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Russian Literature L VIII (2005) 317--336 www.elsevier.comflocate/ruslit Elsevier '~OKJIAjIHAfl 3AFII4CKA' AH]IPEIt BEJIOFO B TEO HAPKOMIIPOCA: O KYPCE FICtlXOJIOFHH B TEATPAJIBHOM YHHBEPCHTETE ~EOHI4~ 3YBAPEB BcKope nocJIe peBomotm14 1917 ro~Ia noaa~ BJIaCTb croJmnynacb c neo6- XO~IHMOCTbtO ncnoJIb3OBaTb Ha nepBsrx 3Tanax CTpOHTe~bCTBa HOBO,~ npo- 7IeTapCKO~ KynbTypsI 3nanHfl n OIIbIT TO~ qacTI, I pyccKo~ I4HTeYlYtHrerlIIVIVI, KOTOpa~t cOqyBCTBeHHOrtpnHnna ycTanOBnBmHfica nop~;aoK. Cpe;m acex po- ~IOB HCKyCCTBa 6OJIbm¢ BCeFO BHHMaHH~I yjIeJI~lJIOCb, HO)KaJIyH, TeaTpy, KOTOpbI~ 6blYl Heo6xo)IHM HOBO~ BJIaCTH KaK arnTa~noHna~ Tpn6yna. rio UeTKOUy 3aMeqaHi4Io B J/. Xo~aceBHqa, "B Ty nopy COBeTCKne yqpe~(;Ieuna eme rtepe)K14BaJiH 3noxy [...] nepuaHeHTSOrO ¢TaHOBJIeHH~t. K p y r )Ie~ITeYlbHOCTtIK a ~ o r o H3 HHX HeIipecTattHO MeH~IYIC~I, TaK~e KaK ero rIpasa H o6a3aHnOCTn". 10;InaI~O K Becse 1918 r. ace ynpaBneHHe Tea- TpaYtbHbnVl ~esIOU B cTpaHe nepemao B Be~IeH~ie TeaTpam, Horo OT)Iefta (B Ra:ibHe~meu -TEO) HapKoMnpoca, KOTOpbIfiBo3rnaBI47ta O. ~. KaueseBa. B COCTaB neTporpa)icKoro TEO BOm~H A. A. BaoK, Be. 3. Me~ep- xoab/I, A. M. PeMH3OB, 14CTOpnKTeaTpa i~ HyIIIKHHHCT 1-I. O. Mopo3oB, ny_ 6JI14IIHCTI4 KpHTHK I/IBaHOB-Pa3yMHI4K (IICeB)IOHtlM P. B. I/IBaHOBa) H ~ p y r n e )Ie~ITeJIH KyJIbTypBI. 2 BcKope nocne nepee3;la npas~ITeJIbCTBa B MOCKSy (BeCHo~ 1918 r.), TyjIa ~ e nepeMecTrlYlOCb H pyKOBO)ICTBO TEO, KOTOpOe OTC~O,~IaHe TOJIBKO 0304-3479/05/$ - see front matter © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi: 10.1016/j.ruslit.2005.07.020

‘Докладная записка’ Андрея Белого в ТЕО Наркомпоса: О курсе психологии в Театральном Университете

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Russian Literature L VIII (2005) 317--336 www.elsevier.comflocate/ruslit Elsevier

'~OKJIAjIHAfl 3AFII4CKA' AH]IPEIt BEJIOFO B TEO HAPKOMIIPOCA:

O KYPCE FICtlXOJIOFHH B TEATPAJIBHOM YHHBEPCHTETE

~EOHI4~ 3YBAPEB

BcKope nocJIe peBomotm14 1917 ro~Ia noaa~ BJIaCTb croJmnynacb c neo6- XO~IHMOCTbtO ncnoJIb3OBaTb Ha nepBsrx 3Tanax CTpOHTe~bCTBa HOBO,~ npo- 7IeTapCKO~ KynbTypsI 3nanHfl n OIIbIT TO~ qacTI, I pyccKo~ I4HTeYlYtHrerlIIVIVI, KOTOpa~t cOqyBCTBeHHO rtpnHnna ycTanOBnBmHfica nop~;aoK. Cpe;m acex po- ~IOB HCKyCCTBa 6OJIbm¢ BCeFO BHHMaHH~I yjIeJI~lJIOCb, HO)KaJIyH, TeaTpy, KOTOpbI~ 6blYl Heo6xo)IHM HOBO~ BJIaCTH KaK arnTa~noHna~ Tpn6yna.

rio UeTKOUy 3aMeqaHi4Io B J/. Xo~aceBHqa, "B Ty nopy COBeTCKne yqpe~(;Ieuna eme rtepe)K14BaJiH 3noxy [...] nepuaHeHTSOrO ¢TaHOBJIeHH~t. Kpyr )Ie~ITeYlbHOCTtI K a ~ o r o H3 HHX HeIipecTattHO MeH~IYIC~I, TaK~e KaK ero rIpasa H o6a3aHnOCTn". 10;InaI~O K Becse 1918 r. ace ynpaBneHHe Tea- TpaYtbHbnVl ~esIOU B cTpaHe nepemao B Be~IeH~ie TeaTpam, Horo OT)Iefta (B Ra:ibHe~meu - T E O ) HapKoMnpoca, KOTOpbIfi Bo3rnaBI47ta O. ~. KaueseBa.

B COCTaB neTporpa)icKoro TEO BOm~H A. A. BaoK, Be. 3. Me~ep- xoab/I, A. M. PeMH3OB, 14CTOpnK TeaTpa i~ HyIIIKHHHCT 1-I. O. Mopo3oB, ny_ 6JI14IIHCT I4 KpHTHK I/IBaHOB-Pa3yMHI4K (IICeB)IOHtlM P. B. I/IBaHOBa) H ~pyrne )Ie~ITeJIH KyJIbTypBI. 2

BcKope nocne nepee3;la npas~ITeJIbCTBa B MOCKSy (BeCHo~ 1918 r.), TyjIa ~e nepeMecTrlYlOCb H pyKOBO)ICTBO TEO, KOTOpOe OTC~O,~Ia He TOJIBKO

0304-3479/05/$ - see front matter © 2005 Published by Elsevier B.V. doi: 10.1016/j.ruslit.2005.07.020

318 fleonuO3y6apee

npo~onxano ocymeCTBnnTb pyKOBO)ICTBO rleTporpa~cK~IM TEO, HO H co3;Ia- :io MOCKOBCKnfi TEO. 3

CoTpy)IHI, IKaMH MOCKOBCKOFO TEO cTann Bgqec3ias I/IBaHOB, Baa;m- cnaa Xo~laceBnq, IOprnc BaJITpyIlIa~TIIC, MHxaHn Fepmen3oH, AneKce~ Ba- xpymI, IH, Ba.rieprI~ BpIocoB, a TaK~e AH~pe~ Be31bi~, pa6oTe KOTOpOrO B TEO H n o c s a m e n a HacToniJIa~i ny6nnKauHu.

Hpe6Lmanne AH;lpea Benoro s TEO HapKounpoca 6bi:lo He;IonrHu -- UOZ6pb-~era6pb 1918 ro;la. 4 YiepBosaqa~HO Benbi~ cny~Hn B He;larorH- qeCKO~ ceKIIrIH, Ha 3ace]iaHI, IrI KOTOpO~ 17 ;leKa6pu 1918 ro sa npoa3omno BbUIeJIesI~e cauocTOnTeJIbUOfi Hayqno-TeOpeTI4qeCKO~ ceKIIHrL BO rYlaBe KOTOpO~ BCTaJ/Ben~. 1-IoMnUO nero S CeKIIHtO BOIIIJIIt [I. [I. HeptloB, B. 3. Me~epxon~;I, M. B. Ca6amSHKOSa n Baq. I/IBaHOB.

Bonpoc o ~porpauMe TeaTpa~ibHOrO yHHsepcnTeTa BnepBble o6cyT~- ;Ia~cz 23 ~era6pu Ha 3ace;laHnn opraHn3osanao~ npH HayqHo-TeopeTnqec- ~o~ ce~ann cnetmaa~HO~ KOMHCCHH rio s~pa6oT~e nporpaMMbI TeaTpaa~- HOrO ynnsepcnTeTa. 5 Ha 3ace)Iannr~ npncyTCTBOaaan AH;lpe~ Be~s~, H. 3qbpoc, H. BoaxoHc~n~, B. CaxnoBcxn~ n M. 3~xeHroa~tL B TOT ;leHS o 6 c y ~ a ~ a c s nporpaMMa Kypcoa yHnnepcnTeTa, COCTaBaeHnaa H. 3qbpocoM I~ riporpaMMa My3bIKa~IbHI, IX KypcoB, nO/IrOTOB~IenHa~q H. Y[. ]~p~OCOBOfi.

B paMrax no~lrOTOB~enno~ 3qbpocoM nporpa~Ms~ npeaycMaTpaBa- aocb B IV-oM ceMecTpe OTBeCTH 4 qaca 3aH~ITI/I~ )IJl~t Kypca IlCtlXOJIOFHH H 4 qaca - ~n~ Kypca ~O ncnxonornrI TBopqeCTBa. BrUDtMO, Be~IoMy He IIOHpa- an:IOCb cxpoMnoe MeCTO, ~OTOpOe aTn ~ypc~I 3anuan a paMxax nporpaMM~X 3qbpoca. Bo aCaKOM cayqae, K cne~ylomeMy 3ace;lanmo, nocsmaeHnOMy TOMy ~Ke BOIIpocy 14 COCTO~IBmeMyc~I qepe3 TpH )~H~I, OH I/O~FOTOBHYl CBOIO IIporpaMMy 3aHJ~TH~ IIO IICHXOJlOFHH, KOTOpa~ HHKOHM o6pa3oM He MOrea ocyIIIeCTBHTbCII 3a Te qacbl, KOTOpbIe 6SIGH OTBe)IeHbI )~n 3THX KypcoB nO n~any 9qbpoca.

B 0TOT ReHB, 26 )leKa6pa, Ha oqepeRHOM sace;IaHrm KOMHCCHH 6 t)e.rlblM 6~,~aa o rnamena COCTaBaeHHaa riM nporpaMMa. 7 3aceaanne XOMHCCnn npo- XO~HaO HO;X npe;wenaTem, CTBOM Ban. t4saaoaa, Ha IJeM Ta~xe npncyTCT- Bosaaa O. ]I. KaMei~eBa, H. O. BoJI~OHC~rIfi, M. )~. 3f ixeHromm, B. B. Ii ia- IIOmHIIKOB H F. I/I. qy.llKOB.

Or~iamaa CBOIO 3anncKy, Bem,i~ paccqHTblBa.II, qTO eFO i lporpaMia 6y- ~eT HClIO.IIb3OBaTbC,'I )ZIDI 3aH~ITH~ 1IO Cl-lelIHa..rII:,HOCT~IM HCHXOJIOFH~I TBOp- qeCTBa, 3CTeTHKa, HCTOpH.q 3CTeTHqeCKHX yqCHH~ H HCTOpH~I Ky.lIbTypI:,I MblC.IIH.

Ha COCTO.qBmeMCa 3aTeM 06cyx;IeHVlI~ Baq. I/IBaHOB o6pazH2I BHHMa- HHe Ha HeocymeCTBHMOCTb IIpOFpaMMbl Be~oro. Pa3BepnyBm~eca ;Ia~ee 1/peHHfl BecBMa J/K)6OHbITHbI, HOgTOMy MbI HpHBO~IHM OTpbIBOK H3 IIpO- TOKO~a 3ace~IaHHa:

'/2omac)naa ~anuc~ca' Ant)pea Ee~oeo a TEO Hap~omnpoca 319

Bgtt. 1/leano6. HpoBeCTH ee MOF 6hi pa3Be TO.rlbKO CaM A. BeflbI~. HcTopnqecKas qaCTb Tpe6yeT cOqeTaHHa B ~eKTope paaHoo6pasHbIX H pe~tKO coqeTaeMbIX 3HaHH~. TeopeTrtqecKaa qaCTb n p e ~ n o z a r a e T ycBoeHne CBOeO6pa3HO~ TOqKH 3peHHa A. Beao ro . 3 a ~ a q a BbIpa6OTaTb MHpOBO33peHHe H 06pa3OBaTb tteabHOrO qeaoBeKa, noBHaBmero ce6a, aKTepa, He Tepmonte ro CBOe~ JIHqHOCTH, CJIHII/KOM CYlO)KHa. I( ee pemeHmo A. Be~bifi no~xo~tnT MeTO~OM 3KJIeKTHHeCKHM. ~)TOT 3K.rleK- THBM Oc06eHHO an~ten B HCTOpHHeCKO~ qacTrI. B o BCaKOM c~¢qae rtcToprtqecKa~ qaCTb Kypca nCHXOJ]OrHH qpeBMepHo n o ~ p o 6 n a , ~o neperpy~KeHnOCTH rI ~10 HeBO3MO~KHOCTrI ee B~CMqrtBOrO ycBoenrm c~yttlaTeJ]aMH. KpoMe TOrO, He BH~Ha B Heft o 6 m a a H)le~Haa CB~Bb, KOTopaa 6bl npe~IoxpaHg:m cnymaTef la OT rlpe~cTaBJleHI4a, qTO Bce yqeHH~l TIZIeTHbI H OTHOCHTeJIbHIaI~ qTO rlo3HaHHe HeBO3MO)KHO; OT OTqa,qHH,q B I2eHHOCTH qezoBeqecKnx HCKaHHH HCTHHbI.

1-IporpaMiy IqpaKTHqeCKHX y n p a x o e n H f i nO ncr lxohorHr i B. I4. HBa- HOB rlojI~epmnBaeT.

A. Eem, t~t. B o s p a x a e T npoTnB HeocymecTmIMOCTH nporpaMMr~L Hpeno~aBaHne MO~KeT 6blTr~ I]oJIeJ]eHo Ha p a ~ I KypcoB. JIeKTOpbI ~O.rl)KHlaI CTO,qTb Ha ypOBHe CoBpeMeHHO~ HayKrl n c n x o a o r n H . [ IcHxo- ~orHHeCKH~ npouecc )Io~xeH 6I, m , npe~cTaB~eH, saK )KHBO~, ~OH- KpeTHbI~. TeopeTriqecKaa qaCTb ~O~DKHa 6bITl, orirtcaHHeM Ha6Jno)Iae- MblX FICHXHqeCKIIX rlpoI~eCCOB. HcToprtqecKa~i qacTb He ~OJI)KHa 3a- K.rllOqaTb B ce6e BCeFO ylIOM~IHyTOFO B nporpaMMe c item, K) 6 o a e e ZpKO~ xapaKTepHcTHKH Hanpaa~eHHa.

1". Llya~:Oa. 1-IonaraeT, ~TO nporpaMMa C:~O)KHa n HeocymecTmtMa, ecaH ee npoBO~nT~ aKa~eMHHecKn, HO Ha Hee MO~KHO CMOTpeT~ KaK Ha n p o n o B e ~ , a ~aa H36e>KaHHa OaHOCTOpOHHOCTH napa_qae~HO aBeCTH ; I p y r y ~ nporpaMMy, KOTOpaa HayqHna 6 ~ c z y m a T e ~ e ~ Baa~eT~ n cTap~IMH I~eHHOCTaMn.

O. ,~. Kameneaa. 3rKaB~maeT, B CBaBrt C 3aMeqaHneM B. H. HBaHOBa O60TCyTCTBHH a nporpaMMe nonoxnTeZSHO yTBep)KaaeM~X nCTHH, qTO HeKOTOpa~I ~IorMaTHqecKafl OCHOBa ~KeYlaTeJ~bHa, TaKOIO OCHOBOI~ MOFJIO ~bl cJ]y)KHTb MapKCHCTCKOe yqeHHe 3KOHOMHqeCKOFO MaTepn- aJ1H3Ma.

M. ~. 9(oceneom,~t. YIpe~naraeT CMOTpeT~ Ha nporpaMMy A. Be~oro KaK Ha pyKOBO~CTBO ~l~fl J]eKTOpa, H3 KOTOpOFO OH )IOa~KeH c~e;~aTb BblBO)2bl CaM.

A . / ~ e a b ~ . Hcr txozor r i a a e p n y ~ a c b ~ paccMoTpenmo ncr txo~orHqec- ~oro qba~Ta ~a~ Taxoaoro, n MeT0~ ee l~3yqenn~ ~OYI~KeH 6bITb 3~cne- pnMeHTam, nblM. H a npe; lbl ;aymne Teopml ~OnXHm 6UT~, c ae~am, I TOa~O ~paT~ne CCblJaKn. I lporpaMMa ne ~to~mna 6~,~Tb 063OpOM My- 3efiHoro nuaeHTapa, a onrlcbmaT~ ~lytueanyro ~xn3m,. AKTep ; t o ~ x e n 6UT~ a a e ~ e a a qba~T, a ne a npenapaT~,L C ~ p y r o ~ CTOpOr~U, n p a s T n - qecKne yI~pa>KHeHHfl Heo~xo,~HMbl. CyiymaTeJib HoqepnHeT H3 HrIX yMeHHe H HaBbIK EIpHMeH~ITb HeKOTOpbIe HpaBH.rIa ~yILIeBHOFO gaMOBOC- IIHTaHHfl.

320 fleonuO 3y6apea

A. Ee.rlbt~ ~?fMaeT, qTO 6e3 HeKOTOpblX HpaBrtJl HeJ]b3~/ IIOH~ITb, KaK pa3BrIBaeTc~[ a6cTpaKTHaa MbICm, Ha o6paBnofi, n OCTaHyTCa He- IIOI-IflTblMH MnOr~te 6ore, mile Mb~CaHTeYm. C J]OrHqeCKO~ TOqI(~I 3peHrt~ 3TO npeJlcTaBneHrte c~omHee, qeM C ~irmaMrtqecKo~.

B. 14. Haanoa. rlo~araeT, qTO npaKTHqecKHfi )IHHaMH3M rpaHHqHT C peYlaTHBHBMOM, y~az~,maa Ha TeKyqeCTb, BeqHoe )IBI, DKeHI.Ie. ~)TO MO- ~KeT FIpFtBeCTH yqeHI, IKa K cKer~TIalIFiBMy.

A. Beabt~. FlpoTecTyeT npoTrtB Ta~O~ TOqKrt 3peHrDt. OH CTO~IT 3a MrtpOBO33penHe opraHr~qecKoe.

B. 14. 14aaHoa. YlprtBO]IrIT ~aK npnMep OTHOraleHI, I~ K HByqeHmO rIpe~MeTa Hnttme. qTO6~,I HB6aBHTbCa OT rnnepTpoqbrm rtCTOprtBMa, OH peKOMeRayeT "MOHyMeHTa.qbHy~O HCTOpI4IO". B. H. HBai.IOB T a r ~ e cq~t- TaeT 3TOT Me'toni npeno~aBaHru~ CaMblM BOCrlI4TaTeYlbHblM. Hyz(HO HayqnTr~ cmjmaTen~ nOCT~IraTb HaMgTHI4KId npouIsIOrO IOK B HcKyc- CTBe, TaK H B I.ICTOpi.IH MblCJ/I.I, 6e3OTHOCHTeY~bHO K 3BOJ]IOttriH, p a t h HI4X CaMHX, HayqMTb csrctuaTe~fl .rlIO~HTb MX, .rllO6OBaTbC$1 14M14, Bbl- 6npaTb 1.13 HHX TO, HTO HOJIIO~HTC~I, H pyKOBO)ICTBOBaTbCfl HMH B }KH3HH.

A./~eabtz~. He CqnTaeT ce6a BnpaBe roBoprm, o KaHTe 6e3 )2eKapTa, o ~eKapTe 6e3 ABryCTHHa. 8 Hrmme yqH~ TaHI~eBaT~, -- yMeT~, npbwaTs no anoxaM, Bn~leTb aB~enH~ CoBpeMeHHO~ ~KrtBHH, KaK OHg npom:m qepez TbrCZqezeTHa.

3TH HpenHZ npe)IcTaBn~OT rmTepec XOTn 6L~ r a t ~eMOHCTpaIIH~I TOrO BaBHaOHCKOrO CMeIIIenn• a3IoIKOB, KaKHM 6SlnH 3ace~IaHna TEO, n Toro IIpO~eKTepCTBa, KOTOpOe rocrlo)ICTBOBadlO BO acex e ro rlaqrlnann~tX. IIOCJIe IIpO;XOmrI~TeJlbnO~ ~rlcKyccrlri 6I, i ao IIOCTaHOBJIeHO OTJIOX(HTb ~a2IbHe~mee o6cy~rzteHne IIpOrpaMubI t3eJIoro ~Io c~e)Iy~omero 3ace2aHnz.

O~IHaKO IIpOTOKOJI 3ace~aHnz, COCTOzBmerocH 2 ~HBapH 1919 r., Hat lnHaeTc~ C H e 6 o J t b m o ~ , HO BeCbMa ~IK)6OrIblTHO.~ H K p a c H o p e q n B O ~ p e -

MapKtt: " B CBff3H C yXO)IOM <HeBO3MOI~HOCTI, IO> A. Benoro < p a 6 O T a T b > H3

<B> TeaTpa.qbHOrO<OM> OT~ezta<e> B03I~HKaeT B0npoc 0 n~iaHe pa3pa60Ti<n IIpOFpaMMbI TeaTpa,rlbHOFO yHI~BepcrITeTa <B I-IeCKOJIbKO I, I3MeHeHHOM BH- ~le>. ''9

0 6 m e e n a n p a B a e n n e 3THX I43MeHeHII~ CyMMtlpoBaYl Baq. I/IBaHOB, Ilpe~JIO~KrlB " c o x p a H H T b O6IILH~ ruIaH A. ]3eJioro ri IIpHCTylTIHTb K pa3pa6oTKe OT/IeYlbHbIX Ilpe~ueTOB. l q p o r p a u u b l He )IO¢l:~nbI 6blTb CJIrlIIIKOM noapo6nb i , OHH )IOIDKHbI onpe)lenaTb o 6 m e e co~ep)KanHe Kypcos H y r o n 3peHHn, nO~I KOTOpblM Ilpe)IMeT rt3naraeTca, a s qaCTHOCTH )IaBaTb 6o~bmyro CBO60~Iy YieI<Topau. 1 - [po rpauuy A. B e a o r o i io n c H x o ~ o r n n B. I/IBaHOB no~taepxrI - saeT , HO Haxo)IHT, qTO ee I~ICTOpI4qecKa,q tIaCTb 3 a F p o M o ~ I e s a " .

H a aTOM H ~ p y r n x 3ace)laHHaX (y~a~iocb m, IaBHT~, Bcero 7 npOTOKOaOB 3a nepHo)~ c 29 HOa6ps 1918 r. nO 24 MapTa 1919 r. , o~na~o MO~rHO nlpe~- IIIOYlOX(HTIa, qTO 3ace~laHrlfi 6b iao 3naqi.iTenbno 6oa ~me ) ilnaH A. B e a o r o

'~o~aOuan ~anuct~a' AnOpea Eeaoeo e TEO Hapno~mpoca 321

HeCKOYIbKO pa3 yrtoMrtHaeTc~[ raK i'i~iiioTeTilqecKa,q ocnoBa nporpaMMbI nO Kypcy, KOTOpyto Haao KoppeKTrIpOBaTb n coKpamaTL. H o ~i a CKoppeK- TnpOBaHHOM Bn~e nporpaMMa ne H a m a a ce6e npnMeHeHHa, nOCKOnb~y npOeKT TeaTpa~bHoro ynHBepCnTeTa I~e 5bln ocymecTBnen.

HacKonbKO MO~HO cy;mTb, ny6nnKyeMaa ' ) I o i a a ; m a a 3anncKa ' - 6bi~a COcTaanena ]3eab~M Meac;Iy 26 ~erca6pa 1918 r. ri 2 ~nBaps 1919 r. (MaTepnanhi T E O c o x p a n H a n c b ;mneKo He n o n n o c T ~ O n ;~OBO3mHO xaoTnqno pacnpe~eaeHLI no ;ieaaM, onHcaM H ~a)Ke qbOH)IaM FAPqb, nOaTOMy TOqHO ;aaTHpOBaTb ~OryMeHTr, I 3aqacTy~o He npe)xcTaanaeTca BO3MO)KHIalM). 0 5 OTOM CBtI,IIeTeYlbCTByIOT gBna~ rto3ieMrlKa c 3aMeqaHH~lMti, rtpoaByqaBmnMH Ha 3ace~Iarinn 26 ~eKa6pa (Hanpr iuep , Bent,ifi HeCKOn~KO pa3 oTBepraeT O6BnHeHrIe S 3KJIeKTtt3Me: " ynpe K n MeH~ B 3KJIeKTI43Me nOKOaTCa Ha ne~opaayMennH", "nporpaMMa 3Ta napa~IoKcanbna, 6S~T~ MO~eT, nO oHa Hoaa n uea~Ha; arne~TnaMa B ne~ neT"), a T a i ~ e OTra3 -- B

qbrtHaJle '~OKJIa)InOfi 3annc~H' - OT aan~nef imef i pa3pa6oTKtI nporpaMMbi. TeKCT ')~OKnajlHOi~ 3anncKn' n ' I l p n a o m e n H e ' K Heft, o 6 ~ a c n m o m e e

n o 3 m t n m Benoro ny6anKytOTCa no: FAPqb qb. A-2306 . On. 24. )I. 186. fl . 133-139o5.

I-[OCKOJII~Ky I43BeCTeH TOJIbKO TeKCT neaBTopa3oBanHo~ MamHHorlHci4, M~ Hamnn BO3MO)KH/aIM yHI~d~HIIIIpoBaTla a a n ~ c a H n e 3a raasH~X 6yKB, HMeH C06CTBeHHbIX I4 tlCIIpaBnTl, aBHbIe OHII46KH I4 oIIeqaTKI4.

322 fIeoHuO 3y6apea

AHAPEIYI BEYlbIIYi

1. 1-IPI/IJIO)KEHHE K ~OKJIA,~HOIYI 3AI IHCKE

)KII3Hb TeaTpanbHoro )IenTea~t naxo~riTCa B OCO6brx ycnoBnaX, CTaB~ImiiX ero Brie Kpyra O6bIqHLIX mo~e~. C oario~ CTOpOHbl, OH aomreri OT)IaBaT~Ca o6paaaM BOnaomaeMoro TeaTpaa~noro TBopqeCTBa; C apyrofi CTOpOHbl, Ori ne ,aoyt~eH Tep~tTb ce6~; OH ~IOYl~en 6r:,:Tb Boopy~eH yMeHiieM He TOnr~ro OTJIaBaTbC~I o6paaaM, HO II yMeribeM OBJIa)xeBaTb aqbqberTaun n riMnyJIbCaMHH, nopo~aeML~Un Hurl, )la6bI nepe~aBaTb ,r i3nl, )IpaMaTriqecKriX qyBCTB 3piiTeJDtM II COO6IIIaTb riM )IoJI~rioe 6JIaropo~Irioe BrrieqaTJIeHrie.

PaaBI4Trie riHTeHCIIBriO~ ~ri3nri qyBCTB )IOJDKriO cOqeTaTbC~l B HeM C cozrijlaiiiieu, Tpe3BOCTbIO; TeaTpaJIbribII~ ~e~TeJIb, 6y~Ib TO aKTep, 6y~Ib TO pe~rHHccep, IIOCTaB:IeH B oco6bIe yCnOBria KyJIbTypsI qyBCTB, yua, BOJIri; ecYlri OH pe~rHHccep, oil )IO~<eH 3riaTb coBepmeHno npa~Tri~ecrri ncnxonormo 3piiTeJI.q ri aKTepa; qTO6bI ttUeTb BO3MO~t(H0CTb H3BeCTHblM rIOjI6opou H y : - HLIX cpe)lCTB TeXHnKri ri IIrpM JIOCTrirHyTL HyZ<HOrO BO3~Ie~CTBna; OH JIoJI- ~eii yMeT~ npoBn~leT~ T s o p : e c r y ~ pa6oTy aKTepa ri nOMOq~ eMy BbmBIITS ce6a; c )lpyro~ CTOpOH~:, OH ~Io~gen yMeTS ~oop21riHnpOaaTs riHZ~riBri~lyan~- nbIe BbIItBJIeHHII riOHHMaHII/I xapaKTepa B COFJ~aCHb~ a~Kop~; He HaCriJIya riHjIriBH)IyaJIbHOCTri aKTepa, oil ~IoJ~xeri yMeTb HanpaBagT~, riHllriBrijIyaJIb- HOCT~ aTy B 06ttlrifi IIOTOK aCTeTriqecKoro BO3/Ie~CTBIIa TaK, qTO6bI cTpyii aToro rIOTOKa, CJmBa~Cb B o6mee Mope BOajIe~CTBHHfi, He yaiiqTOnCanri ~Ipyr ~pyra.

CTap~Ifi TeaTp 6bin IIocTpoen HHa reHriH o~moro, )layx a~TepoB: repofi ~0 ~IpaMbI, ~lOMiiHiipya Had ancaM6neM, srtoJIne BbDtBYDtJI ceSa (Poccn, MyrIe-

Ca )~ r i ~ IIT. ~l.); no~Iqac ~ ymep6y o6mero ct~eHiiqec~oro BO3)IeI~CTBHg; HHao6opoT: HOBb~ TeaTp, Bbmp~MJI~ aricaM6Ytb, 3aqacTyIO Ho)IaBJ~eT n~Iq- Hoe TBopqeCTBO BbljIatoriIIIXClt a~TepoB.

Pe~riccep ~Ion~eHH yMeT~ cOqeTaTS e~IIIHCTBO n riC~mOaiiTen~IIOCTS )IapoBariiia c ~Ien~IM BOa~IeflCTBna, C MrioropaaniiqrieM TBopnecKIIX CHHn scex )maCTHnrOB; pe~nccep ~loJ~eH nOBSICIITS ypoBeH~ TeaTpansnoro qboria, He yriaomaa, tie pacnaaamriBaa aaa aTOM qborie jlymeBribi~ pen~eqb Bbulammrixcs Ae~Tene~ TeaTpa.

Pe~riccep ~loa~reHH 6btTb My~pblM IlCriXOYIOrOU; coBepmeiiHO KOriKpeT- Hoe 3HaHiie IIcnxo~orriri IIeo6xo)lnuo eMy: JIn~t aworo 06~IqHSI~ oqepK ncii- xoaorriqecKiix yqeriri~ (I/ICTOpri~I HcrixoJIorriri) tlYln Ta II;[ii nHa~ ncrixo~orii~ ( ~ e M c a , FeqbariHra, dlnnnca ri T. a.) He~oCTaTOqHa ~ S nero. Flpeiio~aBa- ni le IIGIIXOJ/OFIIII B TeaTpadtbiiOM ~HttBepCHTeTe ~OYDKHO 6bITb nocTaB~teno Ha coBepiIieHno HOBbIX 1-IaqaJIaX: G O~HOH CTOpOHbI, ~IOYl~cnbI ~bITb BKpaTIIe coo6merib~ aKTepy )Ie~CTBHTeYtbHble ~IOCTHH~eHII~I IICHXOJIOFHHri, IIOJIbaylO-

'~omac)uan 3anucna" AnOpea Eeaoeo e TEO Hapt~oMnpoca 323

mefic~ CBOHM CO6CTBeHHbIM OHbITOM; C ~Ipyrofi CTOpOnbi, RoYI~Ha 6BITB BKpaTRe aapricoBana KapTgna 3BOa~OUHH n pocTa ncHxoaornqecKnx yqennfi B HCTOpVm. C TpeTbe~ CTOpOHbL aKTep ~IOSI~eH 6r~ITb nocTaBneH B H3BeCTHOCTb O q-vICTO IlpaKTHqeCKHX nprIeMax ry~mTypsi yMa, qyBCTBa n BOJIH: pe)Knccep ~IoJIaCelt yMeTS coraacosaTb n3o6pa~eHne npeo6pa~aeMo~ )KI43HI40T)IenbHblX aKTepOB B O6IIII4~ aKKOp~I npeo6pa>Kaeuoi~ x<rI3mI He IIyTeM BHeUIHtlX r~prteMOB ctteanqecKofi IIOCTaHOBKH, a rlyTeu nprlueHenrta anyTpenHnx npneMOB aae~emla 3pnTene~ a aKTepo~ S Tafinbl ~lpaMaTnqec- ro ro npocBeTaeHna.

Pe~Knccep ~IoaxeH 6LIT~ 3naTOKOM qeaoBeqecKofi aymn. qTO KacaeTcu arTepa, TO OH ~oaxeH 3HaTr~ CBOtO aymy: ~IpeBaee H3pe-

qerme: "YIo3nafi caMoro ce6u" nMeeT oco6y~o cnzy )Inu arTepa n exe;aneBno OT/IaBa~cb nao6pa~eHnK) q y x n x ~I43rIe~, nepeBonnolJlaacs TO a h e r o . a , TO s 6naropojInoro repoa, TO B rearlz, To B HIIqToxecTBO, paaBttBa.q B ce6e )KII3Hb qyBCTB H gMIIyJIBCOB, He CBOHGTBeHHblX eFO HH/IHBH)IVaJIbHOH )KII3Htt, aKTep MOmeT He3aMeTHo IIOTepaTb ce6a; IIOCTO~IHItOe pa.3~BoeHge co3HaHri.q Be~IeT rlJIrl K yTpaTe CrlJIbI rI KpelIOCTrI CaMOCO3HaHHfl, JIrI60 K JirliieMeprliO ri 0aJIbIIIH, JIH60 K TOMy 14 RpyroMy. B TOM 14 apyroM cayqae IlpStMa.q nero. 2IegTeYlbHOCTIa aKTepa IIO~IMeHgCTCg, aKTep CTaHOBI4TC~I IIJII4 paBHO~IymHbIM g306pa3nTeJIeU qero yro~HO nnH x e 6ecc]4JISHI~IM Ue~I4yMOU BCeX 6ypb 14 BeTpoB n306pa)KaeMoro ~lefiCTB~a; ponb OByia~IeBaeT VIM, a He OH elO; pa3Bi4BaeTca TaK Ha3l~iBaeMoe aKTepCKOe "Hy~po", CTOaI, me Bpe~.qllIee TeaTpy, CKOJIb II t~opuaJIbHaJt pacqeTJmBafl rlrpa.

FmlepTpoqbrla a6cTpaKTHOFO nOanMaaaa po~a BeReT K TpaqbapeTy (re- po~ 6l, eT ce6~t ~ rpyRs, Heroaa~ iopmttT JIO6 ~ T. ~I.). FHIIepTpoqbH~ 6ec- CO3HaTeJmHOrO yTonaHnu B pooh He ClIOCO6CTByeT TaK)Ke ee y ray6aeamo, BpeJLq YIIIqHOCTH aKTepa.

1-IO3TOMy yray6JleHIIe CaMOCOBHaHHg-- Heo6xo)IItMOe ycJIOBge )IYl~ aKTepa: OH ~IOJDKeH He TOJIbKO Ilepe)KgBaTb, HO H BJIa2IeTb rlepe~KrlBaHn~MH rI IIpHTOM TaK BJIa3IeTb, HTO6I~I He 3araymaT~ HX eCTeCTBeHHOrO pocTa.

TeaTpa2i~H~le npaKTHKH yme )IaBHO OC03HaaH ero, B CTy)m~X Xy)Io- )KeCTBeHHOFO TeaTpa peKOMeH)IyIOTClt MeTO/IbI IlpaKTHqeCKO~ IICHXOJIOFIttt (IIpHei~,~ cocpeJIoToqrlBaHHa Ha o6pa3e poJm, npneMl,~ npOHHIIaHn~ ce6z 06paaoM); HO IlpaBHJIa 3TH BBO~IItTClt He ClIelIHaJIIICTaMH, OI-IH cJIyqa~HbI; Me>KRy TeM B HCTOpHIt MbI BHJIHM pII)I npIIeMOB tt ClACTeM C yHpa)KHeHH~MH BOJIH, BHHMaHHIt H T. )I. C 9THMH CHCTeMaMH KyJIbTypbI yMa, HyBCTBa, BOIIH ltOBbI~ aKTep /IOJIXeH 6blTb BKpaTIIe O3HaKOMJIelt BBHJIV OFpOMHOH pOJIH TeaTpa ByjIynlero, ~Brl~¢ OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH aKTepa B ~eae pacnpocTpa~eHHa IIOJIJIHHHOH TeaTpaJIt~ltO~ K y ~ T y p ~ cpeRrI )IeMoKpaTHqeCKtlX Macc; aKTep JIOJIX(eH OTHOCHTbCiI K TeaTpaJIbHOMy )Iel~CTBHIO KaK K MHCTepIIH npe- ogpa~KeHrIa )KH3HH, r)Ie OH ItBJDteTCil He cJIytlal~HblM 9KpaHOM, Ha KOTOpblH 6pocaeTc~ )IpaMaTnqecK~fl o6pa3, r~e OH, agTep, eCTB IIO)IJmttH~IfI MHCT, OqHIKeHtleM yMa, qyBCTBa, BOJIH FOTOBJtlKH~ ce6a K KOJIJIeKTHBHOMy Re~CTBy

324 JleonuO 3y6apee

I lpeo6pameHn~ )KH3HH. H a ocr losaHrm s c e r o BbICKa3aHHOFO iI npe ; Inararo oco6y~o nporpaMMy rm ncr~xo:mrnm

2. f l O K J I A J I H A / t 3 A F I H C K A

MHe KameTca, r-ITO MbI ~OYDKHI~I TOqHO yCTaItOBHTI~ r rporpaMMy KypcoB

TeaTpa_a~,Hofi aKa;IeMn~I; Ban~HO, qTO6lbI B OCrtOBy O6IIIe~ IIpoFpaMubI ~ e r p~)l nporpaMM; B OCHOBy ~ e n p r m a T o r o cr iHcra KypcoB 3ter ~ n m b MHO~O COCTaBneHItbtfi CrIHCOK, ;Io6aBaeuHhI~ BaqecnaBOM HBaHOBr~IM I4 ne pe pa - 60TaHHLI~ H. E. 3qbpocoM; mO60fi cnacoK o 6 m n x KypcoB nOiOnTC~ na Kaac- cr@rIKatmH npeztMeTOB npeno~IaBanmq; a Juo6a~ KnaccnqbH~arlaz ecTr, y ~ e MHpOBO33perlHe, OHa HpejiIIoJiaraeT MI4pOBo33peHHe H MeTO)I MHpoBo33pe- HH~; TaKOBOe MrIpOBO33peHne I~ TaKOBO~ MeTO/I 6t,IJI B npe z u Io~e na oM MHOIO crlHcKe; Ha Hero MBI He MOFJHI He ItaTOJIKItyTI, C~I n p n o6cyax;leHHH )IeTaJIe~ IJporpaMMbI; Mr~l 14 HaTOglKHyJlttCB H, HaTOJ/KttyBmI~C/,, eCTeCTBeItHO cTa.~rI Ilepe]I BoIIpOCOM" He 1-iocrlemHo Jiri Hpttg~lJII4 MbI eFO; J /He rlpe]IHoJIara~, qTO ~anHbI~ cnHcox xypcoB B ero rnaBnbrx TeopeTnnecKHx XOaTypax a s s e T B OCHOBy cnHcKa KypcoB TeaTpansHO~ aKa~IeMrm, rIO3TOMy H He npe/monara_n BBO~nT~ B nporpaMMy Ara/IeMnH cBoero y r n a 3pennn; s npnnnTOM r cse - 2 e n m o cnHc~e 3ItaqHnnc~, rypcr , E n c n x o n o r n a , 3CTeTHKa, HCTOpI~a KynbTypL! HcKyCCTB (r~CTOpH~ CTn~e~), HCTOpn~ K y ~ T y p ~ M~mmt, Tpe6yromne o6~ac- n e n n z , cTpofir t~e arums n p n onpez tezennoM y r a e 3peHn~ Ha npe~MeT; m I m e m m l e CM~,m3a, ecar t omI 6 y a y r m,~xBaqem,~ ri3 onpe~te~ennof i r3mc- CtlqbI4KaIItlOHHOfi CtlCTeMt~I.

MHe 6 ~ o n p e ~ a o ~ e n o COCTaBHTb nporpaMMy c ~ e ~ y r o m n x r y p c o a : 1) l-[cHxo~orrI~t, 2) ~CTeTrlKa, 3) YlcnxoaorH~ TBOpqecTBa, 4) I/lCTOprl~/ Ky~l,- TypI~I MbICJIH, 5) I/lCTOptI~I 9CTeTItqeCKgX yqeHI4~, 6) HCTOpH~/ Ky~/bTypt, I HCKyCCTB. HeT a a n e r o a e r n e COGTaBJIeHHII n p o r p a M u s i KypcoB IICHXOJIOFHH; H HeT HItqeFO Tpy~rIee; Tpy~IHOCTI, H JIeFKOCTI, 3aBHCiIT OT TOqKII 3permn, OT B3rn~uIa Ha rlpelIo~IaBaHrle; eCJ/H MbI 6y~IeM pyKOBO~CTBOBaTr~C~I yr lpoule- HHeM O6I~IqHOFO yHHBepCHTeTCKOFO Kypca, TO CTOHT B31ITt, Kypc JIHTOFpa- ~tlpOBaHHBIX YIeKI214~ npo t~eccopa 3IonaTrma ~2 rI COCTaBItTb n p o r p a M M y H3

e r o or~aB~eHrla: o raaB~eaHe H 6yaeT n p o r p a M i o f i . T a r o e OTHOmeHHe K IIpOrpaMMe MeXaHHqHO; OHO ne CqIITaeTC~ C yqpex~IeHHeM, B KOTOpOM qI4- TaeTc~ 17peJ/MeT, II C 3a2%aHrleM yqpe~K~eHH~I. 1-lprI COCTaBJIeHHH rlporpaMMbi MO)KHO OTKpblTI~ Jiio6oe H3 COqHHeHHH riO IICHXOJIOFHH H Ha6pocaT~, OrJla- B~ieHrle 3TOFO coqrlHeHrI~; MbI Tor~Ia rtolIadlaeM B TOT HJIH HHOH yFOJI 3penHa Ha npe;IMez: B ncHxo~iorrm Ci ieHcepa ~3 - O/mH MeTO)I, B ncnxo~iorrm J I m l n c a TM - ) Ipyro~, y BpeHTaMa ~5 -- TpeTrI~, y ~ ) K e i c a ~6 -- qeTSepT~Ifi H Z. )I. I IpH COCTaBJIeHHH IlpoFpaMMhI riO IICHXOJIOFHH MBI )IOJIXZHbI onpejIe~IeHHo pelUHTI~, KaKyro mKOJ~y //CHXOJIOFHH MBI ?KeJiaeM ilpejIcTaBrtT~, B TeaTpaJib- HOM yHItBepCHTeTe; K Co)Ka.rleHHIO, 9TOFO BOHpOCa MBI He KOCHyJIHCI~. [IpH

'jT~omaOt4aa zanuc~a' AHOpea Eeaoeo e TEO Haptco~npoca 325

CocTaBneHnn nporpaMM p ~ I a KypcoB a He MOr He IIaTOnKHyTbc~I Ha Bo14poc O TOM, iIp14eMneia an MO~I Knacc14qbllKalIn~I TeopeTnqecrnx Ilpe)IMeTOB npe- IIO~laBanna; TaK14e KypcbI KaK 14cxop14a Kym, TypbI IICKyCCTB, 14cTopna Kynb- TypbI ib lCnl l , n c n x o n o r n a TBOpqeCTBa cyTb HOBble KypebI, He qnTaBmneca B P o c c n n ; BbUIBrlra.'I 14X, a 14Men ol lpe; ieaeaHoe llpeJIcTaBnenne o IIOBblX 3a- ]IaHHWA aKa~IeMlln. CBO~ y r o n 3pelllla Ha IIO2IXO~I K IlCnXOnOI'llqecK14M ~InClI14IInnHai 6y~Iymero TeaTpa~blloro ~Ie~iTen~I ~I MOT14BHpOBan B KpaTKO~ 3~Iecb IIpHaaraeMo~ 3alInCKe; Hy)KHO MHOFO cTapaHn~ n yCHnHI~, qTO6bI 9TOT llOBblfi IIO~IXO;I ocymecTBnnCa; 14ao60pOT: He ayx<llo HnKaK14X yc14YIll~, qTO- 6t,1 )IaTb Ty 14nn nI-IylO yrlpomeHnyI~3 mKonb14yto nporpaMMy llpeno~IaBaHna IICHXOBOFHH.

BBnRy TOrO, qTO MO~ IIO27X0~I K npenoRaBaHnlo ricnxonorn14 6bin llaI4~eH HeocylIIeCTBHMblM, a ilporpaMMa - 6eCKOHTypHo~, 3KYleKTHqHO~, 14eBblIIOnH14MO~ I4 elieilna.ribHO~, ~i n p e a n a r m o Ha BbI6Op Tpn rlporpaMMbI llpelio;iaBaHn~ ilCnXOnOr14n 14 CB~I3aHHblX C HetO )InClIn14nIiH "Y[CHXOnO- FHqeCKOH ~aTeTHKH", "YICHXOJIOFnn TBopqeCTBa'; OCHOBbIBa.qcb Ha TpeX mKOnbHblX onpe~IeneHHblX HCHXOnOFH~IX: Ha IICHXOHOFnRX f[)KeMCa, l ' e ~ - 2inHra ~7 rl Fep6epTa Cllellcepa; TaK14M o6pa3OM ~ cnnMalo CBOIO nnqHylO TOq~y 3peHaa:

1-a H P O F P A M M A (llo Feqba1414ry):

[Ipe~IMeT H MeTO~I ncnxonornn . )1yma n Teno. Co3HaTenbHOe 14 6ecco3Ha- TenbHOe. l-Io~pa3~lenenlle ncnxonornqecKHx 3neMeHTOB.

I lcnxoaorna iio3naHn~i. OmymeH14e (IIpocTOTa omymeHnfI, CaMOCTO~ITenbHOCTb 14 KaqeCTBO

omymeHnfi . 3aKOH OTHomenrla B o6nacTn omymen14~I). YipeJicTaBJIeHne. O6oco6neHne Ilpe~IcTaBneH14~. CoxpaHenne npe)IcTaBneH14~. BOCHOMHHa- Hne. COHeTaHHe Ilpe)IcTaBneHn~. HH~tnBn)Iya.rIbHble n o6IIIne npe/IcTaBne- alia. O6pa3oBa14ne 14pe~IcTaBnennfi: qbaHTa3na. BocnpaaTne. (Bocnp14aTne BpeMeHn 14 IIpocTpaHCTBa: FeHeTH3M, HaTHBH3M, BOCHpH~ITHe )Ie~CTBHTenb- HOCTH).

1-IclixonOFHJt HyBCTBa. LIyBCTBO H HyBCTBeHHOe olKylIIeH14e. HyBCTBO n ilpe)IcTaBneHne. ~Fo-

14CTnqecKoe 14 CHMnaTnqecKoe qyBCTBO. (I)n3nonoF14~I n 6140noFn~I qyBCTBa. Bn14an14e qyBCTBa na iio314an14e. YIcHxonorna BOnn.

l-IepBoaaqa~IbaOCTb BOnn. Bona n apyrne aneMenTbi co3aanna (nc14- xonorna Bneqe1414a. X(enanne. O6ay~tbIBanne. HalepenHe. Pemen14e). Bo3- ae~cTB14e BOnn Ha no311aHne, lla ~'yBCTBa, lla caMoe ce6a. Co3llaHne BOnn. Bona n 6ecco3HaTenb14oe. I411aaB14ayaabllbIfi xapaKTep.

Fipe~naraeMaa 14porpaMMa npocTa 14 KpaTKa; ona - ornaBnenlle oallofi H3 ~Hnr Fe~banara. Feqbanur - npeKpac14bifi ncnxonor. OTqero x e He BBeCTn ero UeTOa npenoaasa14na B TeaTpanlmylo aKaaeMmo? He BBOaa ere i y p c

326 f leonuO3y6apea

IICHXOJIOFHH, MbI CTaHOBHMCR Ha ToqKy 3penHa ilapaJiJieJ/HCTHqecKo~i

~OrTpHa~I. Mena ynpega~n 3a 3K~IeKT~I3M: 3a TO, qTO rICTOpHqecKHfi 063op ncrlxoJ~orHqecKnx ~IOKTpnH a BbtaeJ~mO B OCO6yIO qacTb nporpaMMbi, rOTOpa~ nO MHeHHIO MOHX OIIIIOHCHTOB r~ecTpriT rIMeHauH OT AprtCTOTeaS )IO HamttX ~ e f l ; HO BbI)IeaeHrte ttCTOpHtt I-ICItXOJIOFtlIt BblTeKaeT I43 UeTo2Ia MOeFO IIO~XO~[a K IIGHXOYlOFHH; MOH B3FJIJ/)I Ha IICHXOJIOFHtO TaKOB, qTO B HeM

IICHXOYIOFHR JIHIIIh B HaIIIH JIHH CTaHOBHTC~I IICHXOJIOFHeH ¢O6CTBeItHO, T. C.

aSTOHOMHO~ HayI<OI~, KaKOBO~ OHa y g e B 3apo~Isime cymecTByeT y 13pea- TanO, y 3-ImInca, y II/TyMnqba,18 y MrogcTep6epra, 19 ncrixo~orn~t ByH~ITa, 2° qbexHepa, 21 l'ep6apTa, 22 BeseKe, 23 FapT~rI, ~4 q~nXTe uYia~tuero 25 qaCTbIO I4 Feqb~mHra eme ne CyTL ncuxoaoeuu co6cmaenno; H IIOTOMy-TO HCTOpH~I IictI- xonorrIqeci~nx )IOKTpHH B MOeM MeTo~Ie eCTI, HCTOpH~I CTattOBJIeHII~I rlCHxo-

normI I~aK26 aBTOHOMHO~ uayri~; OHn o6~e)mHn~OTCa c ncnxonorrienO Apnc- TOTe~I~, C yqeHrIeM ~Ipemmx o )lyme, )lame c rpeqecKnMn "qbnarIKaMn", n60 no3yHr rpeqecKr~X qbH3HKOB -- "BCe nonuo )Iym". He 3KYIeKTI43M, a onpe- )leneHHa~ KoacTpy~urIa rypcoB 3acTamIna Men~ pa3~lenHT~, nporpaMMy ~ypcoB Ha Tpn qacTn: 1) I/IcTopnqec~yro, 2) )IorMaTnqecKy~o, 3) lqpa~Tn- qec~y~o. B npe)lnaraeMo~ nporpaMMe rypcoB (B oqepI~ax ncuxonornr~ Feqb~nHra) ncTopna ncuxoaornnec~nx ~OKTpnn Mo6nan3yeTcs B ~a~)lOM riyn~Te nporpaMMr~. Y~e a nepaoM nyn~Te nporpaMM~,I npn3sma~oTca H3

27 28 29 30 31 HCTOprlra: JIOI<K, JIe~6HHI/, 9pa3M, ~apBI4rI, Ka6annc, Te~nop,

32 33 34 "35 Cnencep, YloTrae, Fon~,6ax, Ben, Mnnm,, ApncTOTem,; rIpr~3LmaeTca COIIIIOYlOFHqeCKafl HCHXOJIOFtt~I, ~H3HO.rlOFHqeCKa,q H T. )I. I4cmopblbl tlCUXOJIO-

guttect¢uX ao33peltu~t He 6btKJltO~tUmb ttU Zt3 Ka~co~t ncuxoytoeuu: 30eCb 6onpoc a

mom, e nano~t pa~peze ona Oaemca; pa3pe3 Feqb)mHra eCT~, pa3pe3 HCTOpnH napa~ae~ncTr~qec~o~ ~OKTprIne; o6~,erTrmuee KpaTKrIM r~cToprIqeCrnM o6- 3OpOM CTaHOBJIeHH~I IICHXOJIOFHH Hpe~BaptlTb IICHXOJIOFHIO CoBpeMeHHOCTII, KaK "CTaB/JIyR3 HayKy". Ynpe~H MeHg B 9KJIeKTH3Me IIOKO,qTC~I Ha He~Io-

pa3yMenrm. BOT )lpyraa rlporpaMMa ncnxoaorrm (no)~XeMcy): Onpe~IeneHne ncrixoJ~orrm. MeTO)I H3nO~KenI4~I nCHXO~OrnH: qbusHO-

JIOFH~t MO3FOBr~IX nonymapnfi, ~a~ OTrlpaBHO~ nynKT. FIoapaaaeneHne ncn- XO3IOFHH.

OulymeHr~e. (I)I43HOYlOFHg omy~eHr i~ . OT~lI4qHe otuynleHH~ OT BOClIpH~ITtDI H BO-

o6pameHrI~. 3aKOH Be6epa. 3atol l qbexnepa. ~6 3atoll OTHOCrITen~HOCTI~. IffJ)H3HO.IIOFH~I OpFaHOB qyBCTB.

3peHr~e (raa3, a~oMo~Iatma, BOCX~pHaTne paccToarmz, pa~Mepa, IIBeTa r~ T. ~I.). Cayx (yxo, anaTOMna H qbI~3HO~OrHa yxa. KaneCTBO 3By~a. BS~COTa. TeM6p. FapMOHr~ I~ ~HCCOHaHC). Oc~3anne. TepMHqec~oe nyBCTSO, M~,~- nleqHoe qyBCTBO, 603/b.

Mo3r: CTpOeHHe io3ra , qbyH~tma io3ra .

'/[omaOnan ~anucna' AnOpea Eeaoeo a TEO Hapt,'o~mpoca 327

YCnOBtI~I HepBHO~ ~Ie~ITeJIbHOCTH (pa3pn~I, peaKimn, CTHMyJIbI H T. ,~I.). I-[pHBblqKa.

I-IoToK CO3HaHHa. JIHqHOCT]b; IIO3HaBaeMbI~ 3YIeMeHT CO3HaHtI~I, 1710- 3nfliOmHH 3JIeMeHT B CO3HaHHH. BHHMaHHe.

AccolIrlal~Ha. LIyBcTBO BpeMeHH. I lalaTb. Boo6pa~KeHrIe. BocnpnaTne npocTpanCTBa. M~,iIIIneHHe. 9MOIIna. I(IHCTHHKT. BoJI~I. r lc .xoaor~a a ¢~aocoqb.~.

BOT - TpeTb~I nporpaMMa. (17o CneHcepy): CpaBHHTeJIbHa,q ncnxonorna. HepBHaa CrlCTeMa. Cy6cTaHima ayxa. Ero COCTaB. OTnOCHTeaBHOCTb nyBCTBOBaHna. CrlOCO6nOCTL K accotmalmHpo-

BaHHtO. Y)IOBOJIbCTBHe H cTpa~aHrIe. }KH3Hb H ~yx, KaK COOTBeTCTBH~I: KJIaCCH(~HKaIIH~I COOTBeTCTBHH,

Koop)IHHalIH~I, HHTeFpaI~H~I IIX. Fipnpo~xa IICHXHqeCKO~ ~eaTenbHOCTn, ee pa3BnTne. PeqbaeKc,

HHCTHHKT, IIaM~ITb, pa3yM, HyBCTBO, BOYI~. FeHe3HC HepBHblX CHCTeM. CIIeLiHa.lIbHblfi aHayltI3. YicHxonorHa paccyx~IeHna. KJIaccnqbnKaIIna paccyx~Iesn~. KnaccH-

qbHKaIIH~I HaHMeHOBaHH~I H y3HaBaHn~. BocnpH~THe. BOClIpH~Ttle Tena, npocTpaHcTna, BpeMeHH, )IBH)KeHH~I,

¢oIIpOTHBJIeHH~t. OTHOIIIeHH~I IIO~IO6H~I, Co-cyIIIeCTBOBaHH~I, CoIIpHpo)IHOCTH, CXO)ICTBa, IIOC.TIe~OBaTeJIbHOCTH.

C03HaHHe BOO6IIle. KoHeqsbI~ Bonpoc. MeTa~m3rlKa. OIIpaB~IaHne peaJiH3Ma. ~tlnaMnKa

C03HaHHa. Cy6~eKT rI o6~eKT. CrleliHa2ii, Ha,q ncnxo~Iorn~I. KnaccnqbrlKalIHa. Pa3BHTHe IIOHJtTHH. Yt3~m aymeBH~iX BOnHeHH~, arOnCTnqecKoe n aa~TpyncTnqecroe

qyBCTBa. O6meCTBeHnOCT~.

TaKOBBI TpH THIIa HCHXOYIOFHH: HCHXOJIOFH~I BOYIIOHTapH3Ma, iiapaJiJieJlH3Ma H 3BOJItOIIHOHH3Ma; BCe TpH IIpOFpaMMbI Tpex IICHXOYIOFHH B MOe~ IIpO- FpaMMe 3aH~tJIH 61,1 MeCTO He B CHCTeMaTHqeCKOH, a B HCTOpHqeCKO~I qaCTH, KaK He "IICHXOJIOFHH C06CTBeHHO". Mo~I TOqKa 3pertH,[ 6IIHX~e K JlHIIIICy, IIITyMnqby, ~axe bpeHTaHy n Fyccepmo, 37 ncHxonorna B HamH )IHH HOCHT xapaKTep ~HCIIHHIIHHbI, rlOKO~II/efica Ha qHCTOTe IICHXOYIOFHqeCKOFO OnblTa, H O6OCHOBblBaeTCa ~beHOMeHOYIOFHefi B TOM CMblCJle, KaK 9Ty O6JlaCTb 6epeT

328 YleonuO 3y6apee

HblHe Fyccepab. Barna; l Ha n c n x o ~ o r r l m B Hamn ~IHIt It3MeHHJICIt. O6m~IHOe "yHHBepCHTeTCKOe lapelio;iaBaHHe" iicHxoJiorm4 B POCCHH He CTOHT Ha ypOBHe 3a;IaHn~ CoBpeMeHHO~ IICHXOJIOrHIt. HO He MeCTO B~IaBaTbca B ;Ie6aTbI O 3a/Iaqax 14 MeTOAaX IICHXOJIOFHH Ha 3ace;IaHrlaX TeaTpaJibHOrO OT~eJia; Ba}KHO BblIICHHTb O6mHH yFOJI 3peHH~I Ha npelIOjIaBaHHe rpyiinl~1 npe/IMeTOB, CBII3aHHblX C IICIIXOJIOFHe~; cJIe~IyeT BblpelIIgTb, BBO~HTb HJIH He BBO~IHTb cnymaTeJIe~ KaK B aHaJ-lII3 BIIeqaTJIeHH~ OT Ilpe;IMeTOB HCKyCCTBa (ncnxoaorn~IecKaa 3CTeTHKa), TaK n B aHann3 n onncaHHe TBOpqecKoro npol tecca ( n c n x o a o r n a TBopqecTBa); e can JIa, TO MOZ n p o r p a i i a KypcoB ilprleMJieMa, exeJm neT, ee c:Ie)IyeT OTKJIOHrlTb, qTO6l, I He TpaTrlTb JlrmlHrlX qacoB, H c)IeJIaB ~Ba m a r a Bnepe~I, He ~IeJIaTl, 06paTHblX maroB, KaK TO 6blJIO Ha IlpejIl, lOlylIIeM 3acejIaHrlrI, r~Ie nocJIe IIpHH~tTI~I B nporpaMMy KypcoB 9CTeTHKH H IICHXOJIOFHH IIOJIHIIJICII Bonpoc O TOM, 6bITb HJIH He 6blTb 9CTe- THKe B qIICJIe npeno~IaBaeiblX KypcoB; a BOBCe He HacTaIIBatO Ha p~;le MHOIO BbI/IBIIHyTblX KypcoB, fl fiX npe)~narmo; a He BbtllBHralO TOqHO pa3pa6oTaH- OO~ n p o r p a i M l , i, a yroJi 3peHna: ecnrt OH Kax<eTca napa~Iorcaar, m, i i , iia- pajIOKCaJII, Ha n p o r p a i i a , nprmaTa,a n p n nepBonaqaJmHO~a o63ope ee. Ho I l po rpaMia CBZ3aHa C yrJIOM 3peHrI~ Ha rpyr lny npe~IieTOB. 1-Ipn aapaRoK- cam, HOCTn yrJIa 3peHrla cJIe~IyeT n p o r p a i i y OTKJIOHnTI, rlJm paso6paTt, ee no cymecTBy (He orpaHrtqnBaJiCl, o6mr l i r I , He BejlymHMrI K oIIpe~IeJIeHHl, I i pemeHnaM 3ameqanriaMrI) riJin x e npe~cTaBrlTi, C06cTBeHHytO n p o r p a i i y ; n a n >Ke 3a ozcyrCTBnei OXOT~I n Bpe i e a H n p n r a a c n T ~ on~ITH~IX cne- ImaJIrlCTOB (ncrlxo~Iora par excellence38-qe~InaHoaa, 39 aCTeTrlKa CaMCOHOBa 4° rI ~Ip.), Aa6~I nprlBJieqb n x K HamefI o6me~ pa6oTe, qTO Kacaezc~ MeHll, TO It OXOTHO FOTOB yKJIOHHTbCIt OT COCTaBJIeHHII rIpoFpaMMbI 06ILIHX KypcoB, a TaK}Ke OXOTHO FOTOB II BblCJIymaTb 3aMeqaHIlll no cylIIeCTBy, HO 3aMeqaHHg, ncxo j I amne OT Kax<ymeroca BneqaTJIeHrI~, 6e3 KpHTHKH npe~IieTa, 6e3 HpOTHBOIIOCTaBJIeHH/I olipeAeJieHHoro CBOeFO yrJia 3peHH~I Ha 3a~aqH H MeTO~IbI IICHXOJIOFHH H 3CTeTHKH Ka>KyTC~ MHe TpaTo~ BpeMeHH; Ka~KjIbI~ rI3 Hac 3aBaJIeH ~leJIOM; MbI IIpHXOJIHM Ha 3acejiaHH~ He AJI~ IIpOCTOFO 06MeHa MHeHH~ H He ~IJI~ aKajIeMHqeCKrlX jIrlClIyTOB, a jIJI~ olIpejIeJIeHHoro CTpO- HTeJIbCTBa; 3TOI'O CTpOHTeJII, CTBa He 6l~IJIO Ha Ilpe)Ir, I;IylIIeM 3ace/IaHrlrI. Moa nporpaMMa r p y l m m Ilpe~lMeTOB, Bo3raa~naeMo~ ncnxoJIorrte~, OCHOB~maeT- Ca Ha 0CO60~ nOCTpO~Ke nporpaMM~i. Bo~ aTa IIOCTpO~Ka.

I l cnxoJmrna , KaI~ ori~rrHaa HayKa, a npolIecce caoxem~a ; TeM He MeHee ae~oTop~ie ~omyp~ i ee onpe~iem~anc~; ona n a y r a onncaxea~naa , n u e m m a a cao~ MeTOR, T. e. Hn 6 n o n o r n a (raK y CneHcepa), HH qbtI3HOJIOrHII (KaK, nanp . , y KapneHTepa), 41 rm ncnxoqbn3rtKa (Kar y OexHepa), UrI yqenrte o )IBO~HON nCrnHe (Ka~ y Feqb/mnra). O u a MOHOJIrITHa H ~loBaee~ ce6e. Ee MeTOR: Ha6J~Io~IeHHe, OlirlcaHne, OIIblT; IlpejIMeT Ha6mo~IeHHa rI OnHCanHa- IICHXHqeCKa,q XfH3Hb. [Ipoxo~IitHIHH Kypc CoBpeMeHHOH IICHXOJIOFHH ~OJDKeH yMeTb IIpaBHJIbHO OIIHCaTB, HaIIpHM., "CeFO~IH,qIIIHHH ~IeHb", KaK OH OTJIaJIClI B HeM; ~I npeAMeTOM IIO}IOgnbIX OIIHCaHHfi cJ~y~KaT KaH~H~aTCKrte pa6oT~I

',21owtaOuaa 3anucKa' AnOpea 1;eaoeo e TEO HapnoMnpoca 329

CTy~eHTOB B FepMaHCKHX yHHBepCHTeTaX: ~H3HOJ1OFH~I Mo3ra, cTpOeHHe HepBHO~I CI4CTeMbI CyTb rlO6OqHble TeMbl IICHXOJIOFHH, a He lIpaMble; OHa IIOKOHTGg Ha KOHKpeTHbIX ~aHHBPA HelIOCpe~CTBeHHOFO Ha6JIIO~eHH~I CO6CT- BeHHbIX rlpoLIeCCOB Ilepex(HBaHH~, T. e. OHa CBO~HTCg K CaMOIIO3HaHHIO. Ho "CaMOIIO3HaHHe" eCTb Ilpe~MeT H3yqeHH~I MHOFHX TeqeHH~, OTBepFHyTblX 1-1CHXOYIOFHeH BqepamHero ~H~ KaK He HayqHblX. CaM8~I 9Ta IICHXOYIOFH~I y~Ke He HayqHa; I/I OTBepFHyTble eIo TeqeH14g BHOBb BBO~14MIal O67aeKTaMH H3yqeHH~I HeHXOJIOFHH: ~)KeMC BBO~HT HCTOpHqeCKHH peJIHFHO3HMH OIIMT B Kpyr IlCnXO~OrHqecKoro aHa:m3a, aaanHsnpya ilpoltecc~i pa3~BoeHna ~nq- HOCTH n pacm14perlna COSHaan~; ie~I~y TeM ~IJI~I Me6nyca, 42 3Iai6po3a 43 H ~p. 3Ta O6JIaCTb eCTI, O6YtaCTb He IICHXOJIOF14H, a llC14X14aTpnn.

OnncaHne n Ha6nlo~eHHe npolieCCOB ~ymeBHO~ )KH3HH B HX Hep33- nO~KI4MO~ L~eJII, HOCTH eCTb Kpyr IICHXOYIOrH14; HO Ha6JIIO~erlHe H OIIHCaH14e 3aBepmaeMo B JrlO6OH HayKe 3KCIIepHMeHTOM; F~e y Hac IICHXOJIOFHqeCKII~ 3Kcnep14MennT? OH -- B ynpa>KHellnax c iblCJImO, qyBCTBOM 14 Boaeto; yllpa)KHellll~IMll 9TIIM14 H ~OJIXHa 3aH~ITt, C~I IICHXOJIOFH~I 3aBTpamHeFo ~llg; COBpeMeHHag IICHXOYIOFHa BIIJIOTHyIO y14epJiac~ B HHX; IIO3TOMy ee 3a~aqe~ ~IBJIgeTC~I B1414MaTeYII, HOe H3yqeHHe IICTOpHqeCKOFO OIIblTa pa3BHTH~I, yrpe- IEIeHHg 14 paclIIllpeHH~I yMa, qyBCTBa, BOJIH. F]~e ~IaH 9TOT OrllaIT? B ollbrrax BOCTOqHbIX (~HJIOcoqbllI~ I4 3alIa2tHO-eBpolIe~CK14X MOHamecK14X op~xenax; IlpaBoc~IaBHa,q BOCTOqHSAI rllKO~Ia, a TaK~Ke 3aiia~Ho-eBpotlei~cKa~ MIICT14Ka ~aeT OIIblTlaI paclrlrlpeHH~ qyBCTB, He3yHTCK8~I mKo~Ia ~laeT OHHbITbl yllpa~r- HeHH~I C BoJIe~; "OIIblTbI 9TH OTHMIIe ~OJI)I(HM 6blTb BBe]IeHM B KpyF rlCH- XOJIOFHqeCKOFO aHa~H3a". B MOeM oqepKe IIpoFpaMMM KypCOB IIC14XOJIOFH~I H rlCHXOYIOFHg TBopqeCTBa CyTI, ~ p y r ]Ipyra tIOIIO~IHfllOII~rle qaCTH; OIIblTbI TBopqeCKOFO IIepeco311aH14~ yMa, qyBCTBa, BOJIII CyTb O6I~eKTM OrIHCaTeJIb- HO~I IICHXOJIOI'HH; ~O~DKeH ~lalTb HOBIaI~I IICHXOJIOFHqeCK14~I IIO~XO]I K TBOp- qeCKIIM OrlblTaM (TaKOBI~IMH ~IBYDIIOTC$I H OIIbIT ~ora , n Orll, IT MHGTHKa, H OII~IT ~eoHap~o ~a BHHq14, H OrlblT FeTe); FeTe, Bn~eKaHarlaa, 44 JIo~oaa 4~ CyT~ o6~eKT~I ncnxonornn TBopqeCTBa. HOBa~ rlcrlxoaornz xoqeT BCKpblTb OrlblTbI rlCTOpH14; olla - onseT OII~ITOB; TaKOB~ ee ~ep3all~a, TaKOB ee pe- BOJItOI~IIOHHbIH na~poc.

KOIITHHTerlT yqerlllKOB rlame~ aKa~eMH14 -- oco6~ifi; B HeM ~OJI)I(nlaI Co3~aBaTbCH HH aKTepbI B IIpeXHeM CMBIC~Ie, HH pexHccepbI, a 14HCTpyKTOpB~ rlOBOrO Teazpa: 60~IISi rlOBO~ TBopqecKo~ ~KIISHHrl, BoopymellH~le HOBSlMrl HCTrlHHO peBOJIIOIIrlOHHBIMH 3a~aH14~IMH, 3HaKOMMe ¢ HHCHXOYIOFHe~ TBOp- qeCTBa; HCTOpHHeCKH~ OllblT HYIH tlpaBHJIO ilepeco3~IaHH~t c e 6 ~ 6 n o e o e o

,-te.~oeeKa JIeX(14T B OCHOBe ps~a OIIblTHbIX yqeHrl~, Bqepa OCMeflliHblX, a HblHe ilolleaone aSO)IrlMr,~X B TeaTp (6e3o BCaKO~ C14CTeMt,I, 6e3 orlpe~eneHHO llpoBe~eHnoro MeTO~Ia). 51 II03BO~IO ce6e HalIOMHI4Tb O IlpaBll~IaX, pe~o- MemlyeMl, IX K. C. CTarlnc~IaBC~rlM CTy)m~IIaM Xy~IoxecTaeliHOrO TeaTpa: yqerlnK B CTy)m14 ~IO:IXeH aO~TI~ ~ ~aHHy~O po~s He c~iyqa~m, IM rlso6pa- x~eHrleM rlOBepXHOCTHI, IX aqbqbeKTOB; orl ~O~DKen S~3BaT~, 06pa3 ~ po:m,

330 MeonuO 3y6apea

naripHMep, o6pa3 Cmpoumea.~ Coabneca, 46 MblCJIeHHO npoc~e;~I4Tb 3TOT 06pa3 )I0 MoMenTa ero rtonBJieHi4~t B RpaMe; OH ~IO~KeH nOCTapaTbC~ BhI3BaTb B BOO6pameHHH ~e~ICTBO C05tbHeca, HpocJie~IrITI, ero )KHRHb, I/I6ce- HOM He OnnCaHnyIO; ;Ianee on ; I o ~ e H Ha OCHOBaHHH HaI~JIeItHOrO "3epHa" JIHqHOCTI, I Btt~eTb a c n o o6pa3b~ aHqHOCTH, X. e. noBe)IenHe aHqHOCTH a YIIO6OM c n y q a e ~ n S n n ; ; 1 0 ~ a ;lo "3epna" , oH Mo~KeT HprlcTyrIHTb r poan ; ponb )Ion~xHa 6SIT~ pa3~enena Ha MOMeHTb~: " 3 e p n o " Me;mTaTnBno y3peH- HOB aHqnOCTH npoxo~nT CKBO3b o~pa3bi OT)leIIbHblX MOMeHTOa; 3TOT aKT npoae~IeHrIa "3epna" CKBo3I, o6pa3b~ TexnnqecKH HMeHyeTcu "cI~aO3m,~M xe~cTsHeM". KaK JIO~TH ~O "3epria"? )~na 3TOrO ynpa~naTI , Ca c Bone~ r BHHMaHHIO; MbICJIra ~ o n ~ n a 6~T~ cocpe; ioxoqena; n p a a n a a ynpa , ' xnenna c MbICJIbIO OI-I~ITb-TaKH IIpOBO)X~ITCg B oIIpe2IeYleHHOH CHCTeMe: yqeHHK CTy)xHH ~loJ~meH HpI, UITtI B COCTO~IHI'Ie IIOKO~[: OgBO~O]XI,ITbC~I OT HaHp~tTKeHH~t MbI- IIIeqHOF0 qyBCTBa, OCTaHOBI, ITb IIOTOK MbICYIH; IIOTOM BbI3BaTb MhICJIb~ co- cpe~IoTOqnT~Ca Ha HeR; Kor~la Ms~cns O~rHSeT, na~Io cyMeT~ He OT)~aT~ca e~ Bcet~eno. Bce 3TH n p a a n n a npaKTnXy~OTCa S CTy;IHaX cymecTay~omero TeaTpa, xax n n p a n n n a x y n s T y p u qyaCTBa. HO qTO aTO, ~aK He n o r a , ~ax He FIaqaTKM oHpe~eJIeI-IHOFO OIIbITa B ero CTacaHH "MbICJIeHHOFO KOHTpOJI~I", "HHHIIHaTHBbI", "paBttOBeCIt~I" H T. )I. BBe]IeM Mini HYIM He BBe)XeM MbI rIporpaMMy OIIbITHOH HCHXOYIOFHH H IICHXOJIOFHH TBopqeCTBa, Bce paBHO cnyqa~nb~e HaqaTrH "OHS~Ta" nOSO~ ncHxonornH 6e3 nCTOpan 3TOrO om,~Ta, 6e3 aHa~Haa OHblTa 6yayT pa3BHBaTbCn B cTapOM TeaTpe; oTpe3aTb HM )~OCTyn B TeaTpayt~,nbi~ yHHBepcHTeT 3HaHHT oTpeaaTb 3TOT yHHBepCHTeT OT :~KH3HeHHOH nopocnH, npo6HBa~ome~ca ¢KBO3b TpemHHS~ TpaAm~nOHHO~ clIeHbL

~i xoTen 6si npe~cTaSHT~ ce6e Kypc nCHXOnOrHH TB0pqecTsa 6e3 HpOHHO~ HCHXO~OrHHeCKO~ 6a3bL ~Ta 6a~a - OHnCaTe~bHaa OIIbITHa,q FICHXOYlOFH~I B MHO~I oqepqeHHOM CMblCJ/e, HO ~IaTb 3Ty IICHXOYIOFHK) BHe ee HCTOpHHeCKOFO CTaHOBJIeHH~I 3HaHHT: ;IaTb TIalHHHKH H IIeCTHKI4 IIBeTKa, o m n n a n KoponKy H aenqn~ ; Ta~O~ uae~o~ - He USeTOK.

B Hpe)lnaraeMoM MHO~ npoe~Te nporpaMM~i cyn~ecTBo~a~o Tpn qaCTH: 1) 3a;Iaqa rI MeTO)IbI HOBO~ HCHXO;IOrHH, 2) HCTOpHHecKoe CTaHOBneHHe "rICHXOaOrHH" B He)lasHeS, y~ce HCTOpHe~ o~aeprHyTOM CMblCYte (accot~Ha- THBHa,q YICHXOJIOFH~I, ~H3IIOflOrHqecKa,q, paIIl4OHaJIbHafl, Hapa~t~ieJ/HCTHqec- Kay, aOmOHTapncTnqecraa, 3Bon~oIIr~OHHaa H T. )I.), 3) co3peBaHne I4CT0pI4H C06CTBeHHO HCHXOYlOFHHeCKOFO OHblTa (OHblTbI C MblCYlbtO, qyB- CTBOM H BoJIe~O y aoroB, On~IT~ npeo6pameHHa HyBCTB B MHCTepH~x, oHbrrb~ OHHHIeHH~ yMa y HeoH3IaTOHHKOB, OTIIOB ~epKBH, acKeTa, yHpa~KHeHrIfl BOJ~H H T. ~.).

TpH ~aCTH nporpaMM~ cy r~ vpo~cT~enHoe ocBeme~ne npe~MeTa IICHXOYlOFHH, H B rlepBOM OCBelIIeHHH IICI4XOYlOFI4~I c~ara~acb B r~y6OKOfi )~peBHOCTH: oHa cJiara.qacb KaK 3THKa, KaK HyTb oqHtIIeHH~ yMa, qyBCTBa, sonH (oH~T MHc~epH~ H n o r o s ) ; oHa cymecTsOBana B X I X ~. ~a~ al ia-

'~omaOttaa sanuct<a" AuOpea Ee~toeo a TEO Hapt<o~mpoca 331

flnTnKa, T. e. Kar pna n c n x o n o r n q e c ~ n x )IOKTptIH, OCHOBaHHblX Ha paccyaoquoM aHa~n~e uepaanaraeMo~ IlenOCTHOCTtt ncnxnqecKo~ x<nzsn. Ona 6epeTc~ Hbme ~aK nepaanaraeia~ tIenOCTHOCTb, Ka~ nepexnBaHne uenOCTHOCTn, T. e. raK ncnxonornqecra~ aCTeTnra (Einffihlungslehre JI~nnca); 47 y x e y JInnnca MU nMeeu c6nmrenne ncnxonornn n aCTeTnKn. HO ncnxonorn~ 6nns~oro 6yaymero nMeeT ttenmo cnoxnTb npeacTasnenne o60I Ib lTe ncnxonorHqecKo~ 3THKH, aHanHTHKH H 3CTeTHKH B nepa3~enbHo He.IIBHBI~ CO~CTBeHHO IICHXOnOFHHeCKnH OIIBIT. BOT pe3IoMe Hpe,~naraB- ii ieroc~ MaTepnafla IIpOrpaMMm.

H P O F P A M M A HCHXOJIOFHH

3alia,In n MeTO~It, I 3KCIIepHMenTanbno~ n c n x o n o r n n . HenocpeacTBeHHaa aaHnOCTb ncnxnnec ro ro om, iTa: HenpeaszaT~,~ n

npeaB~nT~I~ onSIT. AHaanz Ilpe~tB~aToro om, iTa. Hcnxonorn~ qbn~nqecroro pa3jlpaxeHHn;

ee npeaB~STOCT~. I lcnxonorna omymeHna (ceHcyamI~M), ilCnXOnOrna BOC- HpI4~TH~I; IICHXOnOrn~t, IIOCTpOeHHa,q Ha Bone; I/pe)IB3~TOCTB OnbITa B 3THX nci, Ixonorn~x. tlHcTbI~ OHblT, nepBnqHbI~ qbaKT O1/b/Ta CaMOCO3HaHHJt. OIIn- caHne nponeccoB caMoco3HaHna, B3nToro co CTOpOH~I yMa, qyBCTaa, BOJIH.

Hcnxonorna yMa. IIc)~xonornqec~aa aHaanTn~a.

A) AHAJIHTIdKA B HCTOPI/IH ~peBHnX, y rpei<os, " ~ y m a " y HnaToHa. Hcnxonorna y AprlCTOTen~, oqepi< yqeHnn o ayme y IlnaTona n ABryCTnHa. HcHxonornqecKaa aHa~HTrlKa B cpeaHne BeKa n B anoxy Boapo~<aenna. AHrnn~craa IUKOna ncnxonormt OT XVII B. aO Hamnx aHem, qbpaHtty3craa n repMaHcraa m~ona TO~ x<e 3noxn. KpaTKH~ nepeqeHb CoBpeMeHH~IX aHannTnqecKnx aOKTpnH. I lcnxonornn qySCTBa; ncnxonornqecKa,q ~CTeTHKa.

B) DCTETHKA B HCTOPHI4 KynbTypa MnCTepnn, opqbnZM; ncnxonornqecKne Teopnn aKcTasa n npaBnnO OIII, ITOB B BOCTOqHO~ pennrrIO3HO~ mKone; MHOroo6pasne pennrno3Horo onmTa; MHCTnKa B CBeTe ncnxonornqecKo~ aCTeTnKn. Hcnxonorn~ Jlnnnca.

C) HCHXOJIOFHYI BOJIH: H C H X O J I O F H q E C K A H DTHKA B ncTopma pa~x<n-nora. HpaBrlna ynpa>Knenrla c Ml, icnmo, HyBCTBOM n BOJIe~ B He~; BOna K MbICnH; p a c m n p e H n e MbICJII, I; nCTOpn~t pox<)IeHHrt MIMIC= nrI nz BOneBLIX imnUeHTpatm~. FHoceoaorn-iecKa~ npo6neMa n nora rio- 3Hanna; BOnn K WBCTBy; KynbTypa qyBCTB (aCTeTnqecKoe TBopqeCTBO); BOnA K Bone; KynLzypa BOnn; HCTOpHn ~ynbTypbI BOnn; acKe3a, opaeHa.

332 fleonuc) 3y6apee

OIIttcaTeSlbHa3t, 3KcrleprlMeHTaflbHa,q FICHXOYIOFFIR KaK "Ol-lbIT OIIbITOB~'; coe;IaHearIe B Heft aHa.rlHTHKH, 3CTeTFIKH~ 3THKFI.

BOT pe3~oMe npeRnoxeanofi na npe~L~ayttleM 3ace~aaaa nporpaMMbi; nporpaMMa 9Ta napa~ogcaaLHa 6bITb MoaceT, nO ona aoBa a rtenLaa; 3KneKTaSMa B neff neT. MoTaBapoBga no~o6Hofi nporpaMMgI, no-MoeMy: 1) peBon~3t~aa B o6nacTH ncHxonorrm, 2) peBo~1oIIHa B o6nacTa TeaTpa. I/I peBoYlIOIIHOHHOCTr~ MOefi rlpoFpaMMbI BblTeKaeT I~3 pesoJIIOLIHOHHOCTH MOeFO 8srYbqRa Ha npo6~eM1,I co3HaHria. Ylpe~Jlaraa MHe COCTaBHTb riporpaMMy pa;Ia TeopeTnqecKax KypcoB, y~acTaaKa aamero sace~aana, oco6eaao B. H. HBano~, ~On~HBI 6B~n~ 6~I 3HaTB, qTO aKa~leMrIqeCKOfi rIporpaMMb~ B O6bIqHOM CMHC~Ie a He 11pe;ICTaBJIIO IIO coo6pa~eHI4aM 11pHHtlI4nHa~BHBEVL HpeR~IaraeMa~ nporpaMMa KpaTKOFO Kypca nO nCr~XO~OrI4H onpe~e~I~eT KOHTypbI papa TeopeTI~qecKHX KypcoB, HaMeqenrtblX B Hamefi riporpaMMe, onpe~enaeT n yron npeno;~asanaa. BOT gpaTgaa cxeMa COOTHOmeHaa gypc08.

CXEMACOOTHOIIIEHHSIqACTEH KYPCOB

HCHXO~OFHg

Y[crlxozlorrla yMa Ylcrlxonorrl~l qyBCTB I-IcHxoJIOFHfl BOJIFI

HcI~xonor. aHa~rtTrlKa 1-[CrlXOYIOr. 3CTeTI4Ka 1-IcHxoflor. 3TItKa

Kp aTKa.q I,ICTOp. O6sop HCTOp. 3¢TeZ. ~I MrICTHY. O6ps~oBe~eHHe "IICHXO'rlOFFIFI'~ yqeHl4H

~ O Y l O FI/I~I I/IcTop Ia-J/ ~ / J "" TBopqeCTBa

HCTOpH~I KynbTypb~ I4CKyCCTB B CBflBH C O6mHM pa3BnTHeM (HCTOpWq CTnae~)

'~onnaOnan sanucKa ' Andpen Benoeo e TEO HapKomnpoca 333

HcrIxoJ~orH~, 9CTeTHKa, rtcrIxoJ~orH~t TBopqeCTBa, HCTOpH~t KyYII~TypbI MblCYlH, tlCTOpH~I CTHJ/e~ 3~IeCl, ]IaHl, l B orlpe]IeJ/eHHOM apXtlTeKTOHHqeCKOM pacqneHeHrIn.

B a n a y He~oyMeHrm, B~,I3BaHHOrO npe~naraeMo~i nporpaMMO~i, ~ OTKa- 3bmarocb ee pa3pa6oTaTr~. FlycT~, yHaCTHrIKH 3ace~aHi4n r~pe)~no~aT cBoto r~porpaMMy.

I-KPHMEHAHHfl

B. qb. Xo~aceBnq, 'KHrf~Ha~ na.qaTa. I43 COBeTCKHX BOCl/OMHHaHH~', B. O. Xo~aceBrtq, Co6panue co,~unenuft 8 4-x moMax, T. 4, MOCKBa, 1997, C. 230. FIo~po6uee o co3)xanmt n ~enrezbnocTn TEO HapKoMnpoca cM. '~e~Tenb- HOCT~, HapKoMnpoca B o6nacTrt xeaTpam, noro HcKyCCTBa' (npe~Hcnoane n ny6nnKauns A. ~q. Tpa6cKoro), Coaemc~uft meamp. ~oKymenrnbl u ~tame- puagbt. PyccKu~ coeemctcu~ meamp 1917-1921, ,rIeHnnrpazl, 1968; 'BnOK B TeaTpam, no-nnTepaTypHo~ KOMHGCHH n TEO HapKoMnpoca' (ripe)xrtCaoBne n ny6nnKauns E. B. HBaHOBO~), Aaercanc)p Baor. Hccaec)oaanun u ~tamepuanbt. fIumepamypnoe nacaedcmao, T. 92, KH. 5, MOCKBa, 1993, CC. 134-224. IIojipo6nee o )IenTenbnocTn MOCKOBCKOrO TEO CM. P. ]3ep~, 'B~iq. HBaHOB rl coseTcKaa anaCTb (1919-1929). HeH3BeCTHUe MaTepnansi', Hoaoe aumepamypnoe o6o3penue, No 40, 6/1999, cc. 305-331; JI. ~. 3y6apeB, 'Baqecnaa HBaHOB n TeaTpanbHan peqbopMa nepBbIX nocnepeBonmttnonn~rx neT', Ha,taro." C6opnunpa6om ~to:lodt, zx yuenbtx, Bbm. IV, MOCKBa, 1998, CC. 184-216. 'AHztpefi 13enb~. XpoHonorHqecKan KaHBa >KH3HH n TBopHecTBa', A. B. 5Ia- BpOB, AnOpe~t Ee/Ibl~t O 1900-e eoO~,t. 3t~u~nb u aumepamypnan c)e.~me:lb- ttocmb, MocKBa, 1995, c. 317. FIpoToKOn 3aceaaHHs CM. Focy~apCTBeHHSI~ apxHs POCCH~CKOfi ~enepatlnn (~a, n e e - FAPO) O. A-2313. On. 6. ~. 308. JI. 14-18. FAPqb qb. A-2313. On. 6. ~[. 308.5I. 19-20 06. TeKCT nporpaMMbt, orJ~aIJJenHo~ Ha 3TOM 3ace~IaHnH, cpe~n MaTepria~oB TEO O6Hapy~KnT~, He y)/anoc~,. O~IHaKO pe~mMe aTO~I nporpaMMbI 6~,U~O BKmOqeHO Benb~M B TeKCT ny6nnKyeMofi '~OKna)/HOfi 3aHHCKH'. BepOnTHO HMeHHO 3TOT 3IIH30~ BCFIOMHHa.rl H3BeCTH~,X~ cOBeTCKH~ TeaTpan~- H~,Ifi aeaTe:n, rI. A. MapKOB (naqnHaBinn~ CBO~O Kaphepy ceKpeTapeM B TEO), HponnBripys no rmBoZpy neocymecTBneHHOCTn MHOrHX riaaHoB TEO: "[...] Mea~ly Bzq. HBaHOB~,IM ri AH~peeM Bem,~M BO3HHKna rioneMnKa o Heo6xo~HMOCTH nByqeHn~ CTy)leHTaMrI qbrmocoqbrm 6J~. ABryCTnHa" (rI. A. MapKoa, O meampe, T. 1, MOCKBa, 1974, C. 420).

334 ~eonuO 3y6apee

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

F A P ~ cb. A-2313. On. 6. )I. 308. JI. 53-54. IIpoTOKOZl npelIcTaBnneT co6o~ MatuHnonncb C npaB~o~ pyKo~ HeyCTaHOBneHHOrO nnua; npaBKa npnBe~IeHa B yrnOBb~X CKo6Kax. ~)pnecTO POCCH (1827-1896) - HTaabaHCKH~ aI~Tep. )KaH Myne-C~onan (1841-1916) - qbpaaL~y3cKn~ a~Tep, JIeB MHxa~aOBH~ JIonaTnH (1855-1920) -- pyCCKH~ qbnaocoqb, npoqbeccop MOCKOBCKOFO yHnBepcvrreTa, rae qHTa.q Kypc JIeKtln~ n o ncnxonornn, KO- TOpble, BepO~THO, nocetuaa AHape~ Ben~l~ BO BpeMn CBOe~ y~e6b~ B yHnBepcnTeTe. CM., nanpnMep, JI. M. JIonaTnn, Kype ncuxonoeuu, MOCKBa, 1903. Fep6epT Cnencep (1820-1903) - anrnn~cKn~ qbnaocoqb n ncnxoaor, ero pa6oT~ ~larIee n3aaraeT Beabi~. Teoaop JInnnc (1851-1914) - HeMeuKH~ ncHxoaor, co3~aTeab TeopHn aMna- Tma, KOTOpaa ncnoab3yeTca B n3yqeHnn ncnxoaornn TBopHecTBa. OpaHtI BpeHxaM (1838-1917) -- aBCTpn~cKn~ qbnaocoqb, aBTop pa6ovbx Hcu- xo~oeu~ c ~unupuueeKofi mou~u speuu~ (1874). Ynn~M ~,'~euc (1842-1910) - a~epnsaHc~n~ qb~LqOCOqb, ncnxoaor n ne- llaror, co3JIaTeJlb KolmemlIm "novoKa CO3HaHri~I". Fapaa~a (Xapaa~I) Feqb~mur (Feqbqbanur) (1843-1931) - aaTc~nfi qbnnocoqb n ncnxoaor , aaTop coqnuennfi, ~,~co~o lleHttMblX Benb~M, a qacTnocTn, 3naueHnTb~X Ouep~oo ncuxoaoeuu, ocno~auuofi na on~tme, ab~lepmaauanx uuo~ecTao n3aaHn~ a Poccnn (1892, 1898 nap . ) . Kapa IIITyunqb (1848-1936) - neMetmn~ ncnxonor, O~InH n3 co3aaTe~efi Teopgn qbyH~UnoHaanaua. Fyro M~oHczep6epr (1863-1916) - neuett~n~ ncnxonor, ocno~onono~nnK ncnxoTexHn~n. Bnn~rea~u ByttaT (1832-1920) - neMeLIrn~ qbnaocoqb n ncnxonor, oann n3 ocnoaonoaomHn~O~ 3~cnepnueuTaa~HO~ ncnxonornn. FycTa~ ~ e x n e p (1801-1887) - neMetlKn~ qbn3n~, Tpya~I ~OTOpOro 3aao~nnn OCHOa~l a~cnepnMeHTaagHOfi ncnxoaornn. Horann Fep6apT (1776-1841) - neuetI~n~ qbnnocoqb, ncnxoaor n neaaror , OCHOBaTeJIb aMnnpHqec~o~ ncnxo~ornn. Opnapnx ~9/Iyapa Believe (1798 - 1854) - neMeu~n~ qbnnocoqb-nc~txonorncT, paccMaTpnBaBtun~ qbnaocoqbn~ ~a~ npnr~aanym ncnxoaorn~o. ]IaBna FapTan (1705-1757) - aHran~e~n~ Bpaq n nenxonor, co3aaTen~ aCCOIItlaTI, IBHOI~ IlCtlXOJ1OFritl.

I4uuaHynn FepuaH qbnxTe (1796-1879) - neuetlKn~ qbnaocoqb, aBTOp ~nnrn Hclgxo~loeuJt. ApncToTem, (384-322 rr. ao n. ~.) - apeBnerpeqec~n~ qbnnocoqb, ero nOHn- Marine ~lyme~Ho~ aeaTen~nOCTri qeao~e~a cTaao ocno~ononara~omriM has pa~anqri~xx Te~eHn~ ncrixoaornn. I l i o n JIor, r (1632-1704) - aHrnn~c~n~ qbnaocoqb, ncnxoaor , neaaror , co3- aaTem, aMnripnqec~o~ ncnxonorrin Co3Harimt.

'~o~aOttaa 3anucKa'AHOpen Benoeo e TEO Hapt~oMnpoca 335

28 Fowqbpn~I BnnbreabM JIe~6HnU (1646-1716) - neMet~Kn~ qbnnocoqb, ero pa6oTbI rlo nCnXOO/OrHI4 Brlecn14 cymecXBeHribI~ BK~a~I B noHrtMaHne npH-

29 poau ncrrxnqecKoro. 9paaM Porrep~laMcKn~ ( 1 4 6 9 - 1 5 3 6 ) - y~enbt~-ryMa14ncr, nncave~b, 6oro- C.rlOB.

30 Hsep )Kaa Ka6aHnc (1757-1808) - qbpaHuy3cK14~ qbHJIOCOqb-MaTep14aYlHCT. 31 3~ryap~I BepHeTT Tefmop (1832-1917) - anr~m~cK14~ aTHorpaqb, Hcc~e~io-

BaTe.rlb riepBo6bITHO~ KynbTypbl; BMeCTe C F. CFIeHCepOM 61,I.rl OC140BOrlOIIO~K- It14KOM aBOJIIOII14OHHOM lIIKO.rlSI B 14CTOprlH KyJlbTypbI 14 aTHOFpa~14rl.

32 Pyaom, qb FepMaH JIoTtle (1817-1881) -- HeMettKn~ qbnnocoqb rt ncnxoJtor. 33 1-h, ep )/(an Fom,6ax (1723-1789) - qbpaHtly3CK14fi qbrInOCOqb-aHR14rdmne)114CT. 34 AneKcaI~p Ben (BAH) (1818-1903) - aHrnrifiCKrIfi ricrrxonor. 35 ]JJKOH CTIOapT M14nnb (1806-1873) - aHrS114fiCKllfi qbl4Jlocoqb, npe~IcTaBrtTeJIl,

aCCOU14aT14BHOfi nCWXO~OrHH. 36 3aKOH Be6epa-qbexnepa yCTaHaBYtPIBaeT CBII3S Me)K/Iy 14HTe14CHIBHOCTblO OI/ly-

tUeHr~ H C14nO~ pas/Ipa~ermn, ~Ie~cTBymtuero Ha KaKo~-nH60 opraH qyBCTB. B 1830-1834 rr. HeMeUK14~ aHaTOM, qbrtarionor, ncrtxonor 9pHCT FeHprtx Be6ep (1795-1878) yCTaHOBna, '~TO BOCnp14HrtMaeTcn He a6comoTm, i~, a OTHOCHTenbHMfi np14pOCT CrtJIbl paa~Ipa~HTeJin (CBeTa, 3ByKa, rpyaa, )IaBn- ulero Ha Komy, ri T. n.). B 1858 r. F. qbexHep o6pa6oTa.q peayJmTaTf, i ero Hccne)IOBaHHfi H BblBen MaTeMaTnqecKyIO qbopHyJly aTOM 3aBHCHMOCTH.

37 D)IrcryH)l Fyccepm, (1859-1938) - HIeMetlK14fi qbn~ocoqb, OCHOBOnOaO)KrmK (1)eHOMeHO.rIOFHH, O~HHM HI3 pa3~leJIOB KOTOpOl~ 61,1Ha qbeHOMeHOYlOFHqeCKa~l riClIXOJIOFHll.

38 IIo npe14MytUeCTBy (qbpamL). 39 Feoprrt~ I4BaHOB14q qeJmaHon (1862-1936) - pyccKrifi qbHnocoqb n ncrixonor. 40 HriKona~ BacHm, eBHq CaMCOHOB -- qbHJIOCOqb-HeOKaHTHaHeR, npeno~laBaTem,

MOCKOBCKOrO yH14BepcriTeTa, CM. ero nHTorpaqbrtpoBa14H~,I~ Kypc neKLtrt~, qrtTal,iH~,IX Ha Bb~cmnx )KeHCKriX Kypcax B 1914/15 y~e6HOM ro~ly B MOCKBe: H. B. CaMCOHOB, tlcmopux 9cmemu,tec,cux y,.tenu(t, q. 1, 6, MOCKBa, 6. r.

41 B14nb~lM (YHJIIa.qM) BeH~aMHH KapneHTep (1813-1885) - aHr/IH~CKrI~ rlc14- xonor, aBTOp KH14rH Chu3uoaoeun y~a.

42 FIayns Me6nyc (1853-1907) - HeMettK14fi HeaporiaTonor H ncrix14aTp. 43 qeaape JIaM6po3o (JIoM6po3o) (1835-1909) - HITaJIbIIHCKHM r~CHX14aTp, aBTOp

yqeHH~l O Bpo)t~3IeHHO~ GKJIOHHOCT14 K npecvyrtaeaHmO, o FeH14aJII, HOCT14 KaK pa3HOBH~HOCTH 6e3yMHIn H T. rL

44 CBaMH BHBeKa14aH/Ia (1863-1902) -- HImlri~CK14~i MblC~INTeJIb-FyMaI-I14CT, pemi- rHioam, i~ peqbopMaTOp n o6meCTBeHm, I~ ae~Tem,; aaTop pa6oT nO qbn~o- coqb1414 ~or~.

45 ]~on-I/IrnauI~O-~Ionec-ze-Pe14am, zo 51o~ona (1491-1556) - OCHOBaTem, ophe- lia He3yrrroB.

46 Cmpoumem, Co.rlbttec - - m, eca F. H6ce14a (1892). 47 YueHue o a,tyvcm~o~anuu (HEM.). Cp. "[...] pa3B14BaeT flrllTriC CBOIO Teopmo

'BqyBCTBOBaHHII' [Einftihlung]; HO Teop14z BqyBCTBOBaH14II eCTS csoero po~a Teoptt,q CHMBOnIt3Ma. 'I-IcIIxonorrm' JImInca eCTI, 3aMeqaTeJIbnOe npo143-

336 JIeonuO3y6ape6

Be)ieHrte - HO 3TO He 'P sycho log i e ' , a 'Einf ' t ihlungs Leh re ' " (An~pef i Beabi~, '~)M6JleMaTrlKa CMblCaa', Artapefi t3enbIfi, CuMeonu.vn tca~ Mupononu~anue, COOT., BeT. CTaXba rI npnM. 3I. A. Cyrafi , MocKBa, 1994, c. 70).