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1
1971 . - - . -, . , , . , " 2001 ". , . 1971 . . , . .
, . 16 . . . , , . , .
. . , . 1975 . . . , , ", ".
Unix , AT&T. . ,
. Macintosh , , , , , , . , , ? .
Sun Microsystems , , Java. . , Microsoft. . :
. ,
. - . , . , . , , .
, . . . , , , . , , . , - ? , .
2
1990- . . - - . , . , . , , . : , , ?
. - . .
, , : ; 12 ; 14 16, 20 , 30 . , 20 10 000 . 8000, 4000 .
-. . , 20 2000. , , , 20 10 000 .
, , , . , , , , .
, , , , , , . . , , . , .
, , . , : 10 000 .
: - : , , , 10 . , , , , , , , , . , . , , , , . , . , , .
, . , , , , , . (Genius Explained) :
- . , . , , ,
, . , , , (No. 9. . 271), . .
. , , , 20 .
, . ( : .) ? 10 . 10 .
, , 1 . , , .
, . , , , . . 10 , . 10000 , , . - , 10 000 . .
: 10 000 - . . . , , , . - , .
3
, . 1971 . - . , , , . , , - , . , . , . Scholastic Aptitude Test . , . , .
: , . : , , , , , , , . , -.
1970- ., , .
, -, . 1970- .
. , ; , .
, . , . . , . , . , , , . , , , .
- - . , , . , , , 10 ? , , , .
. 1960- . . . , . . , , , . . ,
, , .
. . , , . , 1960- . . , , , . , , .
:
, . , , . , . : , , , - . .
, MTS ( ). 1967 . . 1970- . . , , . . , - . , , .
1971 ., -. - . . . , , , 17- .
, ? . , . .
, , . ? . 24 , , . , . , , , .
: . , , . . , . - , , "" , t = , . . t = .
, . , , ; MTS ,
; , 24 , ; , , UNIX. . . . , , , .
- , . , . , - , . , , . , : --. , . , . . , , , , , , , . 1971 . . , . , . . , ? , .
? - , ?
, : ,
- , , .
, , 1964 ., , .
: , ? 1957 ., . ( , , , .) , , . 1960 ., -, , .
-- , ! (Shout!) . , -. . . -. , . -.
, . . . , . . . "" ,
. , .
? . . . , .
- , :
. , . , , . , ,
.
, , . , , .
?
, :
, . . I - , , , .
?
1960- 1962 . . 106 . 92 . 48 , 172 . , 1962 ., 90 . , 270 . , , 1200
. , ? . .
, , - , . . - , , -- . , . , , , . .
5
. , . . . Microsoft. , . . .
, - . , . , . .
- , , , . . . .
, . .
1968 . , , . 1960- . . , . , . ASR-33, , . 1965 , . - . , , , 1971 . .
- . . , ASR, , , . , .
Computer Center Corporation ( C-Cubed) . . . ! C-Cubed .
C-Cubed , .
, ISI, . 1971 . ISI 1575 , .
: . . . . - . , , - . . - .
. . 24 , , . . ! . : , .
- ISI, , - TRW, , . TRW , , . . , : , ISI.
-
. , . , , , .
, , . , , .
1968 . ? : . : , . : , , C-Cubed, , . : 1ST, . : TRW . : , , . : . : - .
? , . , , , , . 10 000. ? , , . C-Cubed , TRW, . ,
, . .
6
, , , -. , , , . , . .
, - , . . . . , , , . , , .
-. . . , . , . . , , 1968 .
, , . ! , , - , .
. , , , . 75 , Forbes. . , , , , .
, $
1
318,3
Standard Oil
2
298,3
Carnegie Steel Company
3
II 253,5
4
231,6
Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad
, $
5
VII 210,8
6
188,8
Gulf Oil
7
188,1
Ford Motor Company
8
169,8
9
II 169,4
III J
10
167,4
New York and Harlem Railroad,
11
166,9
12
Iff 155,2
13
, 1-
153,6
14
II 151,7
15
1 142,9
16
-. 141,4
Standard Oil
17
128,0
Wal-Mart
18
115,0
American Fur Company
19
,
110,2
20
99,5
21
95,8
22
III 88.8
Rensselaerswyck Estate
23
86,3
Gulf Oil
24
84,7
Long Island Rail Road
, $
25
-. 84,7
26
81,2
Huanuni tin mine
27
80,7
28
80,4
Weyerhaeuser Corporation
29
79,3
Citibank
30
73,9
31
72,4
Telmex
32
..
67,8
33
67,1
Union Pacific
34
66,3
Marshall Field and Company
35
63,6
Central Railroad of New Jersey
36
58,8
Seaboard National Bank
37
58,0
Microsoft
38
58,0
Oracle Corporation
39
56,2
Derwent Valley Mills
40
55,8
Reliance Industries
41
52,4
Berkshire Hathaway
42
51,0
Mittal Steel Company
43
50,1
Getty Oil Company
44
47,2
James Graham Fair
45
46,1
Merck & Company
46
45,1
Western Union
47
45,1
UnionPacific
48
45,0
Reliance Communications
49
44,9
Central Pacific Railroad
, $
50
-. 43,4
Hughes Tool Company, Hughes Aircraft Company, Summa Corporation, TWA
51
43,2
Curtis Publishing Company
52
42,4
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western Railroad
53
40,9
Pacific Railroad Union
54
40,9
Standard Oil Company
55
40,0
Microsoft, Vulcan, Inc.
56
40,0
Metropolitan Broadcasting Company
57
..
39,8
General Electric, US Steel
58
38,8
Standard Oil
59
38,1
Seibu Corporation
60
37,7
Carnegie Steel Company
61
IV 37,0
62
35,6
Pullman Company
63
34,6
Central Pacific Railroad
64
33,5
American Tobacco Company
65
33,4
Armour Refrigerator Line
66
'
33,3
Consolidated Virginia Mining Company
67
32,5
Consolidated Virginia Mining Company
33,0
IKEA
..
32,9
DLF Universal Limited
70
-
32,0
Hutchison Whampoa Limited
71
31,7
Brooklyn Rapid Transit
, $
72
31,4
73
30,9
Central Pacific Railroad
74
30,2
Singer Sewing Machine
75
-
29,5
Kingdom Holding Company
, ? 75 14
, XIX . . , , . 20% . !
:
1. , 1839
2. , 1835
28. , 1834
33. , 1836
34. , 1834
35. , 1840
36. , 1834
44. , 1831
54. , 1840
57. . . , 1837
58. , 1839
62. , 1831
64. , 1834
65. , 1832
? , . 18601870- . , , . , -, . , , . , , 20 30 .
1840- ., . , .
1820- ., : . . 14 . , , , , , , 1 . [ .
1 1830- . . XX .
. ? 1830- . : , . : 1835- , . ]
.
, - 1975 . Popular Electronics Altair 8800. $397. . : ! -, . Popular Electronics, , . ,
. , . .
1975 . , ? , , , . , . 1975 . , , , - IBM, IBM, , , Microsoft. , , : ? . . , .
1975 . - , , , IBM . . . . . , - $397. , , , , 1952 .
. 1975 . , . , , 1958 . 1975 . , , ,
. - 20-21, 1954- 1955 .
. , . ?
: 28 1955 .
! , 1 .
. ISI C-Cubed. Microsoft .
: 21 1953 .
Microsoft , - .
: 24 1956 .
, Apple Computer, , , . , , , . , , . - , -, . Hewlett-Packard, , . , -, . , , .
(Accidental Millionaire), , .
Hewlett-Packard. , , , . , , - . . - ,
. ? , . , . ?
: 24 1955 .
. Novell, 2001 .
Google.
: 27 1955 .
, , , - 1955 . , 1830- . , . , , , .
, . , , . . , . , - , . ,
, , !
. , . , , , . , , , . , , - , .
: 8 1954 .
Sun Microsystems . , , Sun Microsystems:
: 13 1954 . : 28 1955 .
: 30 1955