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1900s in Latin America
Latin America’s economy was based on exports
Latin America sent their natural resources and cash crops to industrial countries
Latin America was buying products made from the industrial countries
Governments Around Latin America
Uruguay and Argentina had democratic constitutions
Military and small group of wealthy held the power
Middle class peasants had little say in their government
The Mexican Revolution
1910- dictator Porfiro Diaz ruled Mexico for 35 years
Diaz welcomed foreign investors to develop mines, railroads, and drilled for oil
Country’s prosperity benefitted only a small group
Most Mexican were Mestizo or Indian peasants
Peasants worked on haciendas- large plantations
Middle class wanted democracy and elite wanted power
The Mexican Revolution
Francisco Madero- liberal reformer- demanded free elections
Diaz resigned in 1911
Started a struggle over government form and leaders
Revolutions Lead to Change
1917- voters elected Venustiano Carranza president of Mexico Approved a new constitution that included land and
labor reform Constitution is still used today
Constitution of 1917
Addressed three major issues: land, religion, and labor
Constitution strengthened government control over the economy
The government placed restrictions on foreigners owning land
Allowed nationalization- government takeover of natural resources
Constitution of 1917
Church land was made “property of the nation”
Constitution set a minimum wage and protected workers right to strike
Constitution gave suffrage to men
Women could have the same jobs as men and same pay
The PRI Controls Mexico
Carranza was overthrown in 1920
1929- government established Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)
PRI accommodated many groups in Mexican society
Suppressed opposition and dissent
Brought stability to Mexico
Dominated Mexican politics from 1930s to 2000
Reforms
1920s- government helped some Indian communities regain lands that had been taken from them
1930s- under President Lazaro Cardenas- millions of acres of land were redistributed to peasants under a communal land program
Government supported labor unions and launched an effort to combat illiteracy
Reforms
Mexico became the first Latin American nation to pursue real social and economic reforms for the majority of its people
Government also controlled the economy- specifically the petroleum companies
Nationalism at Work in Latin America
Spirit of nationalism- wanted to end economic dependence on the Industrial powers
Economic Nationalism
WWI and the Great Depression impacted global economies
Prices for Latin American exports plunged and demand dried up; cost of consumer goods rose
Latin American economies depended on export trade
Economic nationalism- emphasis on home control of the economy Local entrepreneurs set up factories to produce goods Governments raised tariffs to protect new industries Governments invested directly into new business
Political Nationalism
Great Depression triggered political changes
Liberalism was found not to work in Latin America
People wanted a government that could control, direct, and protect each country’s economy
Cultural Nationalism
Pride in one’s own culture was reflected in the revival of mural painting, a major art form of the Aztecs and Mayas
Good Neighbor Policy
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBRmlVEvQO4
US were considered the international policemen
Driving Mexican Revolution- US stepped in to support the leaders that favored American interest
1930s- President Franklin Roosevelt- Good Neighbor Policy- US pledges to lessen the interference in the affairs of Latin America
Africans Resist Colonial Rule
Early 1900s- almost every part of Africa was a European colony
Europeans forced Africans to work on farms and mines
The money that was earned in this work was given to taxes and to the European governments
Kenya and Rhodesia- white settlers forced Africans off the best land
Africans Resist Colonial Rule
Only Europeans could grow crops
Kenya- the British made all Africans carry an identification card, imposed a tax on only Africans, and restricted where they could live or travel
In other areas of Africa, the Africans were forced to grow only cash crops which caused famine
During WWI- more than 1 million Africans had fought on behalf of European powers
Opposing Imperialism
Many western-educated Africans criticized imperial rule
President Woodrow Wilson asked for self-determination
Socialism began to grow
Protests and opposition multiplied
Racial Segregation
1910-1940- whites strengthened their grip in South Africa Imposed racial segregation
Goal: to ensure white economic, political, and social supremacy South Africans were evicted from the best land Europeans abolished the Africans right to vote