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History of (Western) Psychology

Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

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Page 1: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

History of (Western) Psychology

Page 2: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Pre-Scientific Psychology: Monism vs Dualism

Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other

Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and body were inseparable

Page 3: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Ancient Greeks Socrates and Plato:

• Used logic• Knowledge is innate

(we’re born with it)

Aristotle• Used data and

observation• Knowledge comes

from experience • First to examine

mental processes such as thought, motivation, and emotional catharsis

Page 4: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Europe Rene Descartes

• Found nerves in dissected animals

Bacon• first to use scientific

method Locke

• Argued for tabula rasa (blank slate)

Empiricism • Observation and

experimentation are most reliable method of knowing

Page 5: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Modern Psychology Wilhelm Wundt

conducted first experiment in 1879

Measured lag between perception and awareness

http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/literally-psyched/2012/07/31/the-birth-of-experimental-psychology-how-do-we-measure-beginnings/

Page 6: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Structuralism Goal = find

structural elements of the mind (not brain)

Edward Tichener used had subjects use introspection to describe experiences

Problems?http://heartofaleader.wordpress.com/2012/05/11/introspection-and-leadership/

Page 7: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Functionalism Looked at evolved

purposes of thoughts and emotions

Thought processes must be adaptive (based on Darwin)

Founded by William James (American)

http://epsychology.in/school-of-psychology.html

Page 8: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Gestalt Psychology Led by Max

Wertheimer Focused on

perception, insight, and problem-solving

Believed the whole is different from the sum of the parts

German rebellion against Wundt’s analytic mindset

http://www.whatispsychology.biz/gestalt-psychology-social-cognition-development

Page 9: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Psychoanalysis Started by Freud Focused on describing

and treating abnormal behavior

Problems come from previously unresolved conflict (unconscious)

Used dream analysis and free association in therapy

Page 10: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Behaviorism

Started by John Watson

Focus is on the observable and measurable

Describes how behaviors are learned and modified

http://ahp.apps01.yorku.ca/?tag=behaviorism

Page 11: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Humanistic Psychology Carl Rogers and Abraham

Maslow, 1980s Rebelled against behaviorism

and psychoanalysis Focused on current environment,

potential for growth, and needs for love and acceptance

Page 12: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Modern Subfields Counseling

psychology• Work with people

with everyday problems

• Academic, career, relationships, grief,

Clinical psychology• Work with patients

with ongoing mental, emotional, or behavioral problems

Psychiatry• Go to medical

school• Can prescribe

medication and other physical treatments

• Also use psychotherapy

Page 13: Socrates, Plato, and Descartes were dualists- thought body and soul are distinct from each other  Aristotle was a monist – he believed the soul and

Industrial-Organizational Advise

companies on organization, hiring, training, morale, and compensation of employees

Human factors psychologists study human/machine interaction• Product design