C 2329

History of

Modern

Architecture

POLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAwww.shahrilkhairi.com

Lecture 04:

Post Modern Movement• High Tech• Postmodernism• de constructivism

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKA

HIGH TECHRenzo Piano (Kansai Airport Terminal, Pompidou Centre)

Richard Rogers (Pompidou Centre, Lloyd‟s Building)

Norman Foster (HSBC Headquarters)

- An abbreviation of “High Technology”- may be recognised in the “engineering” architecture of the late nineteenth century (Eiffel Tower) and Russian Constructivists. -Also known as Structural Expressionism.- Emerged in the 1970s.- Incorporating elements of high-tech industry and technology into building design- In the 1980s, many of its themes and ideas were absorbed into the post-modern style.- High-tech style aimed to give building an industrial appearance.

- consist of a glass facade, with the building's beams exposed behind it

POST MODERN MOVEMENT : HIGH TECH

John Hancock Center, Chicago

(1970)

Skidmore, Owing & Merill

Bank of China, Hong Kong (1992)

By: I.M. Pei

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKA

Centre Pompidou, Paris, France

(1972-1976)Modern Art MuseumRenzo Piano and Richard Rogers

POST MODERN MOVEMENT : HIGH TECH

-The "Centre Georges Pompidou", or "Pompidou Center", formerly "Centre Beaubourg". Massive structural expressionist cast exoskeleton, "exterior" escalators enclosed in transparent tube.

-The ventilation ducts are all shown on the outside. This was a radical design, as previous ventilation ducts would have been a component hidden on the inside of the building.

-The means of access to the building is also on the outside, with the large tube allowing visitors to enter the building.

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKA

Lloyd‟s Building, London, England

(1979-1984)Corporate headquarters, commercialRichard Rogers

POST MODERN MOVEMENT : HIGH TECH

-Expressed structure and exposed services as ornamental order.

-The building is noted for its multi-storey, free-standing escalator array within the atrium; the mechanisms within are exposed and are punctuated in yellow.

-The external windows have triple layered solar control glass with a ventilated cavity enabling it to refract back artificial light into the interior. This helps to decrease the need for light after sunset.

-The atrium was influenced by Joseph Paxton's Crystal Palace of

1851.

-The building takes its name from one Edward Lloyd who founded a coffee shop on this site in 1688, from where maritime insurance was conducted.

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKA

Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank Corp., China (HSBC) (1979-1986)Bank headquartersNorman Foster

POST MODERN MOVEMENT : HIGH TECH

-The headquarters of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation are reputed to have some of the best feng shui around –the building sits on a rare

confluence of five “dragon lines” and enjoys harbour views.

-Dramatic exoskeleton trusses,

interior atrium, escalator entry through glazed atrium floor.-Exterior trusses are expressed in the

form of giant steel 'coathangers'.

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKA

PostmodernismRobert Venturi

Michael Graves

Richard Meier

POST MODERN MOVEMENT : POSTMODERNISM

-Origins : Failure of Modern Architecture. (Reaction to Modernism)

- Because of focus on function and economical building

- No ornaments = plain buildings.

- Postmodernists felt the buildings failed to meet the human need for comfort both for body and for the eye.

- Modernism did not account for the desire for beauty. The problem worsened when some already monotonous

apartment blocks degenerated into slums.

-Post Modernism want to cure this by reintroducing ornament and decoration.

Form was no longer to be defined by its functional requirements; it could be anything the architect pleased.

Modernism = minimal and true use of material as well as absence of ornament.

Postmodernism = Rejection of rules set by the early modernists and excited in the use of building

techniques, angles, and stylistic references.use of sculptural forms, ornaments, and materials which perform trompe l'oeil.

(creating the illusion of space or depths where none actually exist, as has been done by painters since the Romans)

An icon of post-modernism, created for the architect's

mother, and featured in Venturi's architectural polemic

"Complexity and Contradiction".

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : POSTMODERNISM

Gordon Wu Hall, Princeton, New Jersey(1983)AcademicRobert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown

- Ornamental graphic keystone with the control joint running down the middle.

- Princeton University campus.

-The University named this building “Gordon Wu Hall” in tribute to his magnanimity.

-The brick, limestone trim, and strip windows adhere to the entrance, set off-center and broadside in the building, is marked by a bold marble and gray granite panel recalling early

Renaissance ornament and symbolizing the entrance to the College as a whole as well as to the building itself

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : POSTMODERNISM

Portland Public Service Building, Portland(1980)Government OfficesMichael Graves

- Block mass with decorated facades, criticized for unpleasant interior. Icon of Post-Modernism

- Ornament is even more prominent.

- The two obtruding triangular forms are largely ornamental. They exist for aesthetic or their own purpose.Example of trompe l'oeil:

- Pillars represented on the side of the building that to some extent appear to be real, yet they are not

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : POSTMODERNISM

High Museum of Art, Atlanta, Georgia(1983)Art museumRichard Meier

concrete frame, enameled steel cladding

curved facade to sunny atrium

The extended ramp is a symbolic gesture reaching out to the street and city, and a foil to the interior ramp that is the building’s chief formal and circulatory element.

At the end of the ramp is the main entry and reception area, from which one passes into the four-story atrium.

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : DECONSTRUCTIVISM

Philip Johnson

Chainlink Garden Pavilion

Da Monsta - Gate House, New Canaan,

Connecticut

-Attempted to deconstruct architecture by ‘exploding the building’, its elements, or the design idea from within to without, resulting in a style that is non-systematic and unorthodox.

Johnson intended Da Monsta, which he named in a

nod to hip-hop idiom, as a future visitors' center.

(New Canaan rejected the idea, and plans are

under way for an off-site center.)

The building is composed of a three-dimensional wire

grid with concrete on the outside, Styrofoam in the

middle, and plaster on the interior.

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : DECONSTRUCTIVISM

Coop Himmelb(l)au (Blue-Sky Cons. Coorporative)Group of Viennese Architects

Vienna,Austria

• COOP HIMMELB(L)AU was founded in 1968 in Vienna, Austria, by Wolf D. Prix and Helmut Swiczinsky and continues to work since then in the fields of ARCHITECTURE, DESIGN and ART. Consists of exciting, heady architectural projects that present aggressive alternatives to the standard approach to urban design. Turn sketches to fully form model from the initial sketch phase.

• asymmetrical structures are often generated to strive freedom from

a given formal style. they create „open plan, open minded and open ended’made up of complex, undefined spaces. every building project became autonomous, left to the unbridled fantasy of its

designer. Law office in Falkenstrabe(Vienna. 1988. Coop Himmelblau) This roof office with an overhanging framework combines and reinterprets the Postmodern and High Tech approaches.

BMW Headquarters in Munich, 2007 UFA CINEMA CENTER, Dresden Germany 1998

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : DECONSTRUCTIVISM

Frank O‟GehryCharacteristics:

-Disjointed angles.- Unbalanced appearance of its whole composition.

- Disharmonious abstract form.- Sharp angles, shards and pointed forms.- Irregularity is real.

Nationale Nederlanden Head Office,Czech Republic, 1996Frank.O. Gehry.

Characteristics:- Altered massing, spatial envelopes, planes and other expectations in a playful

subversion.

Vitra Design Museum (Germany. 2006. Frank O. Gehry.)takes the typical unadorned white cube of modernist art galleries and deconstructs it, using geometries reminiscent of cubism and abstract expressionism.

Guggenheim Museum Bilbao, Spain, 1993–98Frank.O. Gehry

-Attempted to deconstruct architecture by „exploding the building‟, its elements, or the design idea from within to without, resulting in a style that is non-systematic and unorthodox.

- deconstructivist buildings thus appear as a metaphor for the

contemporary world and implicitly criticize the view of the International style. wild pieces of decontextualised egotism.

Seattle Public Library,2004Washington, USA

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : DECONSTRUCTIVISM

Rem Koolhass

CCTV building , Beijing, China

The „Casa da Musica‟, 2001Portugal

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : DECONSTRUCTIVISM

Zaha Hadid

- Approach to building design that view architecture in bits and pieces.- The basic elements of architecture are dismantled.

- Deconstructivist buildings may seem to have no visual logic. - May appear to be made up of unrelated, disharmonious abstract forms. - Deconstructive ideas are borrowed from the French philosopher Jacques Derrida.

Vitra Fire Station. Germany, 1994Zaha Hadid

The Peak Competition, Hong Kong, Zaha Hadid, 1982.Zaha Hadid, Vitra Firestation design study,1990:

Pierres Vives Building, France, Zaha Hadid, 2006.

C 2329 History of Modern ArchitecturePOLITEKNIK SULTAN IDRIS SHAHArchitecture Unit, Department of Civil Engineering

Prepared by SKAPOST MODERN MOVEMENT : DECONSTRUCTIVISM

Bernard Tschumi “form follows fiction”Swiss architect

Principles of showing off, with concept of „disturb perfection‟ through its development to create a new structural form which might be different from others.

an elegant designer of buildings that result in smooth, precise structures on the outside, and warmth and familiarity on the inside. He creates spaces that do not impose on their occupants; believing in the simplicity

fine architecture.

BLUE RESIDENTIAL TOWERNew York City

a specific aim: to prove that it is possible to construct a complex architectural organization without

resorting to traditional rules of composition, hierarchy and order

Parc de la VilletteParis, 1982-1998