論文基本架構和格式

MLA vs. APA

Contents:

APA in-text citation APA work reference

MLA in-text citation MLA work reference

APA and MLA in-text citation

General format

APA MLA

作者 (last + first name) + 出版年份 ( 加括弧 )+ 書名 ( 斜體 ) + 出版地區 + 出版社

作者 (last + first name) + 書名 ( 加底線 ) + 出版地區 + 出版社 + 出版年份 ( 不加括弧 )

Turlington, C. (2003). Living yoga: Creating a life practice. New York: Hyperion.

Winchester, Stone. The writer’s options. New York: Harper. 2003.

( 姓 + 名字第一個字母 )

( 儘量寫出作者全名 )

作者名字寫法

兩位作者

第一位 , & 第二位Martin, D. C., & (and) Smyth, A. F.

第一位 , and 第二位Simon, Jim, and Tony Schwartz

三位作者

第一位 , 第二位 , & 第三位Martin, D. C., Wise, R., & Weber, K.

第一位 , 第二位 , and 第三位Simon, Jim, Richard Wise, and Karl Weber.

( 第二位名字為 : 名 +姓 )

( 第二位後的名字為 : 名 +姓 )

多於三位作者

同一方法 列出所有作者

Use the first author's name followed by et al. in all citations.

(Baldwin, Utley et al., 2001)

同一方法 列出所有作者也可用 “ et al” 代替

(Clark, Duncan, et al.)

(et al. = and others)

APA

American Psychological Association Format

http://www.crk.umn.edu/library/links/apa5th.htm

Creating APA parenthetical citations Parenthetical citations are citations to original sources

that appear in the text of your paper. This allows the reader to see immediately where your information comes from, and it saves you the trouble of having to make footnotes or endnotes.

The APA style calls for three kinds of information to be included in in-text citations. The author's last name and the work's date of publication must always appear, and these items must match exactly the corresponding entry in the references list. The third kind of information, the page number, appears only in a citation to a direct quotation.

Where to place parenthetical citations

Option Description Sample Citation

1. Idea-focused Place the author(s) and date(s) in parentheses at an appropriate place in or at the end of a sentence.

Researchers have pointed out that the lack of trained staff is a common barrier to providing adequate health education (Fisher, 1999) and services (Weist & Christodulu, 2000).

2. Researcher-focused

Place only the datein Parentheses.

Fisher (1999) recommended that health education be required for high school graduation in California.

3. Chronology-focused

Integrate both the author and date into your sentence.

In 2001, Weist proposed using the Child and Adolescent Planning Schema to analyze and develop community mental health programs for young people.

The basic format for APA in-text citation

Basic Format (Author's last name, year of publication) e.g., One recent study finds a genetic link to alcoholism (Jones, 1997). e.g., Jones (1997) finds a genetic link to alcoholism.

Multiple Authors When a work has only two authors, use both of their names each time their

work is cited, joined by an ampersand (&) if in parentheses, or by the word "and" if in text:

In parentheses: (Cortez & Jones, 1997) In text: Cortez and Jones (1997)

For three, four, or five authors, refer to all authors in the first citation, then use the first author’s last name followed by the abbreviation "et al." (not italicized and with a period after "al"):

First citation: (Cortez, Jones, Gold, & Hammond, 1998) Subsequent citations: (Cortez et al., 1998)

For six or more authors, use the first author's last name followed by the abbreviation et al.:

In all citations: (Burke et al., 1999)

author-date

Different Authors with the Same Last Name When citing different authors with the same last name, include their first and

middle initials, so that a reader can differentiate between them: B. A. Jones (1998) and R. F. Jones (1998) also found

More Than One Work by the Same Author If you are citing more than one work by the same author, include enough inf

ormation so that your reader can differentiate between them. For instance, if you have used two studies by the same authors (from different years), you simply need to include their dates of publication:

(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1989); (Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1998) or, if you are citing both at once: (Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1989, 1998)

If you are citing more than one work from the same year, use the suffixes "a," "b," "c" etc., so that your reader can differentiate between them (these suffixes will correspond to the order of entries in your references page):

(Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1999a); (Jones, Crick, & Waxson, 1999b)

Cite source with no author

When you have . . . Here's what you do: Sample Citation

A source with no author

Use the first few words of the title--in

quotation marks for article or chapter, in italics for self-contained item

("Mad Cow," 2001)

(Sleep Medicine, 2001)

An edited work with no author

Use editor(s) names in the author position

A typical bibliographic entry for a book

(APA format) The author's name is listed first, followed by the date of publication, in parenthe

ses, ended with a period. Next is the book title (in italics). Capitalize only the first word of the title (and th

e first word of the subtitle, if any) and any proper names. Include any additional information necessary for retrieving the book (such as "3

rd ed." or "Vol. 4") in parentheses, immediately after the title. Close with a final period.

The publication information comes last. Identify the city and, if the city is not well known or could be confused with another city. Place a colon (:) after the city name, then identify the name of the publisher, clearly and briefly. Close with a period.

Book, One authors Arnheim, R. (1971). Art and visual perception. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Book, Two Authors Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan.

A typical bibliographic entry for a journal (APA format) List the name(s) of the author(s) of the article at the head of the entry, l

ast names first. Use an ampersand (&) just before the last author whenever there are two or more authors.

If a reference article has no author listed, place the title in the author position before the date. Finish the element with a period.

Next, list the year the work was copyrighted in parentheses (for unpublished works, this date should be the year the work was written). Capitalize just the first word of the title and of the subtitle, and all proper names.

List the full title of the journal, and italicize the title. Italicize the volume number. List inclusive page numbers--just list the actual numbers for journal articles, (but use "pp." before the page numbers for newspapers.)

Use commas to separate the title of the journal, volume number, and page numbers.

Karcher, C. A. (1986). Censorship, American style: The case of Lydia Maria Child. Studies in the American Renaissance, 9, 283-303.

Other examples of APA

Journal Article, One Author Simon, A. (2000). Perceptual comparisons through the mind’s eye. M

emory & Cognition, 23, 635-647.

Becker, M. B., & Rozek, S. J. (1995). Welcome to the energy crisis. Journal of Social Issues, 32, 230-343.

Magazine Article Garner, H. J. (1997, July). Do babies have a universal song? Psychol

ogy Today,102, 70-77.

Newspaper Article Monson, M. (1993, September 16). Urbana firm obstacle to office proje

ct. The Champaign-Urbana News-Gazette, pp. 1, 8. If the article appears on discontinuous pages, give all of the page num

bers and separate them with a coma (ex. pp. A1, A3, A6-A7).

Place citations in sentences and paragraphs so that it is clear which material has come from which sources.

Use pronouns and transitions to help you indicate whether several sentences contain material from the same source or from different sources.

Example:

Symthe (1990) found that positioning influences ventilation. In his study of 20 ICU patients, he used two methods to. . . . However, his findings did not support the work of Karcher (1987) and Atley (1989) who used much larger samples to demonstrate that . . .

Cite an electronic source

In general, you should cite an electronic source within your paper in the same way as you would a print source, by placing the author's last name (or short title of the source, if there is no author) and year of publication in parentheses.

Source Here's what you do: Sample Citation

Entire Web site Don't put on reference list. Include URL in-text instead

The University of Wisconsin's Writing Center Web site is an excellent source of information on writing (http://writing.wisc.edu/).

Direct quotation from electronic source without page numbers

Use paragraph numbers (preceded by para. ); add section numbers for long documents

Universal interventions "target the general public or a whole population group that has not been identified on the basis of individual risk" (Greenberg et al., 2000, Section I, para. 20).

Electronic Formats Web Page with Private Organization as Author Midwest League. (2003). Pitching, individual records. Retrieved Octobe

r 1, 2003, from http://www.midwestleague.com/indivpitching.html

Chapter or Section in an Internet Document Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach handbook. In Joe soccer. Retrieved

September 17, 2004, from http://www.joesoccer.com/menu.html

Web page, Government Author Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. (2001). Glacial habitat restoration areas. Retrieved September 18, 2001, from http://ww

w.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm

Company Information from Aggregated Database Ripon Pickle Company Inc. (company profile). (2003). Retrieved Septe

mber 18, 2002, from Business and Company Resource Center.

General rules for APA reference pages: Begin the reference list on a new page. The page begins with the work Referenc

es, centered in the top, middle of the page. If the references take up more than one page, do not re-type the word References on sequential pages.

Use one space after all punctuation. The first line of the reference is flush left. Lines thereafter are indented as a grou

p, a few spaces, to create a hanging indention. Double space between citations. Single space in the citations.

Use italics for titles of books, newspapers, magazines, and journals. References cited in text must appear in the reference list; conversely, each entry

in the reference list must be cited in text. Arrange entries in alphabetical order Give in parentheses the year the work was published. For magazines and news

papers, give the year followed by the month and date, if any. If no date is available, write (n.d.)

Give volume numbers for magazines, journals, and newsletters. Include the issue number for journals if and only if each issue begins on page 1.

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html

APA Tables and Figures

http://psychology.about.com/od/apastyle/ig/APA-Format-Examples/apa-table.htmhttp://www.docstyles.com/apa15.htm

Basic Rules for Tables in APA Format

Tables are a great way to display a great deal of information in concise, clear and easy to read format.

All tables should be numbered (e.g. Table 1., Table 2., Table 3.) Always place a period after the number.

Each table should have an individual title, italicized and presented with each word capitalized (except and, in, of, with, etc.). For example: Correlations Between Age and Test Scores

Each table should begin on a separate page.

All elements of the table should be double spaced.

All tables should be referenced in the text of the paper.

Tables should be last, after your reference list and appendixes.

Table Headings

Table headings should be located flush right. Each column should be identified using a descriptive heading. The first letter of each heading should be capitalized. Abbreviations for standard terms (e.g. M, SD, etc.) can be used

without explanation. Uncommon definitions should be explained in a note below the table.

Additional Notes to an APA Format Table

If additional explanation is needed, a note can be added below the table.

There are three kinds of notes: General notes, specific notes, and probability notes. General notes refer to some aspect of the entire table; specific notes refer to a particular column or row; probability notes specify the probability-level.

Horizontal lines can be used to separate information and make it clearer. Do not use vertical lines in an APA format table.

Three horizontal lines, or rules, are a feature of APA tables.

The first rule comes below the title, the second below the column headings, and the third at the bottom of the table.

There is no specific instruction specifying the size or height of a rule; a slightly bold line may help the table standout. Whatever your preference, be consistent, use the same height for rules in all tables in your paper.

Example of APA table

Rules for figures in APA Format

Labels. The graph meets APA standards for presentation and labeling the axes. The Y-axis, the vertical axis on the left side of the graph, is labeled with the text in heading caps parallel to the axis (readable when the graph is rotated 90 degrees clockwise). These are APA requirements. The X-axis, the horizontal axis, is self explanatory and need no additional labels.

Caption. Figures are numbered like tables, starting with 1 and continuing in whole numbers through the text, the word Figure and number in italics. The caption explains enough about the content so the reader need not refer to the text.

Figure 4. Cases of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) confirmed in the Four Corner states (Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah) from 1993 through 2002 by quarter of onset of symptoms. From "Hantavirus in Indian Country: The First Decade in Review," by R. Pottinger, 2005, American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 29(2), p. 42. Used with permission of the author.

Example of APA research paper

http://dianahacker.com/pdfs/Hacker-Mira-APA-RD4.pdf

http://www.docstyles.com/apa15.htm

MLA

Modern Language Association

What Is MLA Style? All fields of research agree on the need to document scholarly

borrowings, but documentation conventions vary because of the different needs of scholarly disciplines.

MLA style for documentation is widely used in the humanities, especially in writing on language and literature. Generally simpler and more concise than other styles, MLA style features brief parenthetical citations in the text keyed to an alphabetical list of works cited that appears at the end of the work.

MLA style has been widely adopted by schools, academic departments, and instructors for over half a century. The association's guidelines are also used by over 1,100 scholarly and literary journals, newsletters, and magazines and by many university and commercial presses.

The MLA publishes two authoritative explanations of MLA style: the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers and the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing.

The basic format for MLA in-text citation

MLA In-Text Citations: Author-Page Style MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text citation.

This means that the author's last name and the page number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is taken must appear in the text.

Place the author's name followed by a space and the relevant page number(s).

A complete reference should appear on the Works Cited page.

The author's name may appear either in the sentence itself or in parentheses following the quotation or paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.

Basic Format (Author's last name, page numbers) example:

Wordsworth stated that Romantic poetry was marked by a "spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" (263).

Romantic poetry is characterized by the "spontaneous overflow of

powerful feelings" (Wordsworth 263).

Wordsworth extensively explored the role of emotion in the creative process (263).

Human beings have been described as "symbol-using animals" (Burke 3).

Your in-text citation will correspond with an entry in your Works Cited page, which, for the Burke citation above, will look something like this:

Wordsworth, William. Lyrical Ballads. London: Oxford U.P., 1967.

Burke, Kenneth. Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: U of California P, 1966.

Multiple authors (two or three authors) e.g. (Burgoon, Hunsaker and Dawson 175) If there are more than three authors, name only the first a

nd add et al or name each author.

Multiple citations To cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical referen

ce, separate the citations by a semi-colon: ...as has been discussed elsewhere (Burke 3; Dewey 21).

MLA in-text citation Example

Author's name in text Magny develops this argument (67-69).

Author's name in reference This argument has been developed elsewhere (Magny 67-69).

Material found in indirect source

Alain's words seem to dissociate admiration from pleasure (in Magny 66).

Two authors' names in reference

The most notorious foreign lobby in Washington is the "Sugar Mafia" (Howe and Trott 134).

Reference to volume and page in multivolume work

As a painter Andrea was "faultless" (Freedberg 1: 98).

Two locations in same source

Dabundo deals with this problem (22, 31).

Two sources cited This controversy has been addressed more than once (Dabundo 27; Magny 69).

MLA Works Cited Page: Basic Format 1. Basic Rules Begin your Works Cited page on a separate page at the end of your research

paper. It should have the same one-inch margins and last name, page number header as the rest of your paper.

Label the page Works Cited (do not underline the words Works Cited or put them in quotation marks) and center the words Works Cited at the top of the page.

Double space all citations, but do not skip spaces between entries. Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations five spaces so that you

create a hanging indent.

List page numbers of sources efficiently, when needed. If you refer to a journal article that appeared on pages 225 through 250, list the page numbers on your Works Cited page as 225-50.

If you're citing an article or a publication that was originally issued in print form but that you retrieved from an online database, you should provide enough information so that the reader can locate the article either in its original print form or retrieve it from the online database (if they have access).

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/557/06/

2. Capitalization and Punctuation

Capitalize each word in the titles of articles, books, etc, but do not capitalize articles, short prepositions, or conjunctions unless one is the first word of the title or subtitle: Gone with the Wind, The Art of War, There Is Nothing Left to Lose

Use italics or underlining for titles of larger works (books, magazines) and quotation marks for titles of shorter works (poems, articles)

3. Listing Author Names

Entries are listed by author name (or, for entire edited collections, editor names). Author names are written last name first; middle names or middle initials follow the first name:

Burke, KennethLevy, David M.Wallace, David Foster

Do not list titles (Dr., Sir, Saint, etc.) or degrees (PhD, MA, DDS, etc.) with names.

A book listing an author named "John Bigbrain, PhD" appears simply as "Bigbrain, John"; do, however, include suffixes like "Jr." or "II."

Putting it all together, a work by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. would be cited as "King, Martin Luther, Jr.," with the suffix following the first or middle name and a comma.

4. More than One Work by an Author

If you have cited more than one work by a particular author, order the entries alphabetically by title, and use three hyphens in place of the author's name for every entry after the first:

Burke, Kenneth. A Grammar of Motives. ---. A Rhetoric of Motives.

When an author or collection editor appears both as the sole author of a text and as the first author of a group, list solo-author entries first:

Heller, Steven, ed. The Education of an E-Designer. Heller, Steven and Karen Pomeroy. Design Literacy: Understanding

Graphic Design.

5. Work with No Known Author

Alphabetize works with no known author by their title; use a shortened version of the title in the parenthetical citations in your paper.

MLA works cited page entry

Example

Type of source Sample entry in reference list

Book:Single Author

Frye, Northrop. Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1957.

Another Work: Same Author

---. The Secular Scripture. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1976.

Book:Two Authors

Howe, Russell Warren, and Sarah Hays Trott. The Power Peddlers. Garden City: Doubleday, 1977.

More than Three Authors or Editors

Edens, Walter, et al., eds. Teaching Shakespeare. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1977.

Multivolume Work Freedberg, S. J. Andrea del Sarto. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1963.

Book:Corporate Author

National Institute for Dispute Resolution. Dispute Resolution Resource Directory. Washington: Natl. Inst. for Dispute Resolution, 1984.

Citing Electronic Sources or Sources from the Internet With more and more scholarly work being posted on the

Internet, we may have to cite research completed in virtual environments.

When creating in-text citation for electronic, film, or Internet sources, remember that your citation must reference the source in your Works Cited. The URLs for Websites are included in the Works Cited list only.

Dean, Cornelia. "Executive on a Mission: Saving the Planet." New York Times on the Web 22 May 2007. 25 May 2007 <http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/science/earth/22ander.html>.

Global Warming. 2007. Cooler Heads Coalition. 24 May 2007 <http://www.globalwarming.org/>.

More examples of MLA "Business Coalition for Climate Action Doubles." Environmental Defense. 8 May 2007. Environmental Defense Organization. 24 May 2007 <http://www.environmentaldefense.org/article.cfm?ContentID=5828>.

Clinton, Bill. Interview. New York Times on the Web. May 2007. 25 May 2007 <http://video.on.nytimes.com/>. Keyword: Climate.

Leroux, Marcel. Global Warming: Myth Or Reality?: The Erring Ways of Climatology. New York: Springer, 2005.

Nordhaus, William D. "After Kyoto: Alternative Mechanisms to Control Global Warming." American Economic Review 96.2 (2006): 31-34.

---. "Global Warming Economics." Science 9 Nov. 2001: 1283-84. 24 May 2007.

Shulte, Bret. "Putting a Price on Pollution; Climate change laws seem inevitable, but their economic impact is unknown." US News & World Report 14 May 2007. 24 May 2007.

Uzawa, Hirofumi. Economic Theory and Global Warming. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2003.

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ ( 普渡大學寫作中心 )

MLA Update 2009

MLA Update 2009

In Summer 2008, the Modern Language Association released its third edition of the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, which publicly unveiled modifications to MLA Style for the upcoming year.

These changes go into effect April 2009 with the release of MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition).

General paper formatting (margins, headings, etc.) and in-text citations will remain the same, but all Works Cited style entries will be different from the 6th edition guidelines.

The Purdue OWL will begin listing these changes in in April 2009. Until then, here are some of the more noteworthy changes to look forward

to:

No More Underlining! MLA now recommends italicizing titles of independently published

works (books, periodicals, films, etc).

No More URLs! While website entries will still include authors, article names, and

website names, MLA no longer requires URLs. Writers are, however, encouraged to provide a URL if the citation information does not lead readers to easily find the source.

Continuous Pagination? Who Cares? You no longer have to worry about whether scholarly publications

employ continuous pagination or not. For all such entries, both volume and issue numbers are required, regardless of pagination.

Publication Medium. Every entry receives a medium of publication marker. Most entries

will be listed as Print or Web, but other possibilities include Performance, DVD, or TV. Most of these markers will appear at the end of entries; however, markers for Web sources are followed by the date of access.

New Abbreviations. Many web source entries now require a publisher name, a date of p

ublication, and/or page numbers. When no publisher name appears on the website, write N.p. for no p

ublisher given. When sites omit a date of publication, write n.d. for no date. For online journals that appear only online (no print version) or on databases that do not provide pagination, write n. pag. for no pagination.

MLA 2009 Sample EntriesBefore the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (7th edition) arrives, refer to the following preview. Each entry highlights changes in the new edition.

Book Book citations remain largely the same except for the addition of the medium of publication, Print, at the end of the entry.

Carré, John le. The Tailor of Panama. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1996. Print.

Scholarly Publication (Journal) Regardless of pagination, all scholarly publication citations include both volume and issue numbers. End citations with the medium of publication, Print.

Aldrich, Frederick A. and Margueritte L. Marks. “Wyman Reed Green, American Biologist.” Bios 23.1 (1952): 26-35. Print.

Online Periodical Online periodicals include both the name of the website in italics and the website publisher.

Note that some sites will have different names than their print formats, such as ones that include a domain name like .com or .org.

If no publisher is listed, use N.p. to denote no publisher name given. Follow with date of publication, Web as medium of publication, and date of access.

Lubell, Sam. “Of the Sea and Air and Sky.” New York Times. New York Times, 26 Nov. 2008. Web. 1 Dec. 2008. Cohen, Elizabeth. “Five Ways to Avoid Germs While Traveling.” CNN.com. CNN, 27 Nov. 2008. Web. 28 Nov. 2008.

MLA Tables and Figures

Labels, Captions, and Source Information

Each illustration must include, a label, a number, a caption and/or source information.

The illustration label and number should always appear in two places: the document main text and near the illustration itself.

Captions provide titles or explanatory notes.

Source information documentation will always depend upon the medium of the source illustration. If you provide source information with all of your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.

MLA Documentation for Tables Refer to the table and its corresponding numeral in-text. Do not capitalize

the word table. This is typically done in parentheses (e.g. "(see table 2)"). Situate the table near the text to which it relates. Align the table flush-left to the margin. Label the table Table and provide its corresponding Arabic numeral. No p

unctuation is necessary after the label and number. On the next line, provide a caption for the table, most often the table title.

Use standard capitalization rules.

Place the table below the caption, flush-left, making sure to maintain basic MLA style formatting (e.g. one-inch margins).

Below the title, signal the source information with the descriptor Source, followed by a colon, then provide the correct MLA bibliographic information for the source in note form (see instructions and examples above). Use a hanging indent for lines after the first. If you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.

Labels, captions, and notes are double-spaced.

Table Example

In-text reference:

In 1985, women aged 65 and older were 59% more likely than men of the same of age to reside in a nursing home, and though 11,700 less women of that age group were enrolled in 1999, men over the same time period ranged from 30,000 to 39,000 persons while women accounted for 49,00 to 61,500 (see table 1).

Table 1 Rate of Nursing Home Residence Among People Age 65 or Older, by Sex and Age Group, 1985, 1995, 1997, 1999

Table Reference:

MLA Documentation for Figures All visuals/illustrations that are not tables or musical score examples

(e.g. maps, diagrams, charts, videos, etc.) are labeled Figure or Fig. Refer to the figure in-text and provide an Arabic numeral that

corresponds to the figure. Do not capitalize figure or fig.

MLA does not specify alignment requirements for figures; thus, these images may be embedded as the reader sees fit.

Below the figure, provide a label name and its corresponding Arabic numeral (no bold or italics), followed by a period. Here, Figure and Fig. are capitalized.

Beginning with the same line as the label and number, provide a title and/or caption as well as relevant source information in note form. If you provide source information with your illustrations, you do not need to provide this information on the Works Cited page.

Figures Example

In-text reference: Some readers found Harry’s final battle with Voldemort a

disappointment, and recently, the podcast, MuggleCast debated the subject (see fig. 2).

Figure caption (below an embedded podcast file for a document to be viewed electronically):

Fig. 2. Harry Potter and Voldemort final battle debate from Andrew Sims et al.; “Show 166”; MuggleCast; MuggleNet.com, 19 Dec. 2008; Web; 27 Dec. 2008.

Examples - MLA

圖表： 圖表可直接置放論文當中，或者也可以放在附錄中，然而必須注意的是圖表的描述必須前後一致，也就是說當你以 Fig. 1 來描述你的圖一時，你不能夠在描述圖二的時候變成 Figure 2 ，因此圖表的描述必須自始至終，完全一致，要用縮寫的就從頭到尾都縮寫，如： Fig. 1 ， Fig. 2 ，… Fig.10 ，或者從頭到尾都不縮寫，如： Figure 1 ， Figure 2 ，…， Figure 10 。此外，描述圖表的文句不能有句點，因為它不是一句完整的句子，如下所示：

correct

Web links + Resources :

http://owl.english.purdue.edu/ ( 普渡大學寫作中心 ) http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/DocAPACitations.html (The University of Wi

sconsin – the writing center) http://www.lib.cyu.edu.tw/class/reference.htm ( 論文寫作相關參考資源 ) http://www.libraries.wright.edu/find/reference/citing.html (Wright State University – 各種文獻格式 )

http://www.docstyles.com/index.htm (APA and MLA) http://www.ivytech.edu/library/muncie/shafer/resources/APAMLAGuide.pdf (Ivy Tech Citation Handbook – APA and MLA)

http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Documentation.html (Citing references) http://www.lib.cyu.edu.tw/training/class/reference.htm (中亞研究所論文寫作參考資源 )

http://www.apastyle.org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial.aspx (APA tutorial)