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Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Toying with Time: Considering
Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts
Sus Lundgren Chalmers University of Technology
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Today I will present two things…
A design method that helps us
consider time and temporality in interaction design…
…and the necessary framework
providing us with concepts for discussing time and temporality in interactive artifacts…
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Time in interaction design
Focus I: Efficency – Minimize waiting times, time-efficiency, visualizing time…
Focus II: Time and temporality as component – Lim et al (2007): Pace, Speed, Rhythm… : gestalt attributes
– Löwgren (2009): Rhythm as an aesthetic interaction quality
Focus III: Use over time – Huang and Stolterman (2011, 2012): Visualizations
– Karapanos et al (2009): User experience over time
Focus IV: Time as a dramaturgical instrument – Bolter & Gromala, Laurel, Manovich and Murray
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Time in interaction design
Focus I: Efficency – Minimize waiting times, time-efficiency, visualizing time…
Focus II: Time and temporality as component – Lim et al (2007): Pace, Speed, Rhythm… : gestalt attributes
– Löwgren (2009): Rhythm as an aesthetic interaction quality
Focus III: Use over time – Huang and Stolterman (2011, 2012): Visualizations
– Karapanos et al (2009): User experience over time
Focus IV: Time as a dramaturgical instrument – Bolter & Gromala, Laurel, Manovich and Murray
But how do we actually design it???
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Time in interaction design: guidelines
Redström & Hallnäs: Slow Technology – Design programme for ”putting back time”, promoting
reflection
Benford and Giannachi (2008): Temporal trajectories in interactive narratives
– Story time, clock time, plot time, interaction time
Björk & Holopainen (2005): Time in games – Real Time Games, Asynchronous Games, Synchronous
Games, Timing, Rhythm-based Actions…
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Time in interaction design: guidelines
Redström & Hallnäs: Slow Technology – Design programme for ”putting back time”, promoting
reflection
Benford and Giannachi (2008): Temporal trajectories in interactive narratives
– Story time, clock time, plot time, interaction time
Björk & Holopainen (2005): Time in games – Real Time Games, Asynchronous/Synchronous Games,
Timing, Rhythm-based Actions…
Excellent…
…but limited
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Starting point: Narratives
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
We loved I lied He cried
Narratives have a temporal order,
which we can experiment with…
He cried I lied We loved
He loved I cried
I loved
He lied
We cried
Can we do the same
in interaction design?
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Lundgren, S. and Hultberg, T. (2009)
Time, temporality, and interaction Interactions, Volume 16 issue 4, July + August 2009, ACM Press
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Since then:
Workshops – four iterations
– 80 students in total
Larger projects
Inspiration Redström (2001): Time as a starting point for design!
Manovich (2006): seeing interactions as aesthetic events, unfolding over time.
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Framework: Temporal Themes
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Method: Toying with Time
1) Analysis – Select an initial artifact.
– Find events: Actions (what users do, e.g. press “Send”) and/or Elements (the things users manipulate, e.g. emails in an inbox)
– Analyze which themes are present
2) Toying with time – Add, change, remove themes
3) Refining ideas – Consider level of control and visualization of temporal
behaviors
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Live Time
TV: Watching a live sports event:
Games: Meeting up for a raid in World of Warcraft or any other MMORPG
IxD: Skype, co-editing GoogleDoc
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Example: Temporal Notepad
What: A word processor with added Live Time
Events: Sentences Temporality was added using color. Depending on the time of day when it is written, the text gets a certain color, changing from bright green to purple over a day. Also, text darkens as it gets older. In this way, the text gets a distinct look. It is easier to scroll and find newly written text. Users can also shut off the color effects.
Users had no control over temporal effects, but they were not disturbed either. Supported navigation.
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Real Time
TV: Watching a rerun of a sport event, or the TV-series ”24”
Games: Racing games, any game with a time-pressure
IxD: Real-time simulations
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Example: Horror Chess
What: A chess-game with re-themed pieces: vampires, weverwolves, monks, hunters etc.
– The pieces are affected by night vs day
– Every five Real Time minutes, the game state changes from night to day or vice versa (original but impractical idea: to do this in Live Time)
– Players also have a certain amount of Real Time minutes to spend on moves
The intertwined uses of Real Time enhance the level of tactics in the game; users have to adopt.
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Unbroken Flow
Games: Games where you can manipulate time, e.g. ”bullet time” in Max Payne, or stopping time /speeding up time in sim-games
IxD: Music- or movie players, history in Photoshop
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Example: Temporal Paint
Perspective
What: A drawing application where lines are events affected by an Unbroken Flow; they slowly move towards the center of the canvas.
User have to adopt to, and utilize this effect
http://demo.iconara.net/ temporal-paint/
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Sequential Events
Any book, TV-series or movie where story is straightforward, but unimportant events skipped, e.g. biographies
IxD: Image stream where some images have been deleted
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Disordered Events
Any book, TV-series or movie that utilizes memories, or for some other reeason shuffles the order of events (”Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind”, ”Memento”)
IxD: Any software that allows for mixing, editing, deleting, adding
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Example: Skype Fridge Magnets
What: A Fragmented Time-mode for Skype. It records and extracts singular words (events) from user’s Skype-conversations with others. These audio clips are then being represented as a limited set of digital fridge magnets.
Users have full control over the words created, and can toy with them, creating unlikely messages from a certain person.
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Juxtaposed Events
Any TV-series or film where events are shown in parallell, on split screens e.g Time Code, ”24” (sometimes)
IxD: Layers in Photoshop
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Examples: The JuxtaCam
What: A camera app juxtaposing images (events), changing the theme from Sequential Events to Juxtaposed Events
Events: Images
There are several strategies to utilize this effect; users are in semi-control over the content.
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Example: Temporal Art
What: A drawing program where each dinstinct area (event) can be given a temporal behavior, changing the theme from Juxtaposed Events (or static) to Unbroken Flow.
Users have seemingly full control over the now animated artwork
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Branched Versions
Any TV-series, stories or films featuring time travel or alternate realities
Games: Any games with levels that can be replayed
IxD: Any software allowing different versions of the same file
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Method: Toying with Time
1) Analysis – Select an initial artifact.
– Find events: Actions (what users do, e.g. press “Send”) and/or Elements (the things users manipulate, e.g. emails in an inbox)
– Analyze which themes are present
2) Toying with time – Add, change, remove themes
3) Refining ideas – Consider level of control and visualization of temporal
behaviors
Issues: Blurry borders Finding events Just decide!
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Control, visibility and goal
When changing the dominant temporal theme(s) in an artifact, we have found two interrelated issues:
– Are the effects of the temporal theme ”visible” or comprehensible?
– How much control do users have over temporality in relation to their end goal?
Users need either: – To understand the temporality so that they can adapt to the
theme – even utilize it – to attain their goal
– To have control
– Both
Toying with Time: Considering Temporal Themes in Interactive Artifacts [email protected]
Toying with Time: Anywhere, everywhere?
The main argument in this paper is not that all
artifacts should have an apparent temporality, but
that there may be a benefit in actually questioning the temporality – or lack thereof
– in one’s design. Adding, removing and/or altering
temporal themes is a powerful ideation method.
Questions? :)