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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING AND DESIGN

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONOURS)

PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE 1

MID TERM ASSIGNMENT

AUGUST 2015 SEMESTER

Group Members:

1. Cassandra Wong XinYue (0313365)

2. Muhammad Haziq bin Hj Abd Zariful (0314131)

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TABLE OF CONTENT

DESCRIPTION PAGE

1.0 Introduction 3

2.0 Procurement

2.1 Traditional Method

2.1.1 Advantages Of Traditional Method

2.1.2 Disadvantages Of Traditional Method

2.2 Design And Build Method

2.2.1 Advantages Of Design And Build Method

2.2.2 Disadvantages Of Design And Build Method

2.3 Recommendation

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3.0 Tendering

3.1 Open Tendering

3.1.1 Advantages Of Open Tendering

3.1.2 Disadvantages Of Open Tendering

3.2 Selective Tendering

3.2.1 Advantages Of Selective Tendering

3.2.2 Disadvantages Of Selective Tendering

3.3 Negotiated Tendering

3.3.1 Advantages Of Negotiated Tendering

3.3.2 Disadvantages Of Negotiated Tendering

3.4 Recommendation

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4.0 Schedule Of Project 25

References 26-27

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

Taylor‟s University is one of the leading world-class leaders year after year in the

education industry. With its mission of becoming a university of 20,000 students, having

sufficient amount of parking is going to be an issue in the near future. With what’s going on now

in the university, students are complaining year after year about the main issue in the campus,

which is finding a car park. Students being late for class, complaining about walking too far

under the scorching sun or even being fine by the police is a regular excuse for students not

coming to class. Not only that, sometimes students’ car gets clamp by their own university

security guard! This in fact tells that Taylor’s University is having a serious shortage of car park

space.

Thus, having a multi-storey car park will be able to solve the main issue that has been

going on for years. Not only that, it will also accommodate more students in the near future with

the university coming up with a multi-storey car park. Hence, Taylor’s University needs to solve

this issue immediately without delaying it anymore.

As a result of this, my firm is going to recommend not only the best procurement system

but also the best tendering methods for the project with its advantages and also disadvantages

of each one of them. Procurement systems such as traditional method and design and built

method. As for tendering methods, it includes open, selective and negotiated tendering.

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2.0 PROCUREMENT

A procurement system is an organizational system that assigns the various

responsibilities and contractual authority of members in the project team. Decision on a project‟s

procurement route by the employer can set the obligations and liabilities of involved parties as

well as affect the project‟s cost, quality, duration, contractual relationships and allocate risks.

There are many types of procurement methods, with the two most common being the

traditional/conventional method and design and build method.

2.1 TRADITIONAL METHOD

The traditional/conventional method is a procurement method where the construction

commences after the full design has been made. Appointed consultants finish the full design of

the building at an early stage including cost control and documentation. Contractors are then

appointed through tender, usually competitively, whereby the chosen contractor constructs the

project based on the finished design. The client goes into contract with the consultants and a

separate contract with the main contractors while there is no contract between the consultants

and contractors.

Figure 1 : Organizational chart for traditional method, received from scquantitysurveyors.com

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2.1.1 ADVANTAGES ON TRADITIONAL METHOD

Familiarity of the system among consultants and contractors

The traditional method is often considered a standard method of construction, being

widely used ad hence widely familiar in the market. Thus, the roles and responsibilities of

members in the project team are well understood towards each other.

Direct reporting between client and design team

Unlike other procurement methods where the design team is controlled by contractors or

managers, the client has a direct influence and control on the design team, which enables a

high level of functionality and ensures quality control is maintained on the overall design.

Design and cost advise to employer from consultants

Along with quality control, the direct coordination between the design team and employer

also allows consultants to advice on the best design and cost.

Certainty of price prior to award of contracts

As the design is fully complete, there would be a certainty to the price of the project

when awarding contracts. For procurement methods where contracts are awarded before

design is complete, the price cannot be determined unless there is continuous and concurrent

estimating.

All tenderers bid on same basis, hence more competitive equity

Unlike Design & Build method, tenderers submit their bid along with their own designs;

hence additional information needs to be taken into consideration. However, in traditional

method, all tenderers bid based on the same given information, hence the lowest price is

usually the best value for money.

Usually cheaper as risk is balanced between client and contractor

While other procurement methods may give minimum risk to employer, as his/her

involvement in the project is minimum, the traditional method allocates risk towards the

employer as he/she is responsible for decisions on design and performance of design team

whereas workmanship and material is towards the contractor. This allows a relatively cheaper

contract through the distribution of risk.

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2.1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF TRADITIONAL METHOD

Extended time consumed before construction commences

The design and full documentation needs to be fully complete before tenderers are

sought. This means construction cannot commence prior to the design being completed. Even

the tender document itself is not usually made until the full design is completed. Phases of the

project are sequential and are not usually overlapped unlike other procurement systems, where

construction is made in packages as the design is developed.

Figure 2 - Simplified Traditional method schedule

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Separation of responsibilities may lead to disputes

The separation of responsibilities between design and construction would also separate

risks of construction defects. The contractor may blame the design team for the flaws in their

design, whereas the design team may blame the contractor for his use of wrong materials or

workmanship. These disputes may not settle for a long time and would lead to delays if the

project is still ongoing.

Contractor is not involved in designing

As the contractor is not appointed until after the design stage, the contractor is unable to

input his design or is unable to plan for the project. Involvement of the contractor in the design

could improve the constructability of the project in terms of his resources and cost.

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2.2 DESIGN & BUILD METHOD

Design and build is a procurement method in which the contractor is appointed to

perform both the design and construction of the project in accordance to the “Employer‟s

Requirement”. The client prepares a conceptual design as well as specifications on the

requirements of the building for tender, where the preliminary drawings may be designed by the

client or by appointed consultants. After tenderers submit their bid with Tender Sum Analysis

and each with their own designs, the client then appoints the successful contractor to both finish

and construct the design. The contractors may use their own consultants, appoint consultants or

use the client‟s consultant in a process called novation. As the design is developed in phases,

the construction also commences following completion of each phase.

Figure 3 – Simplified Design-Build Schedule

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2.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF DESIGN & BUILD METHOD

Single point responsibility

The main advantage of design and build that would appeal to clients would be how both

the designing and construction is under a single contract between the client and the design-

build contractor. This would mean clients could just deal with, go into contract, or blame only

one party.

Less likelihood of claims and disputes

The responsibility to complete the construction on time rest solely on the contractor;

When there is a defect in the construction, whether the problem is material or design, or when

there is a delay on the submission of drawings, the responsibility falls to the contractor as he is

also involved in the design or appointed his own designers. This eliminates the finger pointing

among project team members in other procurement methods.

Contractor motivated to perform well – better product quality

The blame by the client on construction defects or delays would solely fall into the

Design-Build contractor, hence the contractor would be encouraged to prevent such matters

and ensure his team performs well. This would motivate the contractor to build with quality and

commit to the success of the project, by giving attention to productivity and focus on cost-

effective solutions that reflects the best value.

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Reduction of project time

The overlap of the designing phase with the construction phase allows work on site to

begin earlier, before the design is even completed. Bidding periods and redesign times are

eliminated along while long lead time purchases can be made early on in the design phase,

which significantly reduces the project time (Tyler, 2010).

Greater certainty of cost at an early stage

The design-build team works closely with the client to accurately conceptualize the

estimated cost and feasibility of the project through the specifically stated requirements. In

addition to continuous and concurrent estimating during the development stage of the design,

the contribution of the contractor in the design, using his expertise and experience, allows the

project team to use products and services that obtains the best buying margins, giving the

Figure 4 - Organizational chart for design-build

method, received from scquantitysurveyor.com

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design-build procurement route a more cost effective approach – provided that the client does

not continually change the brief and requirements.

2.2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF DESIGN & BUILD PROCUREMENT

High initial price

The high risk and sole responsibility that the design-build contractor contributes to the

project comes with a high price in the contract awarded to him.

Difficulty in choosing tenderers

Unlike other methods such as traditional method, choosing the contractor to perform the

project would be more difficult as the design needs to be considered in addition to proposed

price and period, with each tenderer submitting different designs. It must also be considered

that the contractor has the right expertise, experience, resources and management skills

needed for a design-build contractor.

Specific design needed to receive desired design

The client is required to create an adequate and sufficiently comprehensive project brief

along with conceptual design. If the client does not submit a firm and specified set of

requirements, he may not be given the final design that he desired, or may be required to pay

more than what is expected. This may also lead to conflict between the requirements and the

contractor‟s proposal.

Lesser client influence and inflexibility to design

The contractor is obligated to perform the designing of the project along with his design

team. This means the client has lesser control and influence on matters regarding design, as

that role falls to the contractor. The client may only convey his desired design through client

requirements and conceptual drawings. The client can, however, change the requirements even

after the contractor‟s proposal has been accepted but there would be expensive cost

consequences.

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Quality of design

While there is quality in materials as stated before, there is a high chance of low quality

design. This is because the contractor may be driven to construct the project based on cost

effective designs rather than complex, prestigious designs, as the contractor would benefit more

from the former than the latter.

Additional consultation fees

If the client wishes to ask advice on matters regarding design or cost after the building

contract has been awarded or novation has been made, the client is required to pay additional

fees. Normally, the appointed consultants who are under a contractual link with the contractor

would be obligated to provide advises, however, in design and build procurement, the

consultants are under a contractual link with the contractor, even after novation of architect

appointed by client.

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2.3 RECOMMENDATION OF SELECTED PROCUREMENT

I would advise that the proposed project to create the car park building should use the

design and build procurement method.

The importance in constructing a car park building is more on functionality than design

quality; the building must have the least possible construction defects without regard to the

architecture of the building. This can be achieved in design-build, as the contractor is involved

on the designing and can give his expertise on matters regarding quality and constructability.

This eliminates most of the disadvantages present in the design-build method such as the

inflexibility to change designs or the difficulty to choose tenderers based on design. In traditional

method, the contractor has little input into the design process and there is possibility of over-

engineering and over-designing, ignoring if the project is buildable.

In regard to cost, the initial price may be high from the high risk taken up by the

contractor, as well as expensive post-contract variations, however, as the contractor is involved

in the design, he can use his experience and knowledge to obtain the best buying margins from

goods and services, giving a lower project cost. The low possibility of claims being made could

also save cost while certainty of price can be found in both methods of procurement, just using

different techniques.

Time is an important factor when it comes to providing the car park services to Taylor‟s

students, since the problem needs to be quickly assessed as the number of students rise.

Design and build is usually the much quicker method, with a quicker commencement of

construction on site and an accelerated programed through the overlapping of design and

construction phases. Traditional method on the other hand, would need the full design and

documentation to be finished before tendering and phases are sequential, extending the project

time when compared to design-build.

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Tender Documentation

Tender Invitation Tender Closing

Tender Evaluation &

Recommendation

Approval & Award of Tender

Figure 5: Detail Tender Process

3.0 TENDERING

FIDIC defines that tender means the contractor‟s priced offer to the client for the

execution and completion of the works and the remedying of any defects therein in accordance

with the provision of the contract, as accepted by the Letter of Acceptance”. In another word,

tendering is a process of making an offer, bid or proposal made by the contractor to the client.

Once the tender is accepted by the client, it is binding on both parties. This means that the

tenderer that won the tender has to provide the goods and services in the manner decided to

and at the price presented, and in return, the client must pay the agreed price at the agreed

time. In other words, once accepted, a tender is a binding contract. The tender process is

generally used to select the best contractor that will construct the work given by the client.

A tender process basically involves the client and the tenderer. The client will first

prepare the tender document then advertise it, which is knows as an invitation to tender.

Interested tenderer will then buy the tender document and then fills in the rate and comes up

with a final cost of the proposed project. After that, the client will select which tenderer he wants

with the advice of a consultant.

In the construction industry, there are mainly three methods of tendering namely, open

tendering, selective tendering and negotiated tendering.

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3.1 Open Tendering

For many government and private sector organizations, tendering may no longer be a

jargon that needs to be spelled out. Among the three types of tendering, one that is likely

popular especially in government sectors is open tendering. According to experts, it is the most

preferred tendering methods to acquire goods, services, and infrastructure works. Open

tendering is widely used in Malaysia for any government projects. Details of the tender are

advertised by the client in the local newspaper giving the type of work, the requirements to

tender, details of submission like the date, time and location of submission of the proposed

works. If the contractor meets all the requirements in the advertisement, he is qualified to

participate in the tender.

Contractors who wish to tender shall respond to the advertisement to collect the tender

document. The document is only sold up to one week prior to the closing of tender. If the

contractor is interested in participating in the tender, a tender documentation fee is required to

be collected to collect the tender document.

At the closing date of the tender, the tenderers are required to hand in the completed

tender document with a tender deposit to show interest of participating in the project. It is

usually refundable if the contractor did not win the tender.

After then tender has been submitted, it will go through a tender evaluation where the

consultant and the QS will evaluate the tender. It will be based on the completeness of the

tender, arithmetical errors, reasonableness of rates and elemental cost, past experienced of

contractor and more.

After the tender documents have been evaluated, a report must be submitted to the

client. The client shall then decide whether to award based on the consultants‟ recommendation

or otherwise. Given these points, the client is not bound to accept the lowest tender.

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3.1.1 ADVANTAGES OF OPEN TENDERING

Traditional Method Used

Up to the present time, open tendering has been one of the main choices for tenderers

because it is the traditional method that has been a standard practice in the construction

industry for over 150 years. Since it is the traditional method, all tenderers are familiar with the

system. Thus, most contractors will opt to tender for the project.

No Restrictive List

In open tendering, there is no restrictive list of tenderers which in return, no favoritism in

choosing the contractor. There is also no obligation to tender therefore all tenders received will

be honest and original at the tender closing date. Henceforth, it allows any interested contractor

to tender if they meet the requirements. In return, new firms can enter into the construction

industry.

Competition

Open tendering also gives high level of competition and contractors tend to give their

best prices as compare to other tendering method. Since there will be a lot of tenderers

competing for the project, the price will also be competitive. The client will then choose the

lowest price proposed, but that doesn‟t mean that the lowest price gets the job, the client is not

bound to accept the lowest tender due to some circumstances that will by elaborated in the

disadvantages.

Fairness and Transparency

Besides that, open tendering also promotes fairness and transparency because the list

of all the contractors and price proposed will be put up at the client‟s office after the opening of

tender have been completed. It usually takes up to two weeks to finalize this. After the list has

been put up, the client will then contact the „winner‟ of the tender to come forward and collect

the document.

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3.1.2 DISADVANTAGES OF OPEN TENDERING

High Cost

Although open tendering has been widely used in the construction industry for a long

period of time, but some client or contractor wouldn‟t go for this method. Of course it is the old

school way but the cost of tendering is high, since there will be a lot tenderers, hence the client

will need to produce a lot of copies of the tender documents. In this case, it will be a waste of

resources if the number of tenderers is less than the amount of tenders printed.

Risk of Un-Experienced Contractors

On the other hand, having a big number of contractors tendering for the project is also

not a good thing. Continuing from the third point in the advantages of open tendering, choosing

the tender with the lowest price might not be the wise choice. This is because there might be a

risk of selecting new or unknown contractors for the project. What if the contractor has no

experienced in building a car park? This would then lead to poor workmanship and also poor

organization, thus which will then lead to failure of the project proposed.

Underpriced Contractors

Another key point is that the lowest price of tender may result from underpriced

contractors. As an illustration, Contractor A‟s price is RM5 million, but Contractor B‟s price is

only at RM3.8 million. This as a result shows that Contractor B might be cutting corners, like

using only cheap and poor quality materials. This in return will result in poor quality of works.

Besides that, the contractor might be encountering financial difficulties hence; delaying of

project and undercutting the price of the project are deemed to happen.

Longer Tender Process

At the same time, open tendering involves a longer tender process. Since, there are a lot

of contractors tendering for this project, it will take a longer time for the consultant to evaluate

the tender documents. The evaluation of tenders would involve the opening and action on

receipt of tenders, examination of priced bills and adjustments of priced bills. The consultant will

then prepare a report and provide his recommendation to the client on which tender to award.

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3.2 SELECTIVE TENDERING

In selective tendering, only limited numbers of potential contractor are invited for tender.

It is by far the most common tendering method used because it allows price to be the main

deciding criterion. Selective tendering is divided into single stage selective tendering and two

stage selective tendering.

For single stage selective tendering, a list of known reputable contractors is proposed by

the consultant to tender the job. The final list of tenderers is then selected by the client.

As for two stage selective tendering, contactors will to go through a qualification stage

and a pre-qualification stage. Latham (1994) explains that “Qualification” means Contractors

inclusion in an approved Contractors list and “Prequalification” means preparing a list of

Contractors as per their skills and experience. The criteria for selection include, standard of

workmanship, size of company and grade class, financial capability, past experience on similar

works and more.

After the contractors have passed the pre-qualification stage, he will then be included in

the final tender list. This means that he is eligible to tender for that project with all the other pre-

qualified contractors.

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3.2.1 ADVANTAGES OF SELECTIVE TENDERING

Qualified Contractors

To begin with, since the contactors have gone through the pre-qualification stage, there

are only left with properly qualified tenderers that will be tendering for the project. As in

illustration, in the qualification stage, there are 32 tenderers, then after the pre-qualification

stage, there are only left with 10. So now it leaves to only 10 out of the 32 are qualified to be

competing in the project proposed. Since only properly qualified tenderers are chosen, it can be

said that they are someone who is experienced in construction, does not have any financial

disability, someone who has good reputation. Contractors that have passed this stage can be

named as a professional in the construction industry.

Better Quality

Since only qualified contractors are chosen, better quality of workmanship can be

expected from all the tenderers. In the meantime, the productivity and the organization of the

project will be improved. Cutting corners in buildings will also not happen in this case because

only qualified contractors have been chosen. Delays of project are also less likely to happen in

selective tendering.

Saves Time and Resources

As can be seen also, since the numbers of tenderers are reduced, less documentation

will be printed. Not only fewer resources will be wasted, the client can also save money on

printing. Other than that, there will also be shorter tender periods because there is no need for

the consultant to evaluate the tender anymore. As a matter of fact, the tender evaluation is only

based on price. Which means, the contractor with the lowest price, will be awarded the job.

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3.2.2 DISADVANTAGES OF SELECTIVE TENDERING

Longer Tendering Process

Going through selective tendering might take a longer tender process because

contractors will have to go through the qualification stage and also the pre-qualification stage

before the actual tender. The consultant will go through every detail of the contractor from the

background of him and his company, his company‟s financial statement, his past experienced

and how many plants or machineries that he owns. This is to make sure that only eligible

contractors are qualified to tender for the project. Thus, a longer tendering process.

Favoritism

Favoritism might happen in selective tendering. In the pre-qualification stage, the factors

that are being considered while choosing the contractors are based on the name of the

company, the awards and achievements of the company, successful projects and more. In fact,

the client already knows which company is qualified to tender for the projects. Then again, the

client might choose the company that he has worked with in the previous projects or maybe he

knows someone there. Hence, favoritism possibly will happen in this tender method.

High Cost

Since only the eligible contractors are qualified to tender, they can also be equally

known as the professionals in the construction industry. To put it in another way, the cost of

project will be higher since only the professionals are doing the job. And since the cost is higher,

competition among the tenderers are intense because they are all competing to be the lowest

so that they can win the tender bid. This is because the tender evaluation is only based on

price.

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3.3 NEGOTIATED TENDERING

Another method of tendering is negotiated tendering. According to the dictionary,

negotiate means to try to reach an agreement or compromise by discussion with others.

Similarly, negotiated tender means the same thing, where only one contractor is approached to

do the work due to his reputation and skills. The client will approach the contractor based on

their previous working relationship or their track-record.

This type of tender is mainly used for specialist works which includes lift system, train

stations or security projects. The contractors available for such works are limited in the market.

From time to time, negotiated tenders can be used when there is a tight deadline or emergency

works are necessary. For example, a bridge near Sungai Long has collapsed and has caused a

major traffic jam for the past few days, then, the contractor will be called in by the client to fix the

bridge. The contractor will price for the Bills of Quantities and negotiate with the Quantity

Surveyor.

3.3.1 ADVANTAGES OF NEGOTIATED TENDERING

Only Experienced Contractors

Since it is a negotiated tendering, it will be a one to one negotiation between the client

and the contractor. And since the client is choosing the contractor, the contractor must be

someone with proven experienced and have a very good construction background. The client

will choose someone who is capable of handling the project and know what he is going to be

involved in. In return, the client‟s expectation of the project will be easily met because there is a

contractual relationship between the client and the contractor.

Better Quality

Since it has come down to only one contractor, a better quality of workmanship can be

expected from the contractor. In return of a high quality of workmanship, the cost of project will

also be likely higher than normal competitive tender. The price of project will be high because

no tender will be called for the project, and since no tender is called, there is no chance for the

client to choose for the lowest price of the tender. Hence, the client is only left with two choices,

to give the job to the contractor for the price, priced by the contractor or to call for tender and

delay the job.

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Higher Success Rate

For this reason, the project given to the contractor will have a high success rate because

the contractor usually does not decline the offer because of the contractual relationship between

them. This is to take care of the relationship between two parties. And since it is a one to one

negotiation, the success rate is definitely higher than the other two tendering methods.

3.3.2 DISADVANTAGES OF NEGOTIATED TENDERING

High Cost

Cost is a no exception since it is a negotiated tendering method. The cost of the project

will result in a higher price compare to open tendering and selective tendering. The contractor

will only negotiate with the QS on the price of the project. Another reason why it is expensive is

because of the project‟s security reasons. The client might want to build an underground shelter

for the armies in Syria or maybe a secret location for the King to have a getaway. Hence, the

price of the project is high.

Not Transparent

Negotiated tendering is not transparent to the public, and no tender is being called out.

And for that reason, the contractor might simply price the rate in the BQ and thus, lack of

accountability and integrity may be in question. Corruptions are deemed to happen in the

construction industry and we must prevent this from happening.

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3.4 RECOMMENDATION OF SELECTED TENDER METHOD

To sum up, tendering methods includes open tendering, selective tendering and also

negotiated tendering. To choose the best tender method to build a multi-storey car park might

be a little hard given all these points on the advantages and disadvantages of each tender

method. In spite of choosing only one out of the three methods, a lot of considerations have to

be taken into account. In short, considerations that have to be taken into account are time,

quality and cost of the project.

In either case, my client, Taylor‟s University is considering building a multi-storey car

park building in the vicinity of the campus to overcome the serious shortage of car park space.

That being the case, my client wants the car park to be built faster in order to overcome the

shortage of car park. With this in mind, since Taylor‟s University is a well-known university, my

company would assume that they want a better quality multi-storey car park so that it can last

longer for future uses.

To put it briefly, if my client wants a cheap and fast car park to be built, then my

company would suggest open tendering. But, if my client wants a fast and a better quality car

park, selective tendering would be the preferable choice. And if my client wants better quality

and an expensive car park, then open tendering would be the best choice. Given these points,

as stated above since my client wants a fast and a better quality car park, then my company

would recommend selective tendering as the most suitable choice for building a multi storey car

park.

As has been mentioned in the advantages of selective tendering, the advantages

includes, having only qualified contractors working on the project, a better quality of

workmanship and also saves time and resources. As has been said, the contractors are chosen

by the client or they have to go through a qualification stage and then pre-qualification stage to

filter out the good and the bad ones. Hence, my company will choose only the good contractors

to conduct this project. In addition to that, the project will have a higher success rate.

Another advantage is that the outcome of the car park will be in a better quality. Since

only qualified contractors will be given the job, better quality of workmanship can be expected.

As been mentioned above, this is what Taylor‟s University would want- a better quality multi-

storey car park that can be used for a long time. Not to forget, using selective tendering method

can also help saves time and resources. Since the numbers of tenderers are reduced, there is

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no need to have so many tender documents to be printed out. Not only resources will be saved,

money can also be saved. Although the contractors will first have to go through the qualification

and pre-qualification stage, it is said that it can saves time when choosing which contractor to

give the project to. This is because that since the contractors has been through that stage, there

is no need for the consultant to evaluate the contractors anymore. That is to say that the

evaluation will only be based on price, which equally means, the lower the price, then the

contractor will be awarded the job.

Although there will be a longer tendering process in the first part because of the

qualification and pre-qualification stage, but at the end of the day, the contractor that will be

chosen will be fast, because it will only be based on price. Other than that, although favoritism

might happen, the choosing of contractors will then come down to the client himself. Not only

that, the project price will also be higher compare to open tendering. This is because, only

qualified contractors are chosen to tender. On the subject on price, Taylor‟s University will not

be having any problems with this because it is not only an expensive university to be studied in,

it is also a rich university. But despite all these, what Taylor‟s University wants is a top notch

quality and a faster time of completion to overcome the serious shortage of car park space.

As to come to a decision to choose which tendering method is the best to build a multi-

storey car park, my company would recommend that selective tendering is the best choice.

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Publications - Be Informed - Minter Ellison. Minterellison.com. Retrieved 15 October

2015, from http://www.minterellison.com/Pub/NL/201112_CLAa/

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