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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413] Project 2: Lighting & Acoustic Analysis Integration with Design Studio 5 YASEEN SYED 0309021 TUTOR:MR SIVA

Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

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Page 1: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN

Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]

Project 2:

Lighting & Acoustic Analysis Integration with Design Studio 5

YASEEN SYED

0309021

TUTOR:MR SIVA

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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS

ENCLOSED BAKERY

The enclosed bakery is located on the second floor.Even though natural light can be

acquired,it is insufficient, hence artificial lighting is required.

ENCLOSED CAFE – Second floor

Material properties table for enclosed bakery

MATERIAL

FUNCTION

COLOUR

AREA (m²)

SURFACE TYPE

REFLECTANCE VALUE (%)

Concrete Finish Ceiling Grey 113.94 Reflective 15-40

Brick Wall Brown 84.7 Absorptive 30

Aluminium Furniture (countertop)

Black

Reflective

75-95

Concrete Cement Finish

Floor

Grey

113.94

Reflective

15-40

Fabric Chair Beige 5.1 Absorptive 25-35

Timber Furniture (Shelf) Brown 20.65 Absorptive 30

Furniture(Table) Brown 10.83 Absorptive 30

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LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR ENCLOSED BAKERY (from 1.5m height)

Location ENCLOSED BAKERY (Second Floor)

Dimension of Room, LxW 14.24 x 8.0

Total Floor Area (m2) 113.94

Mounting Height , hm (m) 4.0-0.5–1.5 = 2

Room Index, K

Room Reflectance (%) C:50, W:30, F:30

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.36

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.75

Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux)

500

Number of Fittings Required, N N = E X A /F X UF X MF =500 X 113.94 / (1600 X 4 X 2) X 0.36 X 0.75 =16.48 =17 17 Parabolic grid light are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in enclosed bakery according to MS 1525.

Type Specifications Quantity Luminous Flux(lm)

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Parabolic T5 2X4 Grid Light Fixture

Wattage: 32W Colour Temperature: 5000K Bulb Finish: Warm White

20 1600 lm per lamp 4800 lm per grid lighting

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Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, Hm = 2m, therefore maximum spacing = 2m

Width/ maximum spacing = 8.0/2

= 4 rows of lamps

17/4= 4.25 ≈ 5 lamps each row

Therefore, a total of 20 lamps are needed.

Reflected ceiling plan for enclosed bakery

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OFFICE ZONE

The office is located on the first floor where it is open during the day and night. Although

natural light can be used it remains insufficient, hence artificial lighting is useful to

brighten the space.

Office – First floor

MATERIAL

FUNCTION

COLOUR

AREA (m²)

SURFACE TYPE

REFLECTANCE

VALUE (%)

Concrete Finish Ceiling Grey 76.7 Reflective 15-40

Brick Wall Brown 86.8 Absorptive 30

Glass Panel Transparent 32.5 Reflective 6-10

Door Transparent 4.18 Reflective 6-10

Aluminium Door and

window frame

Black

Reflective

75-95

Concrete

Cement Finish

Floor

Grey

76.7

Reflective

15-40

Fabric Chair Beige 3.36 Absorptive 25-35

Timber Furniture (Shelf) Brown 14.75 Absorptive 30

Furniture(Table) Brown 12 Absorptive 30

Partition Brown 51.8 Absorptive 30

Material properties table for office

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LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR OFFICE (from 1.5m height)

Location Office (First Floor)

Dimension of Room, LxW 11.8 x 6.5

Total Floor Area (m2) 76.7

Mounting Height , hm (m) 3.5-0.5–1.5 = 1.5

Room Index, K

Room Reflectance (%) C:50, W:30, F:30

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.36

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.75

Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux)

500

Number of Fittings Required, N N=F X A / F X UF X MF =500 X 76.7 /91600 X 4 X 2 ) X 0.36 X 0.75 =11.0 11 Parabolic grid light are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in office area according to MS 1525, standard illuminance for office.

Type Specifications Quantity Luminous Flux(lm) Parabolic T5 2X4 Grid Light Fixture

Wattage: 32W Colour Temperature: 5000K Bulb Finish: Warm White

15 1600 lm per lamp 4800 lm per grid lighting

Page 11: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, Hm = 1.5m, therefore maximum spacing = 1.5m

Width/ maximum spacing = 6.5/1.5

= 4.33 ≈ 5 rows of lamps

11/5= 2.2 ≈ 3 lamps each row

Therefore, a total of 15 lamps are needed.

Reflected ceiling plan for office

Page 12: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

DINING ZONE

The dining area is located on the first floor where it runs from day to night. Although

natural light can be acquired but it is insufficient when it comes to night time, hence

artificial lighting is important for the space.

Dining area – First Floor

MATERIAL

FUNCTION

COLOUR

AREA (m²)

SURFACE TYPE

REFLECTANCE

VALUE (%)

Brick Wall Brown 311.5 Absorptive 30

Glass Ceiling Transparent 90.25 Reflective 6-10

Aluminium Door and

window frame

Black

Reflective

75-95

Concrete

Cement Finish

Floor

Grey

90.25

Reflective

15-40

Fabric Chair Beige 7.313 Absorptive 25-35

Timber Furniture(Table) Brown 4.8 Absorptive 30

Material properties table for dining area

Page 13: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR DINING (from 1.5m height)

Location Dining Area (First Floor)

Dimension of Room, LxW 4.5 x 6

Total Floor Area (m2) 27

Mounting Height , hm (m) 4.0-0.5–1.5 = 2.0

Room Index, K

Room Reflectance (%) C:50, W:30, F:30

Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.40

Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.75

Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux)

200

Number of Fittings Required, N N= E X A / F X UF MF =200 X 27 / (670 X 4) X 0.40 X 0.75 = 6.7 = 7 7 LED pendant light are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in dining area according to MS 1525, standard illuminance for restaurant.

Lumen method calculation for dining area

Type Specifications Quantity Luminous Flux(lm) PHILIPS CYPRESS 4 LIGHT LED BAR CEILING PENDANT LIGHT – CHROME

Wattage: 3W Colour Temperature: 2700K Bulb Finish: Warm White

10 670 lm per lamp 2680 lm per grid lighting

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Lighting type for dining area

Page 15: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, Hm = 2m, therefore maximum spacing = 2m

Width/ maximum spacing = 7.0/2

= 3.5 ≈ 4 rows of lamps

6/4= 1.5 ≈ 2 lamp IN each row

Therefore, a total of 8 lamps are needed.

Reflected ceiling plan for dining area

Page 16: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

ACOUSTICS

EXTERNAL NOISE CALCULATION

External noise sources:

Traffic Noise: 65dB

Intensity:

65 = 10 log (Itraffic/Io)

Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = 6.5

Log-1Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = Log-16.5

(Itraffic/1x10-12)=3.16x106

Itraffic= 3.16x10-6

Total intensities, ITotal

= 3.16x10-6 + 1x10-9

= 3.16 x 10-6

Activity Noise: 30dB

Intensity:

30 = 10 log (Iactivity/Io)

Log (Iactivity/1x10-12) = 3.0

Log-1Log (Iactivity/1x10-12) = Log-13.0

(Iactivity/1x10-12)=1x103

Iactivity= 1x10-9

SPL=10 log (Itotal/Io)

= 10 log (3.16 x 10-6/1x10-12)

= 65dB

The external noise with a combined SPL of 65dB generated from the vehicles and street

activity travels right into the food market. Hence, the combined SPL of the external noise

of the front street is approximately the total sound pressure level in the food market zone.

Based on the Acoustic Standard ANSI, a marketplace is required to have an acoustic

tolerance level of between 56dB to 67dB. The combined SPL of external noises (external

traffic noise and external activity noise) of the food market is within the recommended

acoustic noise level range, which is 65dB.

The street level Food Market is said to have achieved the optimum Acoustic Standard of

ANSI.

Page 17: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

INTERNAL NOISE CALCULATION

Internal noise sources:

Kitchen Noise: 65dB

Intensity:

65 = 10 log (Ikitchen/Io)

Log (Ikitchen /1x10-12) = 6.5

Log-1Log (Ikitchen /1x10-12) = Log-16.5

(Ikitchen /1x10-12)=3.16x106

Ikitchen = 3.16x10-6

Total intensities, ITotal

= 3.16 x 10-6 + 1.0 x 10-6

=4.16 x 10-6

Dining Noise: 60dB

Intensity:

60 = 10 log (Idining/Io)

Log (Idining/1x10-12) = 6.0

Log-1Log (Idining/1x10-12) = Log-16.0

(Idining/1x10-12)=1x106

Idining= 1.0x10-6

SPL=10 log (Itotal/Io)

= 10 log (4.16 x 10-6/1x10-12)

= 66.19dB

Based on the Acoustic Standard ANSI, a marketplace is required to have an acoustic

tolerance level of between 56dB to 67dB. The combined SPL of external noises (external

traffic noise and external activity noise) of the food market is within the recommended

acoustic noise level range, which is 66.19dB.

The Food Market is said to have achieved the optimum Acoustic Standard of ANSI.

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REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATION – OFFICE

Room height: 3.5m

Standard reverberation time for office: 1s

Peak hour capacity: 10 people

Volume of office:

[11.8 x 6.6] x 3.5 = 272.3 m3

Material

Function

Area [A] (m2)

Absorption Coefficient in 2000 Hz [S]

Sound Absorption [SA]

Plaster Ceiling 77.88 0.04 3.12

Brick Wall 119.08 0.05 5.954

Steel Column 5.4 0.01 0.054

Glass Door 9.45 0.07 0.662

Wall 50.82 0.07 3.557

Timber Furniture (Table) 5.01 0.1 0.501

Fabric Cushioned Chair 3.78 0.7 2.646

Concrete Cement

Floor

77.54

0.02

1.551

People 10 0.46 4.60

Total sound absorption by materials

22.645

Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz

RT = (0.16 x V) / A

Where V = Volume of space; A = Total Absorption = S₁A₁ + S₂A₂ + … + SnAn

Reverberation time [Peak hour]

RT = 0.16xV / A

= 0.16 x 272.3 / 22.645

= 1.92s

The reverberation time for office rooms during peak hour is 1.92s. According to Acoustic

Standard ANSI,the reverberation time of the office during non-peak hour exceeds the

optimum reverberation time for office which is 1s. To reduce the reverberation time, blind

curtains with 0.7 absorption coefficient are placed against the glass wall.

Page 20: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

Material

Function

Area [A] (m2)

Absorption Coefficient in 2000 Hz [S]

Sound Absorption [SA]

Plaster Ceiling 77.88 0.04 3.12

Brick Wall 119.08 0.05 5.954

Steel Column 5.4 0.01 0.054

Glass Door 9.45 0.07 0.662

Wall 50.82 0.07 3.557

Timber Furniture (Table) 5.01 0.1 0.501

Fabric Cushioned Chair 3.78 0.7 2.646

Curtain 50.82 0.7 35.574

Concrete Cement

Floor

77.54

0.02

1.551

People 10 0.46 4.60

Total sound absorption by materials

58.219

Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz ADJUSTED

Reverberation time [Peak hour]

RT = 0.16xV / A

= 0.16 x 272.3 / 58.219

= 0.75s

After adding in blind curtains, the reverberation time for peak hour are successfully reduced,

achieving the standard required reverberation time.

Page 21: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS CALCULATION - OFFICE

Wall type 1: Brick wall with insulation

SRI=10 log (1/T)

SRIbrick=45

45 = 10 log (1/Tbrick)

Log-14.5=(1/Tbrick)

Tbrick =3.16x10-5

Wall type 2: Glass Panels/ Doors

SRI=10 log (1/T)

SRIglass=26

26 = 10 log (1/Tglass)

Log-12.6 =(1/Tglass)

Tglass =2.51x10-3

Surface Material

Surface Area (m2) [S]

Transmission coefficient [Tcn]

Surface area x Transmission coefficient [ST]

Glass Walls/Doors

26

2.51x10-3

6.526x10-2

Brick Wall 45 3.16x10-5 1.422x10-3

Total 71 0.066682

STC calculation table

Tav = (0.066682/71)

= 9.392x10-4

SRIoverall = 10 log (1/Tav)

= 10 log(1/9.392x10-4)

=30.27dB

Based on the calculations above, 30.27dB of noise level can be reduced during

transmission from the market interior space to the interior of the office.

Therefore, the interior market noise (66.19dB) during peak hour, is reduced by 30.27dB

during transmission, resulting in a sound level of 35.92dB when it reaches the interior of the

office/ meeting room.

35.92dB is within the range of recommend level for office. Hence, acoustical comfort can

be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.

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REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATION – ENCLOSED BAKERY

Room height: 3.2m

Standard reverberation time for security room: 1s

Peak hour capacity: 10 people

Volume of office:

[2 x 5.5] x 3.2 = 35.2 m3

Material

Function

Area [A] (m2)

Absorption Coefficient in 2000 Hz [S]

Sound Absorption [SA]

Plaster Ceiling 11 0.04 0.44

Brick Wall 27.5 0.05 1.375

Steel Column 1.6 0.01 0.016

Glass Door 3.58 0.07 0.2506

Wall 20.8 0.07 1.456

Concrete Cement

Floor

11

0.02

0.22

People 10 0.46 8.4

Total sound absorption by materials

12.1576

Table 3.4.1.1: Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz

RT = (0.16 x V) / A

Where V = Volume of space; A = Total Absorption = S₁A₁ + S₂A₂ + S₃A₃ + … + SnAn

Reverberation time [Peak hour]

RT = 0.16xV / A

= 0.16 x 35.2 / 12.1576

= 0.46s

The reverberation time for security room during peak hour is 0.46s.

Page 24: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS CALCULATION – ENCLOSED BAKERY

Wall type 1: Brick wall with insulation

SRI=10 log (1/T)

SRIbrick=27.5

27.5 = 10 log (1/Tbrick)

Log-12.75=(1/Tbrick)

Tbrick =1.78x10-3

Wall type 2: Glass Panels/ Doors

SRI=10 log (1/T)

SRIglass=24.38

24.38 = 10 log (1/Tglass)

Log-12.438 =(1/Tglass)

Tglass =3.648x10-3

Surface Material

Surface Area (m2) [S]

Transmission coefficient [Tcn]

Surface area x Transmission coefficient [ST]

Glass Walls/Doors

24.38

1.78x10-3

4.34x10-2

Brick Wall 27.5 3.648x10-3 0.10032

Total 51.88 0.14372

STC calculation table

Tav = (0.14372/51.88)

= 2.77x10-3

SRIoverall = 10 log (1/Tav)

= 10 log(1/2.77x10-3)

=25.58dB

As shown in calculations above, 25.58dB of noise level can be reduce during transmission

from the street to the interior of the security room.

Therefore, the external market noise (65dB) during peak hour, is reduced by 25.58dB

during transmission, resulting in a sound level of 39.42dB when it reaches the inside of the

enclosed bakery.

39.42dB is within the range of recommend level for enclosed bakery. Hence,

acoustical comfort can be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.

Page 25: Yaseen Syed BUILDING SCIENCE Integration

REFERENCES

ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society Heating,

Refrigerating &.

In Gibbs, B., In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in

Building Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-

Science Publishing Co. Ltd.

Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-

residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.

Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New York.