_,...___,Ji ........ ..._,_, .. ,.,_, �.. lo•' -- '�-- ... 1 - •--�C Electrical System' Design . >

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• Hydroelectric T-G Control Systems• Generator Control & Protection

Systems• Generator Excitation System

Application• Emergency Backup Systems

• System Power Factor Correction• Power Distribution Systems

• Automation Control

• System Protection

• Drive Systems Application

• SCADA Control Systems

• Diesel GenSet Control Upgrade• Synch Motor Control Systems

• Synch Condenser Control Systems

_d1.,: j urnkey Installation Upgrade Packages jSt, • I ' ,

• Generator Excitation Systems• Generator Voltage Regulator Systems• Power System Stabilizers

• Generator Auto/Man Synchronizing Systems

• Generator Protection Systems

• Interface to Plant Control• System Monitoring & Trending• Synch Motor Control Systems

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E2 Power Systems, LLC Electrical Engineering Services

8115 Shaffer Parkway, Littleton CO 80127

TEL 303. 988.665 9 FAX 303. 988.5714

WEBSITE www.e2powersystems.com

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Generating Syste_m On-Site Services

;iYtconsuliing Services .. . " · · .=,. .. _ .. n.,. ":. ,� .,._, • • � • • •

• Load Flow Reviews• Short Circuit Analysis• Protection Setting & Coordination

• Arc Flash Hazard Review

• System Evaluation & Enhancement Study

• Spec / Procedure Development

• Expert Witness• System Feasibility• Mining Electrical System Reviews

• PE Reviews & Inspections

• Protective Relay & Meter Calibration ·

• Demand Power Analysis

• Insulation Power Factor Testing

• Unit & Auxiliary Transformers

• HV Switchgear & MCCs

• I PP / Utility Acceptance Testing

• Drive Systems (VFD & L(I)

• Ground System

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System Troubleshooting &MaintenanceProtective Relay Calibration Power System Stabilizer CommissioningExcitation System Tuneups Voltage Regulator System Tuneups NERC Compliance TestingStartup & Testing Services Technical Direction Services Construction Management Technical Training SeminarsThird Party Technical Representative

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Allowable Ampacities of Insulated Conductors Rated 0-2000 Volts, Not More Than Three Conductors in Raceway or Cable or Earth (Directly Buried), Based on Ambient Temperature of 30°C (86°F) - Reference Onl�. See NEC Table 310-16 for Details.

SIZE TEMPERATURE RATING OF CONDUCTOR 75°C (167°F) 90°C (167°F)

TYPES TYPES FEPW TBS, SA

RH, RHW SIS, FEB AWG THHW, THW FEPB, Ml kcmil THWN, XHHW RHH, RHW-2

USE, ZW THHN, THHW THW-2, THWN-2

USE-2, XHH, XHHW XHHW-2, ZW-2

COPPER

18 - 1416 - 1814 20 25 12 25 30 10 35 40 8 50 55 6 65 75 4 85 95 3 100 110 2 115 130 1 130 150

1/0 150 170 2/0 175 195 3/0 200 225 4/0 230 260 250 255 290 300 285 320 350 310 350 400 335 380 500 380 430 600 420 475 700 460 520 750 475 535 800 490 555 900 520 585 1000 545 615 1250 590 665 1500 625 705 1750 650 735 2000 665 750

Ohms Law: E =IX R

E = Voltage I= Amperes R = Resistance

Conversion Factors: CO= 5/9 (F0 -32)

1 Centimeter= .3937 Inches

1 Meter= 3.281 Feet 1 Meter= 1.0936 Yards

1 Kilometer= .6214 Miles

F0 = 9 /5C0 +32

1 Inch= 2.54 Centimeters

1 Foot= .3048 Meters

1 Yard= .9144 Meters

1 Mile= 1.6093 Kilometers

1 Horsepower= .7 457 Kilowatts 1 Kilowatt= 1.341 Horsepower

1 Kilogram= 2.20 Pounds 1 Year= 8,766 Hours

Hydropower Potentia l:

P = QHE / 11.6 H = Gross Head in Ft. E = System Efficiency

Q = Flow in Cubic Ft/Sec. P = Capacity in KW

Trans former Formulas:

HA = Full Load Amps

FLA (10) = KVAx 1000 Circuit Volts

lscA = Short Circuit Amps

FLA (30) = KVA x 1000 ( 1.732) (Volts)

lsCA = FLA x 1 000 Unit Impedance

Power Factor - Power Triangle

ACTIVE POWER (KW)

POWER FACTOR = PF = COS 0 = ACTIVE POWER = KW APPARENT POWER KVA

SIN 0 = REACTIVE POWER = KVAR APPARENT POWER KVA

KW= (KVA) (PF) = (KVA) (COS 0) KVAR = (KVA) (SIN 0)

(KVA)2 = (KW)2 + (KVAR)2 KV A = .J�(KV

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v A-=

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) 2 LAGGING PF:

Active & Reactive Power Flow in Same Direction LEADING PF:

Active & Reactive Power Flow in Opposite Directions

Useful Electrical Formulas for Determining Amperes, Horsepower, Kilowatts, and KVA

To Find Direct Alternating Current

Current Single Phase Three Phase E = Volts

Amperes when HP x 746 HP x 746 HP x 7 46 I= Amperes Horsepower is known ExEff EX Eff X PF 1.73 x E x Eff x PF

KVA = Kilovoltamperes Amperes when KW x 1000 KW x 1000 KW x 1000 Kilowatts are known E EX PF 1.73 x Ex PF HP= Horsepower Amperes when KVA KVA x 1000 KVA x 1000 PF = Power Factor is known E 1.73 x E

Kilowatts hl IX EX PF Ix Ex 1.73 x PF Eff = Percent Efficency 1000 1000 1000 KW= Kilowatts

KVA hl Ix Ex 1.73 1000 1000 Eff = Output

Horsepower - (output) lxExEff I X EX Eff X PF I x E x 1.73 x Eff x PF Input 746 746 746

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