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SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, BUILDING & DESIGN
Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture)
BUILDING SCIENCE 2 [ARC 3413]
Project 2:
Lighting & Acoustic Analysis Integration with Design Studio 5
YASEEN SYED
0309021
TUTOR:MR SIVA
ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS
ENCLOSED BAKERY
The enclosed bakery is located on the second floor.Even though natural light can be
acquired,it is insufficient, hence artificial lighting is required.
ENCLOSED CAFE – Second floor
Material properties table for enclosed bakery
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
COLOUR
AREA (m²)
SURFACE TYPE
REFLECTANCE VALUE (%)
Concrete Finish Ceiling Grey 113.94 Reflective 15-40
Brick Wall Brown 84.7 Absorptive 30
Aluminium Furniture (countertop)
Black
Reflective
75-95
Concrete Cement Finish
Floor
Grey
113.94
Reflective
15-40
Fabric Chair Beige 5.1 Absorptive 25-35
Timber Furniture (Shelf) Brown 20.65 Absorptive 30
Furniture(Table) Brown 10.83 Absorptive 30
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR ENCLOSED BAKERY (from 1.5m height)
Location ENCLOSED BAKERY (Second Floor)
Dimension of Room, LxW 14.24 x 8.0
Total Floor Area (m2) 113.94
Mounting Height , hm (m) 4.0-0.5–1.5 = 2
Room Index, K
Room Reflectance (%) C:50, W:30, F:30
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.36
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.75
Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux)
500
Number of Fittings Required, N N = E X A /F X UF X MF =500 X 113.94 / (1600 X 4 X 2) X 0.36 X 0.75 =16.48 =17 17 Parabolic grid light are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in enclosed bakery according to MS 1525.
Type Specifications Quantity Luminous Flux(lm)
Parabolic T5 2X4 Grid Light Fixture
Wattage: 32W Colour Temperature: 5000K Bulb Finish: Warm White
20 1600 lm per lamp 4800 lm per grid lighting
Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, Hm = 2m, therefore maximum spacing = 2m
Width/ maximum spacing = 8.0/2
= 4 rows of lamps
17/4= 4.25 ≈ 5 lamps each row
Therefore, a total of 20 lamps are needed.
Reflected ceiling plan for enclosed bakery
OFFICE ZONE
The office is located on the first floor where it is open during the day and night. Although
natural light can be used it remains insufficient, hence artificial lighting is useful to
brighten the space.
Office – First floor
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
COLOUR
AREA (m²)
SURFACE TYPE
REFLECTANCE
VALUE (%)
Concrete Finish Ceiling Grey 76.7 Reflective 15-40
Brick Wall Brown 86.8 Absorptive 30
Glass Panel Transparent 32.5 Reflective 6-10
Door Transparent 4.18 Reflective 6-10
Aluminium Door and
window frame
Black
Reflective
75-95
Concrete
Cement Finish
Floor
Grey
76.7
Reflective
15-40
Fabric Chair Beige 3.36 Absorptive 25-35
Timber Furniture (Shelf) Brown 14.75 Absorptive 30
Furniture(Table) Brown 12 Absorptive 30
Partition Brown 51.8 Absorptive 30
Material properties table for office
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR OFFICE (from 1.5m height)
Location Office (First Floor)
Dimension of Room, LxW 11.8 x 6.5
Total Floor Area (m2) 76.7
Mounting Height , hm (m) 3.5-0.5–1.5 = 1.5
Room Index, K
Room Reflectance (%) C:50, W:30, F:30
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.36
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.75
Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux)
500
Number of Fittings Required, N N=F X A / F X UF X MF =500 X 76.7 /91600 X 4 X 2 ) X 0.36 X 0.75 =11.0 11 Parabolic grid light are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in office area according to MS 1525, standard illuminance for office.
Type Specifications Quantity Luminous Flux(lm) Parabolic T5 2X4 Grid Light Fixture
Wattage: 32W Colour Temperature: 5000K Bulb Finish: Warm White
15 1600 lm per lamp 4800 lm per grid lighting
Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, Hm = 1.5m, therefore maximum spacing = 1.5m
Width/ maximum spacing = 6.5/1.5
= 4.33 ≈ 5 rows of lamps
11/5= 2.2 ≈ 3 lamps each row
Therefore, a total of 15 lamps are needed.
Reflected ceiling plan for office
DINING ZONE
The dining area is located on the first floor where it runs from day to night. Although
natural light can be acquired but it is insufficient when it comes to night time, hence
artificial lighting is important for the space.
Dining area – First Floor
MATERIAL
FUNCTION
COLOUR
AREA (m²)
SURFACE TYPE
REFLECTANCE
VALUE (%)
Brick Wall Brown 311.5 Absorptive 30
Glass Ceiling Transparent 90.25 Reflective 6-10
Aluminium Door and
window frame
Black
Reflective
75-95
Concrete
Cement Finish
Floor
Grey
90.25
Reflective
15-40
Fabric Chair Beige 7.313 Absorptive 25-35
Timber Furniture(Table) Brown 4.8 Absorptive 30
Material properties table for dining area
LUMEN METHOD CALCULATION FOR DINING (from 1.5m height)
Location Dining Area (First Floor)
Dimension of Room, LxW 4.5 x 6
Total Floor Area (m2) 27
Mounting Height , hm (m) 4.0-0.5–1.5 = 2.0
Room Index, K
Room Reflectance (%) C:50, W:30, F:30
Utilisation Factor (UF) 0.40
Maintenance Factor (MF) 0.75
Standard Illuminance Level Required (lux)
200
Number of Fittings Required, N N= E X A / F X UF MF =200 X 27 / (670 X 4) X 0.40 X 0.75 = 6.7 = 7 7 LED pendant light are needed to meet the standard illuminance required in dining area according to MS 1525, standard illuminance for restaurant.
Lumen method calculation for dining area
Type Specifications Quantity Luminous Flux(lm) PHILIPS CYPRESS 4 LIGHT LED BAR CEILING PENDANT LIGHT – CHROME
Wattage: 3W Colour Temperature: 2700K Bulb Finish: Warm White
10 670 lm per lamp 2680 lm per grid lighting
Lighting type for dining area
Assume SHR ratio is 1:1, Hm = 2m, therefore maximum spacing = 2m
Width/ maximum spacing = 7.0/2
= 3.5 ≈ 4 rows of lamps
6/4= 1.5 ≈ 2 lamp IN each row
Therefore, a total of 8 lamps are needed.
Reflected ceiling plan for dining area
ACOUSTICS
EXTERNAL NOISE CALCULATION
External noise sources:
Traffic Noise: 65dB
Intensity:
65 = 10 log (Itraffic/Io)
Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = 6.5
Log-1Log (Itraffic/1x10-12) = Log-16.5
(Itraffic/1x10-12)=3.16x106
Itraffic= 3.16x10-6
Total intensities, ITotal
= 3.16x10-6 + 1x10-9
= 3.16 x 10-6
Activity Noise: 30dB
Intensity:
30 = 10 log (Iactivity/Io)
Log (Iactivity/1x10-12) = 3.0
Log-1Log (Iactivity/1x10-12) = Log-13.0
(Iactivity/1x10-12)=1x103
Iactivity= 1x10-9
SPL=10 log (Itotal/Io)
= 10 log (3.16 x 10-6/1x10-12)
= 65dB
The external noise with a combined SPL of 65dB generated from the vehicles and street
activity travels right into the food market. Hence, the combined SPL of the external noise
of the front street is approximately the total sound pressure level in the food market zone.
Based on the Acoustic Standard ANSI, a marketplace is required to have an acoustic
tolerance level of between 56dB to 67dB. The combined SPL of external noises (external
traffic noise and external activity noise) of the food market is within the recommended
acoustic noise level range, which is 65dB.
The street level Food Market is said to have achieved the optimum Acoustic Standard of
ANSI.
INTERNAL NOISE CALCULATION
Internal noise sources:
Kitchen Noise: 65dB
Intensity:
65 = 10 log (Ikitchen/Io)
Log (Ikitchen /1x10-12) = 6.5
Log-1Log (Ikitchen /1x10-12) = Log-16.5
(Ikitchen /1x10-12)=3.16x106
Ikitchen = 3.16x10-6
Total intensities, ITotal
= 3.16 x 10-6 + 1.0 x 10-6
=4.16 x 10-6
Dining Noise: 60dB
Intensity:
60 = 10 log (Idining/Io)
Log (Idining/1x10-12) = 6.0
Log-1Log (Idining/1x10-12) = Log-16.0
(Idining/1x10-12)=1x106
Idining= 1.0x10-6
SPL=10 log (Itotal/Io)
= 10 log (4.16 x 10-6/1x10-12)
= 66.19dB
Based on the Acoustic Standard ANSI, a marketplace is required to have an acoustic
tolerance level of between 56dB to 67dB. The combined SPL of external noises (external
traffic noise and external activity noise) of the food market is within the recommended
acoustic noise level range, which is 66.19dB.
The Food Market is said to have achieved the optimum Acoustic Standard of ANSI.
REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATION – OFFICE
Room height: 3.5m
Standard reverberation time for office: 1s
Peak hour capacity: 10 people
Volume of office:
[11.8 x 6.6] x 3.5 = 272.3 m3
Material
Function
Area [A] (m2)
Absorption Coefficient in 2000 Hz [S]
Sound Absorption [SA]
Plaster Ceiling 77.88 0.04 3.12
Brick Wall 119.08 0.05 5.954
Steel Column 5.4 0.01 0.054
Glass Door 9.45 0.07 0.662
Wall 50.82 0.07 3.557
Timber Furniture (Table) 5.01 0.1 0.501
Fabric Cushioned Chair 3.78 0.7 2.646
Concrete Cement
Floor
77.54
0.02
1.551
People 10 0.46 4.60
Total sound absorption by materials
22.645
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz
RT = (0.16 x V) / A
Where V = Volume of space; A = Total Absorption = S₁A₁ + S₂A₂ + … + SnAn
Reverberation time [Peak hour]
RT = 0.16xV / A
= 0.16 x 272.3 / 22.645
= 1.92s
The reverberation time for office rooms during peak hour is 1.92s. According to Acoustic
Standard ANSI,the reverberation time of the office during non-peak hour exceeds the
optimum reverberation time for office which is 1s. To reduce the reverberation time, blind
curtains with 0.7 absorption coefficient are placed against the glass wall.
Material
Function
Area [A] (m2)
Absorption Coefficient in 2000 Hz [S]
Sound Absorption [SA]
Plaster Ceiling 77.88 0.04 3.12
Brick Wall 119.08 0.05 5.954
Steel Column 5.4 0.01 0.054
Glass Door 9.45 0.07 0.662
Wall 50.82 0.07 3.557
Timber Furniture (Table) 5.01 0.1 0.501
Fabric Cushioned Chair 3.78 0.7 2.646
Curtain 50.82 0.7 35.574
Concrete Cement
Floor
77.54
0.02
1.551
People 10 0.46 4.60
Total sound absorption by materials
58.219
Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz ADJUSTED
Reverberation time [Peak hour]
RT = 0.16xV / A
= 0.16 x 272.3 / 58.219
= 0.75s
After adding in blind curtains, the reverberation time for peak hour are successfully reduced,
achieving the standard required reverberation time.
SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS CALCULATION - OFFICE
Wall type 1: Brick wall with insulation
SRI=10 log (1/T)
SRIbrick=45
45 = 10 log (1/Tbrick)
Log-14.5=(1/Tbrick)
Tbrick =3.16x10-5
Wall type 2: Glass Panels/ Doors
SRI=10 log (1/T)
SRIglass=26
26 = 10 log (1/Tglass)
Log-12.6 =(1/Tglass)
Tglass =2.51x10-3
Surface Material
Surface Area (m2) [S]
Transmission coefficient [Tcn]
Surface area x Transmission coefficient [ST]
Glass Walls/Doors
26
2.51x10-3
6.526x10-2
Brick Wall 45 3.16x10-5 1.422x10-3
Total 71 0.066682
STC calculation table
Tav = (0.066682/71)
= 9.392x10-4
SRIoverall = 10 log (1/Tav)
= 10 log(1/9.392x10-4)
=30.27dB
Based on the calculations above, 30.27dB of noise level can be reduced during
transmission from the market interior space to the interior of the office.
Therefore, the interior market noise (66.19dB) during peak hour, is reduced by 30.27dB
during transmission, resulting in a sound level of 35.92dB when it reaches the interior of the
office/ meeting room.
35.92dB is within the range of recommend level for office. Hence, acoustical comfort can
be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.
REVERBERATION TIME CALCULATION – ENCLOSED BAKERY
Room height: 3.2m
Standard reverberation time for security room: 1s
Peak hour capacity: 10 people
Volume of office:
[2 x 5.5] x 3.2 = 35.2 m3
Material
Function
Area [A] (m2)
Absorption Coefficient in 2000 Hz [S]
Sound Absorption [SA]
Plaster Ceiling 11 0.04 0.44
Brick Wall 27.5 0.05 1.375
Steel Column 1.6 0.01 0.016
Glass Door 3.58 0.07 0.2506
Wall 20.8 0.07 1.456
Concrete Cement
Floor
11
0.02
0.22
People 10 0.46 8.4
Total sound absorption by materials
12.1576
Table 3.4.1.1: Material Absorption Coefficient at 2000 Hz
RT = (0.16 x V) / A
Where V = Volume of space; A = Total Absorption = S₁A₁ + S₂A₂ + S₃A₃ + … + SnAn
Reverberation time [Peak hour]
RT = 0.16xV / A
= 0.16 x 35.2 / 12.1576
= 0.46s
The reverberation time for security room during peak hour is 0.46s.
SOUND TRANSMISSION LOSS CALCULATION – ENCLOSED BAKERY
Wall type 1: Brick wall with insulation
SRI=10 log (1/T)
SRIbrick=27.5
27.5 = 10 log (1/Tbrick)
Log-12.75=(1/Tbrick)
Tbrick =1.78x10-3
Wall type 2: Glass Panels/ Doors
SRI=10 log (1/T)
SRIglass=24.38
24.38 = 10 log (1/Tglass)
Log-12.438 =(1/Tglass)
Tglass =3.648x10-3
Surface Material
Surface Area (m2) [S]
Transmission coefficient [Tcn]
Surface area x Transmission coefficient [ST]
Glass Walls/Doors
24.38
1.78x10-3
4.34x10-2
Brick Wall 27.5 3.648x10-3 0.10032
Total 51.88 0.14372
STC calculation table
Tav = (0.14372/51.88)
= 2.77x10-3
SRIoverall = 10 log (1/Tav)
= 10 log(1/2.77x10-3)
=25.58dB
As shown in calculations above, 25.58dB of noise level can be reduce during transmission
from the street to the interior of the security room.
Therefore, the external market noise (65dB) during peak hour, is reduced by 25.58dB
during transmission, resulting in a sound level of 39.42dB when it reaches the inside of the
enclosed bakery.
39.42dB is within the range of recommend level for enclosed bakery. Hence,
acoustical comfort can be achieved by having walls as external sound barriers.
REFERENCES
ASHRAE. (1995). ASHRAE handbook 1984 systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society Heating,
Refrigerating &.
In Gibbs, B., In Goodchild, J., In Hopkins, C., & In Oldham, D. (2010). Collected Papers in
Building Acoustics: Room Acoustics and Environmental Noise. Brentwood, Essex: Multi-
Science Publishing Co. Ltd.
Malaysia. (2007). Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for non-
residential buildings (first revision). Putrajaya: Department of Standard Malaysia.
Sound Absorption Coefficients of architectural acoustical materials. (1957). New York.