Nationalism Challenges Conservative Power

I can compare/contrast

the rise of nationalism in

German & Italian states.

I can define the characteristics of nationalism.

1st European country to win self-rule• Former part of Ottoman Empire (which was

crumbling at this time, but not fully until 1922)

Cause of Greek independence was popular throughout Europe

Major powers such as Britain/Russia/France recognize an independent Greece in 1830.

Congress of Vienna? There were ethnic uprisings in:

• France• Prussia (Germany, Austria)• Italy• Greece• Poland• Hungary

But revolutionaries failed to unite the nations, so they actually took a step backwards.

1800’s still under feudalism Russia still had not experienced a(n)

… WRITE DOWN THE ANSWER!!! Due to old ways, Russia was falling

behind other European countries Alexander II- freed serfs, 1861 Nationalism encouraged industrialism, and also ethnic groups wanting their own nations.

Austria- lost the Austro-Prussian war in 1866; split Austria and Hungary into independent states= Austrian-Hungary Empire (only 2 countries)- lost land

Russia- Russification- forced culture on all ethnic groups

Ottoman- Turks felt superior to other ethnic groups; genocide against Armenians 1894-1896; 1915

Strength or Weakness?

Weakness leads to desperate measures.

1830- King wants absolute power Revolt of people Louis-Philippe (more Liberal)king replaces old one (1830-1848) A Paris mob overthrows gov’t replaces it with a representative

government- it falls apart Call for a president Louis-Napoleon III elected president- Nephew of Napoleon

Bonaparte. • Four years later- becomes emperor• Good leader

June Rebellion 1832

Camillo Cavour – Prime minister of Sardinia• Allied with Napoleon III, brought revolution

and unity in N. Italy Giuseppe Garibaldi – unified S. Italy Cavour invaded Papal states, so S.

voted to unite w/Cavour and N. Italy National unification of Italy, but still culturally, economically divided Capital = Rome Pope’s

Power?

German Confederation – loose union of German states; Prussia – largest; Austria – head of confederation

Otto von Bismarck- Prussia’s Prime Minister

• Realpolitik – seek advantage for nation-state by any means, including war and breaking treaties• Wanted to go to war to unify Germany under Prussian rule

Destiny of the weak is to be devoured by the strong.

•7 Weeks War – Bismarck & Prussia against Austria. (Here they go again!) Treaty ending the war set up a (mostly) united Germany under Prussian control

•Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III declared war on Prussia.

•Southern German states (not yet united w/the rest of Germany). They sided w/Prussia because disliked France. Defeated France and all German states now unified

•Following Franco-Prussian War all German States unified.

•Germany now an Empire w/Kaiser Wilhelm I as emperor

Strengthened Industry

Tried to crush opposition parties

Bismarck’s policies left Germany strong, but w/o parliamentary democracy. When Wilhelm I died, his son succeeded him (Wilhelm II) and dismissed Bismarck (1890)

Balance of Power- Undone•GOODBYE CONGRESS OF VIENNA•Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and

Russia no longer equal•Britain and Germany = strongest•France = middle•Austria and Russia = weak

1. Which aging empires suffered from the forces of nationalism?

2. What advantages did Prussia have in leading the German states to unity?

3. How can nationalism be both a unifying and a disunifying force?