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(, : , , , )
()3 /3 /
()4 /
() ()8/
() > 5x10-7 m() > 5x10 m
KoKo1x10-9 m < < 5x10-7 m
Mo < 1x10-9 m< 1x10 m
(, , )
(, )
2 ..
%: w/w, w/v, v/v %: w/w, w/v, v/v
Mo (Molarity, M): moles/ltMo (Molarity, M): moles/lt
M (molality, m):M (molality, m): moles/1000 gr
(Formality, F): F=M
K (Normality, N): gr-eq/lt
gr-eq = mol /g q
gr-eq = mol /
gr-eq = mol/ e g q
gr-eq = mol / ( x )( )
= n M
N1 V1 = N2 V2
HCI 1 M 0,1 NaOH 5 M 0,2
H Henry = f(P)
kk PPcc = = kk . . PP
Raoult
P1 = P1o N11nN 11
1 2 3 i
Nn n n ..... n
= + + + +
(osmol) (osmol)
V = n R T V n R T
( ) ( )
() ()
aCI 0.9% : 9 gr/lt / 58.5gr/mol = 0.15 mol/lt0 15x2=0 3 osmol0.15x2=0.3 osmol
5% : 50/180 = 0 28 mol/lt5% : 50/180 = 0.28 mol/lt0.28 osmol
, . .
= c
IzA 2log = c
g( )I 21 ( ) += zcI ii 22
- -
ArrheniusArrheniusBronsted & LowryL iLewis
= -log(H+), = -log(H+)
O
pHp
K( )3 2 3 3aKCH COOH CH COO+ + +
( )( )( )3
3
3
H CH COOa
CH COOH
a a H CH COOK
a CH COOH+
+ = ( )
( ) ( )( )3 3
3
CH COOH
a
CH COOHH K
CH COO+
= ( )( ) ( )( )
3
3a
CH COO
CH COOHlog H log K log+ = ( ) ( )
( )3
ag g g CH COO
pH pK log
= ( )( )( )
apH pK log
H K l
=
( )( )apH pK log
= +
CH3COONa2 M
CH3COOH3 M3 M
Buffer
0 2 M0.2 M
0 2c c , + =c
acpH pK logc= +
2c
V V l / l
2V c V mol / lt =3V c V mol / lt =
=(+)(-)/(+-)2=(+)( )/(+ )
1=(+)(+-)/(+)
Ko
1 10 9 5 10 71x10-9 m < < 5x10-7 m .
( ) )
(/) ( ) (/)(/, aerosol) ( )
Brown,
Donnan Donnan
,
, .
-
:
X
HH
6 08
AgNO3NH3NH3
Ag+ + 2 NH3 -> [Ag(NH3)2]+
H
O
H
H
N
HH
Cl
-
C O
H H H HH
22.3
, , ligands.
CO
COOC
CO
Ni(CO)4
[Ni(en)3]2+
[Ni(H2O)6]2+
[Ni(en)3]
[Ni(NH3)6]2+,
(EDTA)H2N CH2 CH2 NH2
EDTA Complex PbEDTA Complex Pb
2
4
6
T
6
trans
ciscis
cis-[Co(NH3)4Cl2] trans-[Co(NH3)4Cl2]
( )
Cd+2(aq) + 4OH-(aq) [Cd(OH)4]-2(aq)
K = [Cd(OH)4-2] / [Cd+2][OH-]4 [ ( )4 ] / [ ][ ]
Co+3(aq) + 5NH (aq) + NO -(aq) > Co(NH ) NO +2Co (aq) + 5NH3(aq) + NO2 (aq) -> Co(NH3)5NO2
K [C (NH ) NO +2] / ([C +3][NH ]5[NO ])K = [Co(NH3)5NO2+2] / ([Co+3][NH3]5[NO2-])
1/ K= 1/ K
. , .
NN
N NFe2+
N
HO O
X. 4 .
Werner
. , , ,
.
-
, .
d d , .
.