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PP
PP
VV
V V
V1
V1
V2
V2
ÈåñìïäõíáìéêÞ
ÁíôéóôñåðôÞ ìåôáâïëÞ
ÌÞ áíôéóôñåðôÞìåôáâïëÞ
áí P = óôáè.
ðñüóçìá
êõêëéêÞ ìåôáâïëÞ
ÉóoâáñÞò ìåôáâïëÞ (P=óôáè.)
áäéáâáôéêÞ ìåôáâïëÞ (Q=0)
éóüèåñìç ìåôáâïëÞ (T=óôáè.) éóü÷ùñç ìåôáâïëÞ (V=óôáè.)
1ïò èåñìïäõíáìéêüò íüìïò
êáôáóôáôéêÞ åîßóùóç éä. áåñßùí
W < 0
W > 0 Q > 0
Q < 0åêôüíùóç W > 0óõìðßåóç W < 0
Á Â
Ðáëáéïëüãïõ ÅëÝíçÖõóéêüò
W
W
W P V= ×D W P V= × Då
W P VD = ×D
P V nRT× =P V NkT× =
lnA
B
PW nRT
P= ×
lnB
A
VW nRT
V= ×
P
Ô2
Ô2>Ô1Á
ÂQ
V
Ô1W
Íüìïò ôïõ Boyle:
Íüìïò ôïõGay-Lussac:
ìüíï ãéá ìïíïáôïìéêÜ áÝñéá
õðü óôáèåñü üãêï õðü óôáèåñÞ ðßåóç
P
V
Ô1
Ô2
Ô2>Ô1
ÂÁ
W
Q
P
V
Ô1
Ô2
Ô2>Ô1
V
P
T
T
Á
Á
Â
Â
è
è
Ô2
Ô2
V2
V2
P2
Ô1
Ô1
V1
V
V1
P1
V TnR
P= ×
0VD =
Á
Â
Íüìïò ôïõ Charles: P TnR
V= ×
P
Ô2
Ô2>Ô1
Á
Â
V
Ô1W
P
V
ÔA
ÔÂ
ÔÄ
ÔÃ
 Ã
ÄÁ
V2V1
P
V
ÔA
ÔÂ
ÔÄ
ÔÃ
 Ã
ÄÁ
V2V1
WãñáììïìïñéáêÞ åéäéêÞ èåñìüôçôá
rn mol= M
An N N=
Ak R N=
n ï áñéèìüò ôùí mole
N o áñéèìüò ôùí ìïñßùí
k ç óôáèåñÜ ôïõ Boltzmann
NA ï áñéèìüò Avogadro
VU n c TD = × × D
VU n c TD = × × D
2 2 1 1-
1 -
P V P VW
g=
0W =
Q U= D
Q W=
0UD =
0Q =
-W U= D
áöïý
.P staqT =
.V staqT =
.P Vg staq× =
P V staq× =
0B AU U UD = - =
Q W=
Q U W= D +
3
2V
c R= 5
2p
c R==
p
V
c
cg =
p Vc c R= +
PQ n c T= × × D
W P V= ×D
VU n c TD = × ×D
ÄU = Q - W Q = ÄU + W
2ïò èåñìïäõíáìéêüò íüìïò
èåñìéêÝò ìç÷áíÝò (È.Ì) Êýêëïò Carnot
ÐáñáôçñÞóåéò
Páðüäïóç
ìÝãéóôç áðüäïóç ãåíéêÜ
ìüíï ãéá ôï êýêëï Carnot
üðïõ ôá ðïóÜ ôçò èåñìüôçôáòðïõ áðïññïöÜ ôï áÝñéï êáôÜ ôçíêõêëéêÞ ìåôáâïëÞ äçë . ôáÈÅÔÉÊÁÐÏÓÁÈÅÑÌÏÔÇÔÁÓ
Qh
ç åíåñãüò ôá÷ýôçôá
ÅóùôåñéêÞ åíÝñãåéá
ç ìÜæá ôïõ åíüò ìïñßïõ
ç ðõêíüôçôá
ç ãñáììïìïñéáêÞ ìÜæá
ç ìÝóç êéíçôéêÞ åíÝñãåéá åíüò ìïñßïõ ôïõ éäáíéêïý áåñßïõðïõ ïöåßëåôáé óôçí Üôáêôç ìåôáöïñéêÞ ôïõ êßíçóç
ÈåñìïäõíáìéêÞ
ch
h c
T T=
1c
carnot
h
Te
T= -
Äéáôýðùóç Kelvin - Planck
Å ß í á é á ä ý í á ô ï íáêáôáóêåõÜóïõìå èåñìéêÞìç÷áíÞ ðïõ íá ìåôáó÷çìáôßæåéôç èåñìüôçôá óå Ýñãï êáôÜ100%
Å ß í á é á ä ý í á ô ï íáêáôáóêåõÜóïõìå ìç÷áíÞ ðïõìåôáöÝñåé èåñìüôçôá áðü Ýíá êñýïóþìá ó' Ýíá æåóôü ÷ùñßò íáäáðáíÜôáé åíÝñãåéá ãéá ôç ëåéôïõñãßáôçò.
Äéáôýðùóç Clausius
ùöÝëéìï ìç÷áíéêü Ýñãï
äáðáíþìåíç åíÝñãåéá
W=
Qh
V
P
Ôh
Ôc
VÄ VÃVÂ
PÄ
PÁ
õ1
õ2
A
Ä
Â
Ã
Qh
Qc
VA
Ôh c>ÔW
1 1ch c c
h h h h
QQ Q QWe
Q Q Q Q
+= = = + = -
hQ
hQ
cQ
W
W
max1
c
h
Te
T= -
e=
carnot
h
We
Q=
}
A A B B
B A B
P V P V
P V P V V V
P V P V V V
P V P V
g g
g g
B G G
G G D D D G
D D A A
= üï= ï
Þ =ý= ï
ï= þ
()1
:
B
B
B B B B
B B
PV PVV
PV PVV
T T
g gg-B G G
G
G B
ü=æ ö Tï
Þ =ý ç ÷= Tè øïþ
ãéá ïðïéáäÞðïôå áäéáâáôéêÞ ìåôáâïëÞ
üôáí ôï Ýìâïëï éóïññïðåß :
K
ôåôñáãùíéêÞ ñßæáôçò ìÝóçò ôéìÞòôùí ôåôñáãþíùí ôùí ôá÷õôÞôùí
ãéá ïðïéáäÞðïôå ìåôáâïëÞ
Üñá
ç ìÝóç ôéìÞ ôùí ôåôñáãþíùíôùí ôá÷õôÞôùí
ç åíåñãüò ôéìÞ åßíáé ëßãï ìåãáëýôåñçáðü ôç ðéï ðéèáíÞ ôá÷ýôçôá ôùí ìïñßùí ôïõ áåñßïõ
êáé
ôï ôåôñÜãùíï ôçò ìÝóçò ôéìÞòôùí ôá÷õôÞôùí
ìç÷áíÞ
ìç÷áíÞ
hT
hT
cT
cT
2 2 2
2 1 2u u u
u N+ + +=
NL
2
enu u=
( )2
21 2
u u uu N+ + +æ ö
= ç ÷Nè ø
L
21
3P du=
3
2U TnR=
3
2Vn nU R T cD = D = DT
2 2 21 1 1
3 3 3
N md
VP PV N mu u u= × = Þ = ×
×
3 3
2 2 A
RU N K N kT N
NT= × = × = × Þ
PV NkT=2
3m kTuÞ =}
21 3
2 2m k TuK = × = ×
md
2 3 3
r
kT RT
m Mu = =
rM mA=N ×
hQ
cQ
W
ìç÷áíÞ
hT
cT
õ3
w
w
Fáåñßïõ
Fáåñßïõ
Fatm
Fatm
.P staq=
atmF F waeriou = +
atmP A P A w× = × +
Ðáëáéïëüãïõ ÅëÝíçÖõóéêüò
øõêôéêÞìç÷áíÞ
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