Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
1414CC
1313CC22HH
1818OO
Mariusz Fogtman and Anna PazdurMariusz Fogtman and Anna Pazdur
Silesian University of TechnologySilesian University of TechnologyDepartment of RadioisotopesDepartment of Radioisotopes
ww
w.c
arbon14.p
l
ww
w.c
arbon14.p
l
Scientists can use the tree rings for reconstructing past climate because trees are good environmental indicators. They produce very small rings during years of drought and large rings during years of good growing conditions.
By counting the rings from the middle of the trunk, and studying the width of the rings, scientists can reconstruct an approximate calendar of wet and dry years. Scientists assume that the weather affected ancient tree ring growth the same way it does today. Scientists can also date the occurrence and frequency of fires by finding scars that appear in the growth rings.
Additionally measurement of isotopic ratios e.g. 2H, 13C, 18O and others in annual tree rings by mass spectrometer allows to track the isotopic ratios changes to determine the climate conditions in the past.
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
CHARACTERISTIC OF TREE COMPONENTSCHARACTERISTIC OF TREE COMPONENTS
Trees go through annual Trees go through annual cycles of growth. Roots cycles of growth. Roots
are busy in the early are busy in the early spring and late fall. spring and late fall.
Leaves and twigs grow in Leaves and twigs grow in spring and the tree adds spring and the tree adds wood all summer long.wood all summer long.
http://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/uf/treeguidehtm/chapter4.htmhttp://www.na.fs.fed.us/spfo/pubs/uf/treeguidehtm/chapter4.htm
INSIDE THE TREEINSIDE THE TREE
CrossCross--section of section of the the tree trunktree trunk..
INSIDE THE TREEINSIDE THE TREE
Tree ring widthTree ring width Variability of tree ring width and climatic conditionsVariability of tree ring width and climatic conditions Seasonal patterns:Seasonal patterns: Early wood Large, thick-walled cells Early wood Large, thick-walled cells Late wood Small, densely-packed, thin-walled Late wood Small, densely-packed, thin-walled cells cells Together = an annual growth ring Together = an annual growth ring Mean width of rings dependant on:Mean width of rings dependant on: tree species tree species tree age tree age availability of stored food availability of stored food climate (precipitation, temperature, humidity, climate (precipitation, temperature, humidity, sunshine, sunshine, windspeed, humidity) windspeed, humidity) Trees as filters and sources of palaeoclimatic dataTrees as filters and sources of palaeoclimatic data
TREE SAMPLINGTREE SAMPLING
TREE SLICE SAMPLINGTREE SLICE SAMPLING
Increment borerIncrement borer
Collection of the tree slice
Tree slice surface preparation by polishing
Choice of the suitablepart of tree slice for dendrochronologymeasurements.
Tree core
TREE CORE SAMPLINGTREE CORE SAMPLINGTw
o kind of tree sam
pling for dend
rochronology m
easurement
Tw
o kind of tree sam
pling for dend
rochronology m
easurement
TREE RINGS MEASUREMENTTREE RINGS MEASUREMENT
Device for tree ring width measurement LINTAB in Gliwice Tree Ring Laboratory Device for tree ring width measurement LINTAB in Gliwice Tree Ring Laboratory Measurement precision is 0,01 mm.Measurement precision is 0,01 mm.
Each tree should be measured at least in two radiuses.Each tree should be measured at least in two radiuses.The final results is The final results is meanmean from each radius of adequate tree ring measurement. from each radius of adequate tree ring measurement.
TREE RINGS MEASUREMENTTREE RINGS MEASUREMENT
UNDER THE MICROSCOPEUNDER THE MICROSCOPE
Microscope view of pine (Microscope view of pine (Pinus SylvestrisPinus Sylvestris) ) sliceslice. This part shows. This part showsannual tree growths close to tree annual tree growths close to tree pithpith..
PithPith BarkBark
PithPith BarkBark
UNDER THE MICROSCOPEUNDER THE MICROSCOPE
In some cases tree growths are very thinIn some cases tree growths are very thin (e.g. (e.g. during the during the droughtdrought)). In this picture annual growth. In this picture annual growthss
with very small with very small widthwidth 0,3 – 0,8 mm are shown. 0,3 – 0,8 mm are shown.
PithPith BarkBark
UNDER THE MICROSCOPEUNDER THE MICROSCOPE
REGISTRATION OF MEASUREMENT DATAREGISTRATION OF MEASUREMENT DATA
TSAPWin Basic 1.15b TSAPWin Basic 1.15b Program for registrationProgram for registrationtree measurement data.tree measurement data.
EXAMPLES OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY MEASUREMENTEXAMPLES OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY MEASUREMENT
Stump 1_1 (r0 - 81 growth disappears)
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
calendar years
gro
wth
wid
th,
mm
width r0, mm width r1, mm width r2, mm avr
This pine slice comes from Niepołomice Forest, near Cracow.This pine slice comes from Niepołomice Forest, near Cracow.
Stump 1_2
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
4
4,5
5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
calendar years
grow
th w
idth
, mm
width r0, mm width r1, mm avr
This pine slice also comes from Niepołomice Forest, see the similarity of dendrochronology measurement on plots.This pine slice also comes from Niepołomice Forest, see the similarity of dendrochronology measurement on plots.
EXAMPLES OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY MEASUREMENTEXAMPLES OF DENDROCHRONOLOGY MEASUREMENT
CHRONOLOGYCHRONOLOGY
FFor investigations of climate condition changes in the pastor investigations of climate condition changes in the past,, on the basis on the basisof dendrochronology measurementof dendrochronology measurement,, the calendar scale must be prepared. the calendar scale must be prepared.In this fact the tree rings from different trees are compared for constructionIn this fact the tree rings from different trees are compared for constructionof complete chronology.of complete chronology. In many cases tree rings width were correlated withIn many cases tree rings width were correlated withdendrochronology standard adequatedendrochronology standard adequatelyly for investigated tree species. for investigated tree species. ThisThiscorrelation allows to match the correlation allows to match the measurement of measurement of tree rings width to the calendartree rings width to the calendaryears. years.
Different sources of dendrochronology
material
Matching of tree rings width or indices
Chronology
ISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS IN TREESISOTOPIC COMPOSITIONS IN TREES
PrecipitationPrecipitation
AtmosphericAtmospheric CO CO22
LightLight1313CC
1818OO
1818OO
22HH
1515NN
3434SS
1000)(
)()(1213
1213121313
std
stdsample
CC
CCCCC
1000)(
)()(1618
1618161818
std
stdsample
OO
OOOOO
1000)(
)()(12
12122
std
stdsample
HH
HHHHH
1000)(
)()(1415
1415141515
std
stdsample
NN
NNNNN
1000)(
)()(3234
3234323434
std
stdsample
SS
SSSSS
‰
‰
‰
‰
‰
PREPARATION OF SINGLE TREE RINGSPREPARATION OF SINGLE TREE RINGS
Tree slice was cut by small chiselTree slice was cut by small chisel After After that,that, wood sample is cut wood sample is cutfor small piecesfor small pieces for chemical for chemical
treatmenttreatment
Chemical treatment in Soxlet’sChemical treatment in Soxlet’scolumns. Wood is in cotton bags.columns. Wood is in cotton bags.
Wood samples are rinsed inWood samples are rinsed inbenzene/alcohol mixture (2/1 proportion)benzene/alcohol mixture (2/1 proportion)
Resin and dyesResin and dyesremovesremoves
Boiling samples in laboratory bathBoiling samples in laboratory bathseveral hours in 90several hours in 90ºC for ºC for removing of removing of
rest of chemicalrest of chemical mixture. mixture. Next samples are dried. Next samples are dried.
Combustion to COCombustion to CO22
for GPC measurementfor GPC measurement
Benzene productionBenzene productionfor LSC measurementfor LSC measurement
cellulose productioncellulose productionfor stable isotope for stable isotope
concentration measurementconcentration measurement
MEASUREMENT OF ISOTOPES RATIOS IN TREESMEASUREMENT OF ISOTOPES RATIOS IN TREES
COCO22 BenzeneBenzene CelluloseCellulose
GPCGPC LSCLSC
AMSAMS
1414CC
1313CC22HH
3434SS1818OO
1515NN
MASS MASS SPECTROMETERSPECTROMETER
www.carbon14.plwww.carbon14.pl
