-
5532703723
2206 101
2555
-
2206 101 2 .
-
...............................................................................................................................................(1)
1.
...........................................................................................................................................
1
2.
.................................................................................................
1
3.
......................................................................................................
2
3.1 (Relative age)
...........................................................................................
2
3.1.1 (Fossil)
............................................................................................
2
3.1.2 (Stratigraphy)
.................................................................................
5
3.1.3
..................................................................................
7
3.1.4
................................................................................
7
3.1.5
.............................................................................
7
3.2 (Absolute age)
...............................................................................................
8
3.2.1
............................................................................
8
3.2.2
................................................................................
11
3.2.3
....................................................................................
12
3.2.4
.................................................................................
12
4. ..........................................................
12
5.
...........................................................................................................................................
13
.................................................................................................................................
14
-
1. The Present is the key to the Past (Tarbuck [n.d.]: 7)
(James Hutton)*
() (Fossil) 2 (Relative age) (Absolute age)
(Stratigraphy)** (Radioactive dating) 2. - (Geological
timescale)***
* (James Hutton) ..1726-1794
** 3.1.2 5 ***
, ,
-
2
3. 2
3.1 (Relative age)
3.1.1 (Fossil)
- (
[...])
fossil fossus
- (Index fossil)
-
-
3
1. (Radiolaria) (Protozoa)
* (Paleozoic)** 1 (Anderson, and Riedl 2006)
1 :
*
** 542-251
-
4
2. (Graptolite)
(Cambrian)* (Carboniferous)** 2 (Bapast 2012)
2 :
3. (Ammonite)
(Mesozoic)*** 3 (Wright 2012: 187)
3 :
* 542-488 ** 359-299 *** 251-65.5 3 (Triassic),
(Jurassic), (Cretaceous) (Jurassic) 200-145.5
-
5
4. (Coccolith)
(Coccolithophorlida) 4 (Mcintyre 2006)
4 : Coccolith
3.1.2 (Stratigraphy)
5 ( , )
5
( , )
5 :
-
6
- (Law of Original Horizontality)
- (Law of Stratigraphic Superposition)
6
D
A - (Law of Cross-cutting Relationship)
7 A B C C
A B B A
- (Law of Lateral Continuity)
- (Law of Faunal Succession) ( )
A A B 300 B A
A
B C D
6 :
A
B C
7 :
-
7
3.1.3 8
1. 5 1, 2 3 5 1, 2 3
2. 1, 2 3 1 3
() 3. 4 1, 2 3
9
3.1.4
3.1.5
2
1 2 3 4
5
8 :
9 :
-
8
3.2 (Absolute age)
3.2.1 -
1. *
2. (Decay)
-216 (Po-216) 8 4 4 -212 (Pb-212)
3. ,
4. (Exponential function) 10 (Steingass 2012)
* (Nucleus)
(Neutron) (Proton)
10 :
-
9
0( )tN t N e
( )N t
0N
t 5. (Half-life)
1/2
ln 2T
6.
(Activity) ( )A t
0( )tA t A e
0A 0 0A N -
1. - (Potassium-Argon)
100,000 -40 (K-40) -40 (Ar-40)
2. (Uranium-Series) (Quaternary)*
11 (Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) 2013)
* (Quaternary) 2.6
-
10
11 :
3. (Carbon) 2 (Isotope)* -14
-12 -14 50,000
- -14
(C-14) Serway (2006: 1034) 25.0g
14C 250 /
* (Isotope)
-
11
( ) 14C 5,730
1/2
12 1
7
ln 2
0.6933.8 10
5,730 3.16 10 /
T
syr s yr
14C 12C
23
12
24
6.02 10 /( ) 25.0
12.0 /
1.25 10
nuclei molN C g
g mol
nuclei
14C 12C 121.3 10 * 14C
14 12 24
12
( ) 1.3 10 1.25 10
1.6 10
N C nuclei
nuclei
0R
12 1 12
0 0 3.83 10 1.6 10
368 / min
R N s nuclei
decays
0
tR R e 0
1ln
Rt
R
312 1
1 250ln 3.2 10
3.8 10 368t yr
s
3,200 3.2.2
-
(Ionized)**
* 14C 12C 121.3 10 ** (Ionized)
-
12
(Thermal luminescence) (Optical Stimulated luminescence)
(Feldspar) 100,000-150,000 300,000
- 1.
(Quartz) 2.
3. 4. (Mississippi)
3.2.3
3.2.4
4.
-
13
5. (Tarbuck [n.d.]: 7) The Present is the key to the Past
-
14
. . [...]. [].
:
http://kanchanapisek.or.th/kp6/New/sub/book/book.php?book=31&
chap=6&page=chap6.htm 21 2556.
. . : , 2551. . . :
, 2544. . ( 1). []. [...]: , [...]. .
. , 2553. Anderson, Roger, and Riedl, William R. Radiolaria.
McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of
Science and Technology. (2006): [Online]. Form: Credo Reference
Search Item: 9810662. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
Bapast, David. What is Graptolites? 2012. [Online]. Available:
http://home.uchicago.edu/ ~dwbapst/graptolite.html Retrieved May 8,
2013.
Brett, Carlton E. Index fossil. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia
of Science and Technology. (2006): [Online]. Form: Credo Reference
Search Item: 9808514. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
Dunbar, Carl O., and Rodgers, John. Principle of stratigraphy.
New York: JOHN WILEY & SONS, 1957.
Graptolites. McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and
Technology. (2006): [Online]. Form: Credo Reference Search Item:
5913429. Retrieved April 30, 2013.
-
15
Mcintyre, Andrew. Coccolithophorida. McGraw-Hill Concise
Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. (2006): [Online]. Form:
Credo Reference Search Item: 9806780. Retrieved May 8, 2013.
Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM). 2013.
[Online]. Available:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Safety-and-Security/Radiation-and-Health/Naturally-Occurring-Radioactive-Materials-NORM/#.UYqIW6IqyQk
Retrieved April 29, 2013.
Serway, Raymond A., and Jewett, W. John, Jr. Principles of
physics: a calculus-based text. 4th ed. Belmont, CA: Thomson
Brooks-Cole, 2006.
Steingass, Sheanna. Nuclear Impacts Part I. 2012. [Online].
Avaliable: http://www.oregonbeachcomber.com/2012_07_01_archive.html
Retrieved April 29, 2013.
Tarbuck, Edward J., and Lutgens, Frederick K. The earth: an
introduction to physical geology. 10th ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ:
Prentice Hall, [n.d.].
Walker, Mike. Quaternary dating methods. [n.p.]: Wiley, 2005.
Wright, John K. Ammonites. GeologyToday 28, 5 (2012). [Online].
Available:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2451.2012.00850.x/full
Retrieved May 7, 2013.
Zimmer, Carl. HOW OLD IS... National Geographic 200, 3 (2001):
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