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Motivation Drives Emotion Stress
EMOTION, MOTIVATION AND STRESS
True or False?T/F Getting away from it all by going on a vacation from all sensory input for a
few hours is relaxing.
T/F People feel hunger due to contractions in the stomach.
T/F Fashion magazines can contribute to eating disorders among women.
T/F Money can’t buy you happiness.
T/F You may be able to fool a lie detector by squiggling your toes.
T/F Vacations can be stressful.
T/F Type A people achieve more than Type B people, but they are less satisfied with themselves.
T/F Humor helps us cope with stress.
Motivation Instinct: Inborn behavior that is
characteristic of an entire species. Drive: A state of tension or arousal
brought on by biological needs. Drive-Reduction Theory: Motivated
behavior is aimed at reducing a drive.
MotivationPrimary Drive: A physiologically based unlearned
motive, such as hunger.Homeostasis: A state of balance and stability in
which the organism functions effectively.
MotivationIntrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a
behavior that originates within the individual.
Extrinsic Motivation: A desire to perform a behavior to obtain an external reward or avoid punishment.
Hunger
The hypothalamus contains:Hunger center: Stimulates eating.Satiety center: Stops eating.A fall in the glucose level stimulates neurons in
the hunger center and inhibits neurons in the satiety center.
Leptin may play a role in obesity.
Sex: Response Cycle (Masters and Johnson) Excitement: Penile erection (males) and swelling of breasts
and clitoris (females). Plateau: Sexual tension levels off. Orgasm: Male ejaculation and female uterine contractions;
a loss of muscle control for both sexes. Resolution: Relaxation and a decrease in muscle tension.
HormonesHormones play an important role in the
development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.
Pheromones may influence sexual attraction in humans.
Need for ContactHarlow’s monkeys demonstrated the importance
of contact and affection.
Learned Motives
AggressionAchievementPower Affiliation
HumanismCreator: Abraham Maslow
Postulates of Humanistic Psychology: Human beings cannot be reduced to components. Human beings have in them a uniquely human context. Human consciousness includes an awareness of oneself in the context of
other people. Human beings have choices and responsibilities. Human beings are intentional (Meaning/Value/Creativity).
Yerkes-Dodson Law There is an optimal level of arousal for the best
performance of any task: Easy tasks--relatively high Difficult tasks--low arousal Other tasks--moderate level
Emotion
James-Lange Cannon-Bard Cognitive Facial Feedback
James Lang
physio. changesstimulus
emotion
cerebral cortex
Cannon-Bard
stimulus
cerebral cortex
physio. reactions
emotion
Cognitive
stimulus
environ-mental cues
physio. reaction
s
cerebral
cortex
emotion
Facial Feedback TheoryEmotion is the experience of
changes in our facial muscles.
Types of Non-Verbal Communication
Facial expressionsBody languagePersonal distanceExplicit acts
Sources of StressChangeHasslesPressureFrustrationConflictSelf-imposed stress
5 Sources of Frustration in American Life
DelaysLack of resourcesLossesFailureDiscrimination
Conflict
The simultaneous existence of incompatible demands, opportunities, needs, or goals.
Dealing with Stress Direct coping: Action taken to change an uncomfortable
situation.
Defensive coping: Convincing yourself
that you are not really threatened or do
not really want something that is
unattainable.
Types of Direct CopingConfrontation: • Acknowledging a stressful situation directly and
attempting to find a solution to the problem.
Compromise: • Choosing a more realistic goal when an ideal goal
cannot be met.
Withdrawal: • Avoiding a situation when other options are not
practical.
Coronary Heart DiseaseMental stress predisposes one to CHD.Personality also plays an important role.
Type A behavior: Respond to life events with impatience, hostility, competitiveness, urgency, and constant striving.
Stress & the Immune SystemStress can lead to: Colds or flu Depression Greater susceptibility to upper respiratory infections Increased vulnerability to cancer
Sources of Extreme StressUnemploymentDivorce and separationBereavementCatastrophesCombat and other personal attacks
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder A psychological disorder characterized by episodes of
anxiety, sleeplessness, and nightmares resulting from some disturbing event in the past.
Occurs in soldiers, rape victims, victims of disasters.