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Motivation Drives Emotion Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Motivation Drives Emotion Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

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Page 1: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Motivation Drives Emotion Stress

EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Page 2: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

True or False?T/F Getting away from it all by going on a vacation from all sensory input for a

few hours is relaxing.

T/F People feel hunger due to contractions in the stomach.

T/F Fashion magazines can contribute to eating disorders among women.

T/F Money can’t buy you happiness.

T/F You may be able to fool a lie detector by squiggling your toes.

T/F Vacations can be stressful.

T/F Type A people achieve more than Type B people, but they are less satisfied with themselves.

T/F Humor helps us cope with stress.

Page 3: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Motivation Instinct: Inborn behavior that is

characteristic of an entire species. Drive: A state of tension or arousal

brought on by biological needs. Drive-Reduction Theory: Motivated

behavior is aimed at reducing a drive.

Page 4: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

MotivationPrimary Drive: A physiologically based unlearned

motive, such as hunger.Homeostasis: A state of balance and stability in

which the organism functions effectively.

Page 5: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

MotivationIntrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a

behavior that originates within the individual.

Extrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.

Page 6: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Hunger

The hypothalamus contains:Hunger center: Stimulates eating.Satiety center: Stops eating.A fall in the glucose level stimulates neurons in

the hunger center and inhibits neurons in the satiety center.

Leptin may play a role in obesity.

Page 7: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Sex: Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson) Excitement: Penile erection (males) and swelling of breasts

and clitoris (females). Plateau: Sexual tension levels off. Orgasm: Male ejaculation and female uterine contractions;

a loss of muscle control for both sexes. Resolution: Relaxation and a decrease in muscle tension.

Page 8: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

HormonesHormones play an important role in the

development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

Pheromones may influence sexual attraction in humans.

Page 9: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Need for ContactHarlow’s monkeys demonstrated the importance

of contact and affection.

Page 10: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Learned Motives

AggressionAchievementPower Affiliation

Page 11: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

HumanismCreator: Abraham Maslow

Postulates of Humanistic Psychology: Human beings cannot be reduced to components. Human beings have in them a uniquely human context. Human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of

other people. Human beings have choices and responsibilities. Human beings are intentional (Meaning/Value/Creativity).

Page 12: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Yerkes-Dodson Law There is an optimal level of arousal for the best

performance of any task: Easy tasks--relatively high Difficult tasks--low arousal Other tasks--moderate level

Page 13: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Emotion

James-Lange Cannon-Bard Cognitive Facial Feedback

Page 14: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

James Lang

physio. changesstimulus

emotion

cerebral cortex

Page 15: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Cannon-Bard

stimulus

cerebral cortex

physio. reactions

emotion

Page 16: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Cognitive

stimulus

environ-mental cues

physio. reaction

s

cerebral

cortex

emotion

Page 17: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Facial Feedback TheoryEmotion is the experience of

changes in our facial muscles.

Page 18: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Types of Non-Verbal Communication

Facial expressionsBody languagePersonal distanceExplicit acts

Page 19: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Sources of StressChangeHasslesPressureFrustrationConflictSelf-imposed stress

Page 20: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

5 Sources of Frustration in American Life

DelaysLack of resourcesLossesFailureDiscrimination

Page 21: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Conflict

The simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals.

Page 22: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Dealing with Stress Direct coping: Action taken to change an uncomfortable

situation.

Defensive coping: Convincing yourself

that you are not really threatened or do

not really want something that is

unattainable.

Page 23: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Types of Direct CopingConfrontation: • Acknowledging a stressful situation directly and

attempting to find a solution to the problem.

Compromise: • Choosing a more realistic goal when an ideal goal

cannot be met.

Withdrawal: • Avoiding a situation when other options are not

practical.

Page 24: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Coronary Heart DiseaseMental stress predisposes one to CHD.Personality also plays an important role.

Type A behavior: Respond to life events with impatience, hostility, competitiveness, urgency, and constant striving.

Page 25: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Stress & the Immune SystemStress can lead to: Colds or flu Depression Greater susceptibility to upper respiratory infections Increased vulnerability to cancer

Page 26: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Sources of Extreme StressUnemploymentDivorce and separationBereavementCatastrophesCombat and other personal attacks

Page 27: Motivation  Drives  Emotion  Stress EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder A psychological disorder characterized by episodes of

anxiety, sleeplessness, and nightmares resulting from some disturbing event in the past.

Occurs in soldiers, rape victims, victims of disasters.