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Designing & prototyping useful appsir. Robin De Croon
http://augment.cs.kuleuven.be
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 1
Who am I?
• Master in Computer Science – KU Leuven• master thesis: visualizing energy usage of smart home• specialization: HCI à iterative design
• PhD Student at Department of Computer Science – KU Leuven
• Strong interest in information visualization and health informatics
• Will post these slides on http://slideshare.net
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 2
Robin De Croon
Today
• Introduction• User-centered design• Rapid prototyping• Evaluation methods• Digital prototyping
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 3
Today
• Introduction• User-centered design• Rapid prototyping• Evaluation methods• Digital prototyping
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 4
Human-Computer Interaction
a discipline concerned with the• design• evaluation and• implementation
of interactive computing systems for human use and with the study of major phenomena surrounding them.
ACM
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 5
HCI - augment
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 6
“To augment the human intellect” (Engelbart, 1962)
Frustration with computers
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 7
www.web42.com/badday/
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 8www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/usability_evaluation.html
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 9
Remove friction betweenusers and machines
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 10
Not so easy...
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 11www.popsci.com/gadgets/article/2013-07/one-laptop-childs-de-evolutionhttp://erikduval.wordpress.com/2008/09/10/laptop-fun/
But important...
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 12http://www.sitepoint.com/bad-ux-healthcare/
Also important...
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 13
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 14
HCI
Task
UserTechnology
Context
Task – taking notes
Microsoft Word OneNote
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 15
Task – quick sketch
Autocad Paint
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 16
Task – company communication
Mail Slack
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 17
Task – search information
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 18www.insidefacebook.com/2013/10/03/why-facebook-hashtags-were-doomed-to-fail/
Technology / context
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 19
Technology
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 20
Technology as an enabler!
Tuesday, March 14, 2017
Technology
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 22
Technology
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 23
Technology
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 24
User
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 25
User
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 26
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 27
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 28
Building a Graphical User Interface
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 29
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 30
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/definition-user-experience/
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 31
Myth“We can fix the interface at the end”
• good design is more than just user interface
• having right features, building those features right
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 32
Usability
The effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction with which specified users achieve specified goals in particular environments
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 33
This does not mean you have to create a “dry” design or something that is only good for novices – it all depends on your goals
(user/task/context/technology)
Traditional Design Process
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 34
Today
• Introduction• User-centered design• Rapid prototyping• Evaluation methods
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 35
User-Centered Design
“The central premise of user-centered design is that the best designed products and services result from understanding the needs of people who will use them.”
You are NOT the user!
(if you are the designer)
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 http://blog.experientia.com/uk-design-council-on-user-centred-design-and-experience-design/
Know your users à Study workflow & habits
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 37
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 38
“Logical analysis is not a good way to predict people's behavior (nor are focus groups or surveys): observation is the key”
— Donald A. Norman
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 39
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/first-rule-of-usability-dont-listen-to-users/
41
It’s really hard to design products by focusgroups.
A lot of times, people don’t know whatthey want until you show it to them...
That doesn’t mean we don’t listen tocustomers, but it’s hard for them to tell youwhat they want when they’ve never seenanything remotely like it.
— Steve Jobs
User Observations
• Don’t ask for opinions
• Study behavior not opinions
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 42
The Confirmation Bias
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 43http://jamesclear.com/
The user is always right
If the user does something “wrong”
à it is the fault of the system designer!
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 44
Mental Models
“Internal constructions of ‘some’ aspect of the external world that are manipulated, enabling predictions and inferences to be made “
Craik, 1943
Both conscious & unconscious
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 45
A mental model represents what a person thinks is true… but isn’t necessarily true
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 46
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 47
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 48
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 49
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 50
Users ó Designers different mental models
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 51
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 52
DESIGN PROCESS
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 53
User-centered Rapid Prototyping Design
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 54
EMPIRICAL evaluation in REALISTIC settings
Implement
Design
Evaluate
Iterative design
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 55
paper prototype
digital prototype
usable product
Where do you start?
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 56
Step 1: Define purpose
• Define goals of your application
• Your vision for it
• The intended tasks to use it for
• Who is the end user?
• What is the context of use?
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 57
HCI
Task
UserTechnology
Context
Step 2: User research
• Develop persona’s• Fictive users based on real data & facts
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 58
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 59http://www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/methods/personas.html
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 60
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 61http://user.com/assets/files/downloads/sample-persona-from-interaction-design-inc.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 62www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/methods/personas.html
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 63http://www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/methods/personas.html
Why?
• Build empathy
• Develop focus
• Communicate and form consensus
• Make and defend decisions
• Measure effectiveness
• Focus on the needs of the most important target group
NOT:
• representation of all user groups
• describe all needs of a product
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 64
Effective personas
• Representative of a ‘big’ user group
• Show user needs and expectations
• Show how an app will be used
• Make universal features and functionalities apparent
• Describe ‘real’ people with background, goals and values
• Rule of thumb: max. 3 à 4 personas per project
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 65http://www.usability.gov/how-to-and-tools/methods/personas.html
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 66
https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/book/the-encyclopedia-of-human-computer-interaction-2nd-ed/personas
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 67
Step 1: Define purpose
Step 2: User research (persona)
Step 3: storyboarding
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 68http://www.smashingmagazine.com/2014/08/a-closer-look-at-personas-part-1/
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 69hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 70hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 71hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 72hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 73hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 74hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 75hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 76hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 77hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 78hci.stanford.edu/courses/cs147/2009/assignments/storyboard_notes.pdf
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 79
http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=163268
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 80
Step 1: Define purpose
Step 2: User research (persona)
Step 3: Develop storyboard
Today
• Introduction• User-centered design• Rapid prototyping• Evaluation methods• Digital prototyping
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 81
Step 4: Prototyping
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 82www.paperprototyping.com/
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 83
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 84
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 85
Typical set-up
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 86
No need for artistic skills!
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 87http://www.userfocus.co.uk/articles/paperprototyping.html
Should be fast!
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 88
Wireframes are not Paper Prototypes
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 89http://www.userfocus.co.uk/articles/paperprototyping.html
Whiteboarding is not as effective!
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 90
Paper Prototypes
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 91
• Early feedback
• Time efficient
PERSONAL EXAMPLES
MyMedicationData
Triatriumph
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 92
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 93
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 95
96Tom De Buyser
Four myths
• Only experts create good designs• experts faster, simple and effective techniques anyone can apply
• We can fix the user interface at the end• good design is more than just user interface• having right features, building those features right
• Good design takes too long / costs too much• simple and effective techniques can reduce total development
time & cost (finds problems early on)
• Good design is just cool graphics• graphics part of bigger picture of what to communicate & how
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 97
“Users spend most of their time on websites other than yours” (Jakob’s Law of Web User Experience)
98Shopping Cart Expectations
However...
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 99Groupthink or the bandwagon bias
Human working memory
• The magical number 7 (plus or minus 2)
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 100
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 101
So
• 7 options on a menu
• 7 icons on a menu bar
• 7 bullets in a list
• 7 tabs at the top of a website
• 7 items in a pull-down menu
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 102
Scan & recognise versus recall from short-term memory
Memory: Design implications
• Avoid complicated procedures for carrying out tasks
• Promote recognition rather than recall• Allow encoding digital information to help remember
where the have stored them
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 103
Implications
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 104
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 105
Mobile Interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 106
Speech interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 107
Air-based gestural interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 108
Shareable interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 109
Tangible interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 110
Wearable interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 111
Wearable interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 112
Augmented reality
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 113
Virtual reality
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 114
Brainwave interfaces
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 115
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 116
Step 1: Define purpose
Step 2: User research (persona)
Step 3: Develop storyboard
Step 4: Paper prototype
TODO – short presentation
• 3 minutes presentation
• 2 minutes feedback
• Use your storyboard to guide your ‘presentation’
• Present paper prototype
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 117
Paper prototype
Designing & prototyping useful apps – part 2ir. Robin De Croon
http://augment.cs.kuleuven.be
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 118
Today
• Introduction• User-centered design• Rapid prototyping• Evaluation methods• Digital prototyping
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 119
User-centered Rapid Prototyping Design
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 120
EMPIRICAL evaluation in REALISTIC settings
Implement
Design
Evaluate
Criteria
• Usability
• Usefulness
• Meaning
• (Aesthetic) qualities
• Sociability
• ...
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 121
User Experience Honeycomb
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 122
When to perform usability testing?
• Summative• at the end• to prove something does (not) work
• Formative:• during development• to improve
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 123
Evaluation Methods
• questionnaire• usability testing• expert evaluation• usage tracking• interviews• focus groups• participatory design
• cognitive walkthrough• heuristic evaluation• eye tracking• card sorting• A/B testing• clickstream analysis•...
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 124
www.measuringu.com/blog/method-when.phpwww.nngroup.com/articles/which-ux-research-methods/
125Jenny Preece, Yvonne Rogers, Helen Sharp - Interaction Design: Beyond Human-Computer Interaction
User Tracking
126
A/B testing
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 127
Engage Readers
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 128
Eye tracking
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 129
Eye tracking
130Sebastian Kerckhof - T-Commerce in a second screen application
Eye tracking
131Sebastian Kerckhof - T-Commerce in a second screen application
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 132
By experts
• In HCI or Domain • very effective
• Delicate relation with developers
• Identify problems• Suggest solutions
• Through checklist of guidelines
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 133
https://www.nngroup.com/articles/which-ux-research-methods/
Usability study
• With real end users
• ‘Think-aloud protocol’• concurrent vs retrospective• Video recording with annotation• Log, remarks, etc. for analysis
• Scenario
• Comparative test of user interface
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 135
Concurrent Think Aloud
• Typically participant perform certain tasks
• Participant is asked to ‘think aloud’
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 136
Evaluation Scenario
• Give the user some tasks to perform• Which medications can interact with Dafalgan?
• Include open ended tasks• Can you still drink grape juice?
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 137
Example Usability Test with a Paper Prototype
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 138https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9wQkLthhHKA
139https://www.interaction-design.org/literature/article/6-blind-men-walk-into-a-bar-the-ux-punchline
How many?
140https://www.nngroup.com/articles/why-you-only-need-to-test-with-5-users/
Rule of thumb
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 141
• 5!• 6! (user 5 finds new issues)• 7! (user 6 finds new issues)• 8! (user 7 finds new issues)• etc...
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 142
Some factors that influence usability
• Culture• colors, icons, ...
• Cognitive• fatigue, boredom, stress, fear, ...
• Gender • ‘abort’
• Carry-over effect• multiple tests after each other
• Personality
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 143
Personality difference
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 144
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 145
Step 5: Prepare an evaluation scenario
Step 6: Perform a think aloud evaluation
Today
• Introduction• User-centered design• Rapid prototyping• Evaluation methods• Digital prototyping
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 146
POP
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 147
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 148http://www.cooper.com/prototyping-tools
Proto.io
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 149
Fluid UI
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 150
Native Applications
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 151
android studioand many more!
Polymer-project
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 153
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 154
Step 7: Create a digital prototype
Step 8: Perform an evaluation of digital prototype
proto.io tutorial
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 155
Acknowledgements
• Slides based on courses of Joris Klerkx & Erik Duval †
• Usability and user experience: https://www.nngroup.com/
• 3d person images: https://www.flickr.com/photos/dom_fr/albums/72157639144430484
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 156
Thank you!
Tuesday, March 14, 2017 157
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-gZjNR3XVULs/T_ZOVgE-5lI/AAAAAAAAAg8/6YVmd5Q064o/s1600/questions11.jpg