends on preferences and needs of each person a separate living environment, including the house and the yard will be formed. The building take shape as it is populated on different height. It invokes association with a vertical street where people may buy and plot and build their own house and are not limited to skyscraper construction. The people may design their own house such as the look , planning , style , and even characteristics of the house. The bounds of the ground on each separate level will be formed in such way that will prevent their interference. This will give a general look complex and unpredictedable shape. The uniqueness of building’s volume will form natural and inimitable environment.


TRANSPORTATION



vertical subway is proposed in the middle of city and every direction of residential area . vactrain is a high speed railroad transportation. It is a maglev line run through evacuated or partly evacuated tubes or tunnels. The lack of air resistance could permit vactrains to use little power and to move at extremely high speed which is 5-6times the speed of sound at standard conditions. Vactrains could use gravity to assist their acceleration. The hyper-speed vertical train hub which is the vactrain aims to replace the existing flagship train stations and create new key connective points for the exchange of people and goods with the new hyper speed network. The proposal will ’flip’ the traditional form and function of the current train station design vertically, and re-form it into a cylindrical mass to increase the towers train capacity. This tall cylindrical form aims to eliminate current impact that traditional stations have currently on land use, therefore returning the remaining site tower forming alrge urban oark,leading towards the base of the hyper-speed vertical hub.

VERTICAL FARMING



In this urban high rise farm, the romanticizing of modern food production or utopian garden city additions is rejected. Rather, if farming is truly able to provide adequately for a city, a dystopian stage of agricultural production which uses mans control over the growth process, must be accepted. This project accepts genetic engineering, airponic watering and nutrient technologies (a method of spraying plant roots with needed solutions), and controlled lighting and CO2 levels (to maximize plant growth and food production). The tower takes into consideration the different stages of plant production; cloning, vegetative stage and flowering stage to maximize food production as much as possible. In addition it is assumed that genetically engineered plants will be bred to maximize both the nutritional value and production of the crops within the tower. Genetic engineering is controversial but necessary if the tower is to accommodate Manhattan’s food production needs. It is projected that multiple towers will be needed to meet the city´s food production needs. This projects investigation draws on the material logic of plant mechanics. The cells of ferns have evolved bio-mechanical configurations which maximize strength while minimizing material. Using these attributes, analogue models were created, investigating a new structural system for high rise construction that allows for dynamic interior spaces.

WATER PILLAR



this water tower collects water from underground and filter it within the tower and transport to every corner of the city. This water tower also collect geothermal energy and has earthquake resistance platform. These water tower is a pillar located beneath under the city. The collected water is store on top of the tower . the helix form dual funnel model enhancing the building interior air circulation. Based on the temperature control system of termite nest, the hollow structure utilizes the temperature difference between high and low altitudes to create warm air flow upwards , enough to hold round nets. Combined with the stable triangular shape of the main body, the hollow structure will make the entire building safe and sturdy, and also contributes to air circulation.

REFERENCE LINKS :



en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derinkuyu_Underground_City en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_City,_Montreal en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Underground en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_City_(Beijing) http://www.evolo.us/competition/hyper-speed-vertical-

train-hub/ http://www.evolo.us/competition/sand-babel-solar-

powered-3d-printed-tower/ http://www.evolo.us/competition/rhizome-tower-a-

thousand-underground-plateaus/ http://www.evolo.us/competition/seeds-of-life-

skyscraper/ http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/Hexagonal.pdf


http://web.mit.edu/ebj/www/Hexagonal.pdf

http://www.evolo.us/competition/seeds-of-life-skyscraper/

http://www.evolo.us/competition/seeds-of-life-skyscraper/

http://www.evolo.us/competition/rhizome-tower-a-thousand-underground-plateaus/

http://www.evolo.us/competition/rhizome-tower-a-thousand-underground-plateaus/

http://www.evolo.us/competition/sand-babel-solar-powered-3d-printed-tower/

http://www.evolo.us/competition/sand-babel-solar-powered-3d-printed-tower/

http://www.evolo.us/competition/hyper-speed-vertical-train-hub/

http://www.evolo.us/competition/hyper-speed-vertical-train-hub/

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