M. Militarism A. Alliances, Assassination of

Archduke I. Industrialization, Imperialism N. Nationalism

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Background to Alliances

Bismarck Used war freely between 1865 and 1871 to

unify After 1871, Germany was “satisfied power” New goal: to prevent war (1871-1890) France biggest threat, so created alliances

to protect against French war 1879 DUAL ALLIANCE (Germany and

Austria-Hungary) 1882 TRIPLE ALLIANCE (Italy Joined) 1887 Treaty with Russia

Fall of Bismarck Fired by Wilhelm’s grandson (Wilhelm II) Wilhelm II wanted to pursue rapid

expansion He let the treaty with Russia lapse 1894, France formed alliance with Russia

Bismarck’s greatest fear.

Wilhelm II and the new German legacy Queen Victoria was his

grandmother Lifelong grudge against Britain Envied its empire and navy 1890’s began great ship-building

program to make German navy equal to Britain’s

Britain began to enlarge its own fleet=naval arm’s race

New Alliances 1904 treaty of friendship between France

and Britain 1907 Triple Entente treaty (Russia joins

club)

1. The Alliance System1. The Alliance System

Triple EntenteTriple Entente::Triple EntenteTriple Entente:: Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::Triple AllianceTriple Alliance::

Two Armed Camps!Two Armed Camps!Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers:: Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

The Major Players: 1914-17

The Major Players: 1914-17

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Allied PowersAllied Powers::Allied PowersAllied Powers::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central PowersCentral Powers::Central PowersCentral Powers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

2. Militarism & Arms Race2. Militarism & Arms Race

1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1914

94 130 154 268 289 398

1910-1914 Increase in Defense

Expenditures

France 10%

Britain 13%

Russia 39%

Germany

73%

Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers Total Defense Expenditures for the Great Powers [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.] [Ger., A-H, It., Fr., Br., Rus.]

in millions of £s.in millions of £s.

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

3. Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Colonial

Rivalries:

Africain

1914

Colonial

Rivalries:

Africain

1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

The British Empire in 1914The British Empire in 1914

4. Aggressive Nationalism

4. Aggressive Nationalism

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

The“Powder

Keg”of Europe

Balkans

100 years the Balkans had been trying to free themselves from Ottoman rule

By 1900s several groups had broken away and formed new nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, and Serbia.

Austria-Hungary saw weakened Ottoman as chance to extend their influence on Balkan peninsula

Russia encouraged nationalism in the Balkans and worked to expand their influence there for access to ports of Mediterranean sea.

1908 Austria annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina Serbia worried about future Austria expansion.

The Balkans in

1914

The Balkans in

1914

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

Archduke Franz Ferdinand & His Family

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassination: Sarajevo

The Assassin: The Assassin:

GavriloPrincipGavriloPrincip

•Austrian heir killed by Serbian nationalists •Austria blamed Serbia•Germany issued “blank check” of support•Russia vowed to help Serbia•Austria declared war

Austria declared war on Serbia July 1914

Russia mobilized troops along Austrian-German border July 1914

Germany declared war on France and Russia August 1, 1914

Great Britain declares war on Germany- August 3, 1914

Who’s To Blame?Who’s To Blame?

Europe in 1914Europe in 1914