April 12, 1861 – South Carolina Lincoln sent supplies to U.S. soldiers

in the fort Confederates open fire on fort from

the harbor No one was hurt but it signaled the

start of the Civil War One result - VA, AK, NC, TN join Confederacy

Rating the North & the South

Railroad Lines, 1860

Resources: North & the South

Both were largely unprepared for war Both thought they were superior and

would win the war quickly and easily Both thought the other side was

responsible for the breakup of the U.S.

Southerners enlist eagerly because• Southern honor & local acclaim – grand

farewell ceremonies• Felt they were fighting tyranny – like

Revolution• Thought it would be a short, exciting

adventure

Slave states that stayed in the Union• Kentucky• Missouri• Delaware• Maryland

Overviewof

Civil WarStrategy

:

“Anaconda”Plan

Strategies North – Anaconda Plan – Blockade the

coast to prevent ships going in or out of the South & gain control of the Mississippi River

South – Similar to Patriots in the Revolution – defensive battles, fight on land you know, guerilla warfare

Battle of Bull Run (1st Manassas) July, 1861

AKA: First Manassas July 1861 – just outside of

Washington, D.C. Festive atmosphere among

Northerners Southern victory – North sent running

Confederate President – Jefferson Davis

Confederate Capital – Montgomery, AL until May, 1861 then Richmond, VA 

Union President – Abraham Lincoln

Union Capital – Washington, DC

Presidents

Primary objective in beginning was to restore the Union – reconciliation  "If I could save the Union without freeing any slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could do it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that”Never actually called it a WAR always a REBELLION

The Battle of the Ironclads,

March, 1862Monitor vs. Merrimack – iron plating and revolving turrets – ends in stalemate

•End of wooden warships

•Continuation of Union blockade

New Orleans – largest Confederate port

Combined Army/Navy effort under flag officer David Farragut

Captured New Orleans – mouth of the Mississippi River

One of the very few timesthat the navy captured a city

Naval Warfare – New Orleans

Battle of Shiloh

Corinth – major Confederate rail junction connecting east and west

Confederate army stationed here under Albert Sydney Johnston & PGT Beauregard

Pittsburg Landing – along the TN riverUnion army stationed here with William

Tecumseh Sherman (Grant =overall command)

Battle of Shiloh Cont.• Named this b/c it was near Shiloh

Church• Confederates achieved complete

surprise – Grant was in Savannah• Union divisions rally and fight back

during mid-afternoon• Hornets Nest – WHL Wallace &

Prentice are left as the right and left flanks retreat around them – Confederates move in

Battle of Shiloh Day 2• April 7th • Union =40,000

Confederates=28,000• Grant launches Union counterattack• Cause Confederate retreat to Corinth

• One of the first battles that showed the real brutality and potential length of the war

Battle of Antietam

Antietam –McClellan is fired as commander of

Army of the PotomacEmancipation Proclamation is issuedUnion victory convinces the British not

to help the South

Vicksburg Campaign – April - July 4, 1863 Gave the Union full control of the Mississippi River

Gettysburg – July 1-3, 1863• Pickett’s Charge• Joshua Chamberlain – Little Round Top• South could not replace the men they lost

The War in

the West, 1863:

Vicksburg

Commanders in the Vicksburg Campaign

Confederates• Braxton Bragg and Johnston

=Army of TennesseeUnion – • Ulysses Grant and William

Tecumseh Sherman = Army of THE Tennessee

• David Porter = Navy commander

The Set-Up

• Confederates control Vicksburg to Port Hudson blocking Union trade on MS river

• Union compensates with Railroads

• Vicksburg = key to Union Anaconda Plan

Start of Vicksburg Campaign

April 16-17 Union runs gunboats down

MS river past Vicksburg at night =

success

Simultaneous Union army movement

west of MS River

Also simultaneous Union cavalry

raid through MS to Baton Rouge

April 29th Grant reaches Bruinsburg by

crossing the MS river

Vicksburg Campaign Eastern Side of MS River

• May 1st Grant @ Port Gibson - doesn’t establish supply base• Caused Confederate confusion

• Grant moved East to Jackson -MS capital & key rail junction

• Battle @ Champion’s Hill – Confederates had high ground and still lost

• May 19th & 22 TWO frontal attacks on Vicksburg

The Siege of Vicksburg

May 18 – July 4, 1863

• Union waits for the trapped Confederates to surrender

• No hope for Confederates b/c all possible supply lines are cut off

Emancipation Proclamation – did not actually free anyone!!!!!!!!!! Freed the slaves in the areas where the Union was not in control – all slaves in the Union were still slaves

13th Amendment – abolishedslavery

Battle of Chancellorsville• April 30 – May 6, 1863• Union Army of the Potomac (Joseph

Hooker) vs. Confederate Army of Northern VA (Robert E. Lee)

• Union General Hooker had the advantage but gave it up to fight a defensive battle in the “Wilderness”

• Considered Lee’s greatest victory • Faced an army 2x the size by splitting

his troops in half for two offensives• Stonewall Jackson is killed in friendly fire

The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

Gettysburg Set-Up• Army of Northern VA – Lee

• Key commanders = • Longstreet (Lee’s Key subordinate)• Ewell (replaced Stonewall Jackson)• A.P Hill• Jeb Stuart Cavalry leader

• Army of the Potomac • June 27th Joseph Hooker resigns b/c Lincoln refused to give him additional troops• George G. Meade takes over command • John Buford Cavalry leader

The Road to Gettysburg• Lee crosses the Potomac river above

Harper’s Ferry and moves quickly through MD to PA

• John Buford and cavalry arrive at Gettysburg• Key defensive location• 10 roads converge – key transportation hub• Strategically great location

• Meade is in MD• Prefers to fight a defensive battle• He wants to fight Lee at Pipe Creek• Orders get confused and troops move

towards Gettysburg to help Buford

Gettysburg Day One

Gettysburg Day 2

Gettysburg Day 3

Gettysburg Casualties

Runaway inflation – almost 9,000% Class resentment

Those w/20+ slaves exempt from service

Upper class could afford substitutes 50,000 were purchased

High desertion rates 1/4 of the slaves escaped to Union

lines – the rest were increasingly disobedient

Peace movements spring up

Problems in the South

Northern Society

Decline in sale of products consumed/supplied by South – cotton goods, shoes for slaves, construction

Plentiful jobs but high inflationQuarter master Dept. single largest

U.S. employer w/thousands of manufacturing contracts

Union • Lower paid at first - 54th Massachusetts

refuse pay and their officers join protest• Given menial jobs• Segregated units with white officers• A few came from other places besides the

North – Canada, Africa, France, escaped from South

Violent attacks on black businesses, orphanages, homes

Also attacked homes of upper-class whites who could afford to pay a substitute to avoid the draft• A reflection of the gap between rich and

poor

Changing Roles of Women

South• Clerk jobs• School teachers for the first time

• North• Form the backbone of U.S Sanitary

Commission – nutrition/1st aid• Professionalization of nursing

Extensive Legislation Passed

Without the South in Congress

1861 – Morrill Tariff Act

1862 – Homestead Act -

1862 – Legal Tender Act

1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act

1862 – Emancipation Proclamation

1863 – Pacific Railway Act

1863 – National Bank Act

Emancipation

March 1862 – gradual emancipation - states choice• Wanted to colonize African Americans in

Caribbean/South America• Confiscation act (1862) take property of anyone

supporting the rebellion

• September 1862 – Post-Antietam = threat to Confederacy put down arms or lose slaves

• Jan 1, 1863 – formal Emancipation Proclamation for Confederate States Only

• 1864 Election – Republican Platform contained 13th Amendment proposition

Chickamauga/Chattanooga• September 1863 – November 1863• If Union can capture Chattanooga they can go

down Railroad to Deep South

• Union – Army of the Cumberland = Rosecrans

• Confederate = Army of TN = Bragg

• Initial Confederate victory – Bragg then institutes a siege on Chattanooga where Union has fallen back to

• Part of Army of the Potomac arrive in TN• Grant is now in overall command of West –

fires Rosecrans

Chattanooga

• Another decisive battle for the Union in the West

• Chattanooga was now PERMANENTLY in Union Control• November 26th – coincientally the day

following the end of the Battle of Chattanooga, was declared as a national day of Thanksgiving by President Lincoln

• This date had been set on Oct. 3, 1863 following Gettysburg in the middle of the siege on Chattanooga

Chattanooga & Atlanta

Atlanta Campaign

Atlanta – July1864• Atlanta = 2nd most important Confederate city

left

• Confederacy – Army of TN – Johnston• 60,000 men

• Union – Grand Federal Army – Sherman• 100,000 men• Contained the Armies of THE Cumberland,

TN, & OH• 10 weeks of fighting following the railroad down to Atlanta• Union forced Johnston back across the

Chattahoochie River towards Atlanta

Atlanta Continued

• 3 separate battles around Atlanta• Confederates lose each one

• Part of Union Army goes South around Atlanta to cut off Southern RR in

• Confederates incorrectly believe it’s a diversion

• By September 2, 1864 Atlanta is evacuated and in Union control

Types of WarfareLimited War – Make war on armies not

armies, civilians, and property Total War – Everything (armies, civilians, property) consumed by the war or involved in it

War of Attrition – the side with the greatest resources uses their power to wear down the other side

Sherman’s

Marchthroug

hGeorgiato theSea, 1864

March to the SeaNov. 1864 – Dec. 1864

• Atlanta to Savannah = 300,000 miles

• Tore up the landscape • Property damage emphasized – not harm to

civilians• Took livestock, crops, burned factories,

homes,etc• Goal was to undermine the morale of the

Confederacy and destroy the economy

Sherman’s March Overall• 650,000 Miles

• Under 100 marching days

• Captured 3 state capitals – GA, SC, NC

• Lost less than 600 men

Presidential

Election of 1864

The Progress of War: 1861-1865

The Final Virginia Campaign:1864-1865

South had abandoned Richmond=capital

Not a courthouse Unconditional Surrender

Casualties on Both Sides

Civil War Casualtiesin Comparison to Other

Wars

John Wilkes Booth – Ford’s Theater Confederate Sympathizers

Conspiracy Same day as a ceremony at Fort

Sumter – Lincoln chose to see a play instead of attending