Presented by :-

Ar. MOHAMMED AZMATULLAH

M.Arch , Building Services

J.M.I. New Delhi.

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CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE

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Important milestones in Architecture

was development of iron and steel in

construction.

Mill at Derby- 1793

By William Strut, wooden beams sheeted in

iron

Dithering Flax Mill-1797 first fully

integrated iron-framed building, oldest

iron framed building in the world,

by Charles Bage

Steel Buildings – Symbol of

Modern Architecture

1780-1840 Cast Iron

Arched shaped bridges up to

30 m span

1840-1890 Wrought Iron

Span up to 100 m

1870-1920 Bessemer Converter

Intro. Carbon Steel

1920- To

Date

Third most popular material

after Concrete and Timber

Steel is crucial in development of

economy and is considered as backbone of

human civilization.

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Orrell’s Mill-1834

by William Fairbairn,

Hollow circular cross

section in it cast iron

columns

E.V. Haughwout Building -1840

by Daniel Badger Cast iron façade

became popular replaced masonry

Wall

Cristalpalace.1851

by Sir Joseph Paxton,

Exhibition building,

564 m long, with an

interior height of 39 m

First Leiter Building 1879

by William LeBaron

Building constructed with a

skeleton frame cast-

iron columns supporting

wrought-iron beams

Metropolitan Life tower -1909

SPECIALLY

DESIGNED

TO

WITHSTAN

D WIND

LOADS

19th Century Train Station (3-hinge arch)

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John Hancock

Center 1969

Used the KHAN

inspired Trussed-

Tube bracing

Bruce Graham

Sears Tower-1974

Designed by both

khan Graham,

bundled tube

system, Remains

tallest building for

over 20 years.

WTC 1972 Minoru Yamasaki

• Most famous examples

of khans framed Tube system,

hollow tube made of Heavy

steel box column.

• Columns were welded to

steel beam at each floor

creating a stiff Lattice like

structure.

Javits Convention

Center U.S

Architect: I M Pei 1986

New Method based in

industrialization

DRYCONSTRUCTION

RATIONAL SUSTAINABILITY

RECIYCLING

By this we have

been able to

construct

Stronger and

taller structures,

while using less

Materials.

World 1st bridge

1779

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** Steel buildings and bridges were being built in the latter part of the 19th century

and early 20th century during the British era,

In the post-independence era, in the

1950s, steel traditionally used to set up

public and private factories, plants,

ports, railways, etc Essentially structures in which

architecture plays an insignificant role

and projects largely managed by

engineering professionals from design

to construction.

This usage pattern continued up to the

1990s.

• its inherent properties

ensured that it

commanded a high level

of comfort with

engineers.

The Howrah Bridge is a cantilever bridge

West Bengal,1942, Total length 705 m

C.S.T Mumbai5M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

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The industry and infrastructure are currently the

main contributing to the overall demand of steel

structures in India.

Usage of structural steel is currently driven by

exception rather than practice. The building’s in India is presently

dominated by concrete.

The building segment has been slow

to adopt.

This is expected to change in the

future,

‘Volvo-Eicher’ headquarters GURGAON, NCR

The corporate ’ is designed to be a state of the

art steel building which uses the least amount of

energy and resources possible in its day to day

functioning.

Work in Progress

World Architecture Award Winner.

New trend:-

Structural steel selectively used in the construction of

high-rise buildings with 2-4/ projects/ year in India,

mainly in metropolitan cities those are constrained by

limited land availability.

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*Today steel buildings are best known

for

* diversity of their shapes

* their architectural expressiveness.

*Which make them more reliable than

other types of structures.

Steel Usage :

- Facades

- Bridges

- Roofing

- Entrances

- Windows and Doors

- Interiors

- Streetscapes

- Sculpture

Grades Usage profile

DUPLEX Corrosive / marine environments

316 Mostly exteriors where close to seaside / corrosive

environment roofing, facia and cladding

304 Interiors, Exteriors, Roofing,

Railings, cladding and aesthetic embellishments

430 Interior usages, false ceilings, trims and decorative

furnishings

Low Ni Interior usages, railings and other

embellishments involving less draw in non corrosive

environment

•steel buildings have evolved into various

specific types

•which can be storage, places of work,

living accommodation, and others.

The evolution of steel frame construction

in the 20th century entirely changed the

concept of the Wall and the support.

•Steel is typical because of high tensile

and compressive strengths

•steel is used for buildings for both

practical and aesthetic reasons7M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

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Due to the high strength of steel, the

strength of these buildings is unmatched

compared to other building materials.

It is essential when one desires to have a

building with a strong foundation for use

with long life.

The CCTV Headquarters is a 234 m, 44-

story skyscraper, in China

Towers Lean at 60o angles and “kink” at right

angles at the top

Cantilever overhang starts after 36 floors and

is 13 floors high.

The towers cantilever 75m outwards

Next, steel buildings save time and

money as compared to conventional

building systems.

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** Living Steel Restello

* Restello the steel apartment, by UK architects Piercy Conner

*Winner of the Living Steel International Architecture Competition in 2006,

Galvanized and painted steels are used for

corrosion protection and to ensure a long life

for the apartments.

Ready to go to market in Kolkata, India.

The steel used in this building fits the climate

Of Kolkata Dampness is the major factor . skin

of the building comprises one permeable outer

layer of perforated steel screens, and a second

inner skin of floor to ceiling glazing.

The scheme won not only because of its bold, elegant design, but because of the

strong concept of cross-ventilation and solar-shading

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* It is a library in Sendai, Japan.It was designed by Toyo Ito in1995 and completed in 2001.

*The Sendai Mediatheque is amixed-program public facilitybuilding.

*The Mediatheque's seven levelsof facilities offer a range ofservices including aconventional book-lendinglibrary, collection of film andaudio recordings with stationsfor viewing and editing, atheatre, a cafe.

The seven platforms are supported by

what “Ito” calls "characterizing"

architectural elements

A forest of 13 non-uniform tubes which

appear to rise fluidly through the building.

Floor area 21,682 m²

CASE STUDY

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Structure and materials

The structure of the Sendai Mediatheque is

composed of three main elements: tubes,

plates and skin.

The four tubes closest to the

outer corners of the plates were

designed to resist a 400 year

earthquake,

The most striking structural elements are the

tubes, composed of thick steel pipes; they range

in size from 7 to 30 feet In diameter.

The floor slabs are composed of a

honeycomb like network of steel

sections in filled with light weight

Concrete, allows the plate to span

between irregularly spaced vertical

supports without beams, and

minimal thickness of the slab itself.

•while the others resist the vertical

gravity loads. As a test to its integrity, the

building survived the March 2011

earthquake with little to no damage.11M.Arch- J.M.I. New Delhi

Tubes appear to be continuous, they were

actually manufactured in floor-height

segments and were assembled sequentially,

floor-by-floor.

The tubes have vertical circulation of air,

water, electricity, light and people within

the building.

Because tubes creates link with the floor

they often glazed to provide fire

protection between floors

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Volvo Eicher Building, India

By Ar. ROOMI KHOSLA

Long spans, open plan

commercial office space

Broad gate Tower

London spans over

railway lines

Tubular steel in 6 story entrance

atrium at Tower Place, London

Cannon Place, London

S.I.A. MUMBAIJAWAHAR LAL NEHRU STADIUM

SOME RECENT WORKS ON STEEL

Beijing Birds Nest Stadium

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*CHRYSLER TOWERS, USA, Grade : 302

Cloud Gate

Designed by Anish Kapur at Chicago

10 mtr x 20 mtr x 13 mtr - Grade : SS 304

PETRONAS TOWERS – K L,Grade :304 / 316

METRO RTA BLDG - TOKYO

Grade : SS 304

INDL ECONOMIST, CHENNAI

Grade : SS 304

8 Spruce Street, By

Ghery

2011 BUILT YEAR

76 FLOORS

The south façade, is flat

but the other three

façades are rippled.

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Different from double-grazing concept,

façade design using louver was

investigated for adapting climates,

effective to renew the design of the

building

EXTERIOR FACADES

Particularly well suited for the facades of

buildings, steel is a functional, practical,

and long lasting material with a universal

aesthetic appeal.

SUN SHADING

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* PARKS & RECREATION ART & SCULPTURES

LANDSCAPE FURNITURE FLOOR GRATES

VERTICAL Columns

Because of its exceptional

properties, It has been chosen for a

variety of applications.

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Arup Campus, Solihual

Service routing for

localized temperature

control though

regular web openings

Stiffened large web opening in a steel

beam, Routing through and between steel

beams

LARGE SPACES AND BEAMS USAGE

The use of long span sections for

building’s creates large, open and

flexible spaces.

Using steel columns instead of concrete

ones could deliver around 40 square

meters of additional floor area on 1000

square meter office floor plates.

Thin floor systems allow appreciable gains

in vertical space.

Angelina™ beam

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The diagrid structural system has been widely used due to structural efficiency and aesthetic

potential provided by the unique geometric configuration.

Hearst Tower (New York City)

30 St MaryAxeEngland

o This a system of triangulated beams,

straight or curved, and horizontal rings

that together make up a structural

element for a skyscraper.

Fixing and joinery of

Steel section

MyZeil

Germany

Capital Gate

Diagrid is a design

Which creates triangular structures with

diagonal support beams.

Diagrid structures providing great

structural efficiency without vertical

columns

save Approximately 20% of

structural steel weight when

Compared to a conventional

moment-frame structures.

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* The steel structure have high strength

hence, steel member can resist high load

with comparatively light weight

* The steel members are gas and water tight

because of high density steel.

* Steel members can be readily replaced or re

assembled increased sanitary conditions,

environment conservation, and flexibility

* Steel offers design flexibility, Steel

structures are easy to install.

* Steel is cost effective and rarely fluctuates

in price.

* Steel allows for improved quality of

construction and less maintenance, while

offering improved safety and resistance.

* High strength

* Ductility

* Choice of coatings

* Can use In Different types

* Durability

* Zero maintenance

* Lower Life Cycle Cost

*Heat conductivity: steel

conducts heat 310 times more

efficiently than wood.

*Corrosion: Faulty design leads

to the corrosion of iron and

steel in buildings.

*However, it is weaker in fire

resistance for steel will lose

strength and deform serious at

higher temperature (at 600oC

or above). This can be

improved by applying fire

resistant plaster

ADVANTAGE DIS ADVANTAGE

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*Strong internal demand and emphasis on developing infrastructure

can be expected to remain the foundation of Economic growth.

* Industry and infrastructure segments can be expected, the key

demand drivers for steel structures in India over the next 5 years.

*Presently, structural steel industry employs the on-site model of

fabrication for industry and infrastructure segments.

*Workshop delivery model is prevalent in PEB and buildings segment.

* Overall, there is good potential for steel structures in India owing

to robust economic growth, increased government spending on

infrastructure and change in mindset with regards to use of

structural steel in building.

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* atlassteels.com.au/site/pages/stainless-steel-in-architecture.php

* buildingssteel.wordpress.com/2012/01/08/steel-buildings-history-to-latest-technology/

* nickelinstitute.org/NickelUseInSociety/MaterialsSelectionAndUse/ArchitectureBuildingAndConstruction/Archi

tectureAndBuilding.aspx

* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_building

* e-architect.co.uk/india/living_steel_restello.htm

* steelconstruction.info/Multi-storey_office_buildings

* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel

* cityrealty.com/nyc/financial-district/new-york-by-gehry-8-spruce-street/35081

* visual.ly/evolution-impact-steel-architecture visual.ly/evolution-impact-steel-architecture

* en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrid

* pritzkerprize.com/media/2013_media/images-download

* mbss-india.com/News-Articles-Features/?p=268

* indian-architects.com/en/projects/30777_Volvo_Eicher_Headquarter

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