000367 OP 998 Aircraft Pyrotechnics and Accessories

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AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICSAND ACCESSORIES

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29 MAY 1941

This publication is RESTRICTED and shall be safeguarded in accordance withsecurity provisions of U . S . Navy Regulations, 1920, Article 76 .

OP 998.(SECOND REVISION)

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NAVY DEPARTMEIVTBUREAU OF ORDNANCE

WASHINGTON 25 . D . C .

ORDNANCE PAMPHLET 998 (SECOND REVISION)

AIRCRAFT PYROTEChINICS AND ACCESSORIES

29 May 1947

1 . Ordnance Pamphlet 998 (Second Revision) contains a descriptionof and instructions for use of all the aircraft pyrotechnics flares, photo-flash bombs, markers, signals, and pyrotechnics accessories used by theNavy on the date of issue . As new items are developed, additional chapterswill be distributed .

2. This publication supersedes OP 998 (l[ irst Revision) which shouldbe destroyed.

X. War Department Bombing Tables BT PF-A-1 shall not be usedin connection with Bomb, Photoflash, 11-I46 . Data contained in Chapter 7 ofthis publication shall be used instead.

4. This publication is RESTRICTED and shall be safeguarded inaccordance with security provisions of L' . S. Navy Regulations, 1920,Article 76 .

G. F. HussEY, JR.Vice Admiral, U. S. NavyChief of the Bureau of Ordnance

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CONTENTS

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1SN74yl 1 NIAV?.Amel 1tl r1?'+niXX1J X?7

Nomenclature and Markings . . . . . . . .

Chapter 2HANDLING AND STOWAGE

Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 andMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10

16

18

20

General Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . 4 Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22Handling of Photoflash Bombs . . . . . . 5 Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11Handling of Flares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Disposition of Defective Ammunition 5 Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 andPreparations for Dumping . . . . . . . . . 6 AN-M26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Preparations for Burning . . . . . . . . . . 6Items to be Burned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Item to be Dumped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chapter 5Items to be Burned or Dumped . . . . . . 7

INSTALLATION OF PARACHUTE FLARESAND LAUNCHING EQUIPMENT

Chapter 3 Installation in Flare Launching Tubes . 33SURVEILLANCE Installation in Aircraft Flare Con-

tainers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Purposes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Preparation for Manual Launching . . 34Division of Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . 8 Manual Launching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Data for Use of Performance Data Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0 35Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Bomb Racks and Bomb Shackles . . . . . 40

Chapter IINTRODUCTION

Page

Chapter 4AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES

Page

Characteristics and Use . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Combat Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Launching Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . l Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 andProcurement and Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Records, Reports, and Allowance Lists Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and

APPENDIXSpecial Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . .Technical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Shipping Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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CONTENTS

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Chapter 6Page

Chapter 9Page

MISCELLANEOUS FLARES RECOGNITION AND DISTRESS SIGNALSFloat Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 and AND PROJECTORSMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Aircraft Signals (Army), and SignalHigh Altitude Parachute Flare . . . . . . 43 Cartridges (Navy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78Aircraft Parachute Flare, 11/2 Minute Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8 . . . . . . . . 83(Electrically-Operated), and Air-craft Parachute Flare, 3 Minute Aircraft Emergency Identification(Electrically Operated) . . . . . . . . . 46 Signals Mk 6 and Mk 7 . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red, M75

Chapter 7 (T49) and AN-M75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

PYROTECHNIC BOMBS AND FUZES Very Signal Lights Mk II . . . . . . . . . . . 89Hand Projectors Mk 3 and Mk 4 . . . . . 91

Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-1146 48 Distress, Smoke, Hand Signal Mk 1Modifications of Bombs, Photoflash, Mod 0, and Signal, Distress, Smoke,M46 and AN-M46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Hand, AN-Mk 1 Mod 1 . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Bombing Data-Explanatory Notes . . 51Fuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, M11.1, Signal (Distress, Day and Night) Mk

M111A1, and M111A2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 13 Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, M1,16 . 64 Grenade, Smoke, White (H.C.),Target Identification Smoke Bomb Mk AN-M8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

72 Mod 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Signal, Aircraft � Red Star, Parachute,M11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Chapter 8MARKERSDepth Charge Marker, Day, Mk 1 and Chapter 10Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 PRACTICE BOMB SIGNALS

Depth Charge Marker, Night, Mk:..AN-Mk

71 Miniature Practice Bomb Signal Mk 4Cartridge, Slick Marker, 1 and Mods 99Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Signals, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and Miniature Practice Bomb FluoresceinMods and AN-Mk 5 Mod 1 and Signal Mk 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100Mod 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0 . . . 101

Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 and Mods . 76 Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0 . . . 103

vi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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Page

3133

52

5259

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Figure

1 . Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types andComparative Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . .

1A. Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types and

Page

vut

Figure

12. Turning Fuze on Flames Mk 5, Mk6, and Mk 10 Types . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 . Loading Flare Container . . . . . . . . .Comparative Sizes . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 14. Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1

2. Typical Pyrotechnic Ammunition Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Performance Data Card . . . . . . . . 9 15 . Flare Container : Vertical Panel

3 . Diagram Showing Aircraft Para- Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .chute Flare Mk 4 Operated by a 16. Wiring Diagram for Flare Con-Rip Cord . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 tainer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 . Diagram Showing Operation of 17. Float Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 andFree Falling Parachute Flare . . . 12 Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5 . Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 and 18. Installation of Float Flares in BombMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6 . Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and 19. High Altitude Parachute FlareMods, and Fuze for Aircraft Par- Mk 20 and Projector Mk 13 . . . . .achute Flares Mk 5 and Mk 6 . . . 15 20. Aircraft Parachute Flare, 3-Minute

7. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and (Electrically-Operated) . . . . . . .Mods, and Fuze for Aircraft Par- 21. Bomb, Photoflash, M46 and AN-achute Flare Mk 6 Mod 5 . . . . . . . 17 M46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 . Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and 22 . Modification of Trail Plate forMods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Bomb Photoflash, AN-M46 . . . . .

9 . Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 23. Graph of Trail Angle at Instant ofMod 0, and Fuze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Burst, Bomb, Photoflash, M46

10. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 and With Angle Trail Plate . . . . . . . . .Mods, and Fuze Assembly Show- 24. Graph of Trail Angle at Instant ofing Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Burst, Bomb, Photoflash, M46

11. Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 With No Trail Plate . . . . . . . . . . .and AN-M26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 25. Fuze, Flare, Mechanical Time, M111

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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

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Figure

26 . Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time,Page Figure

41 . Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red,Page

M146 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6:3 M75 (T49) and AN-M75 . . . . . . . 8727 . Target Identification Smoke Bomb 42 . Very Signal Lights Mk II . . . . . . . . . 88

Mk 72 Mod I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 43 . Plastic Case for Very Signal Light28 . Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk : 1 Mk 11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 44 . Hand Projectors Mk 3 (left) and29 . Depth Charge Marker, Night, Mk 2 70 Mk 4 (right;) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9030 . Cartridge, Slick Marker, AN-Ml: 1

Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . T,? 45 . Loading the lhand Projector : Load-31 . Signal, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and ing (A), Firing (B), Alternate

Mods and AN-Mk 5 Mod I . . . . . . 73 Method of Firing (C), Ejecting32 . Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 and Mods 75 Shell (D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9133 . Signals, Aircraft, AN-M28 to A'.V- 46 . Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk 1

M33, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Mod 0, and Signal, Distress,34 . Signals, Aircraft, AN-A137 to A V- Smoke, [land, AN-Mk 1 Mod 1 . . 92

M42, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 47 . Signal (Distress, Day and Night)35 . Signals, Aircraft, AN-M53 to AlV- Mk 13 Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

M58, Inclusive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 48 . Grenade, Smoke, Hand, White,36 . Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8 . . . . . . 8:3 (H.C.) . AN--M8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9537 . Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8, Dis- 49 . Signal, Red Star, Aircraft, Para-

assembled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 chute, MI 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9738 . Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-11-78 : Trip- 50 . Signal, Miniature Practice Bomb,ping Breech Lock (A), Loading AN-Mk 4 and Signal, Miniature(B), Firing (C), and Extracting Practice Bomb, (Fluorescein)(D) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 AN-Mk 5 10039 . Moult MI for Pistol, Pyrotechnic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

A_N-11-78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 51 . Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0 . 10140 . Aircraft Emergency Identification 52 . Practice Lomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0 102

Signals Mk 6 and Mk 7 . . . . . . . . . 85 53 . Fuze Mk 247 Mod 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIES

viii

1 . SIGNAL, MINIATURE PRACTICE BOMB, FLUORESCEINAN-MK 5

2 . VERY SIGNAL LIGHTS MK II3 . AIRCRAFT SIGNALS AN-M28 THRU AN-M334 . CARTRIDGE, SLICK MARKER, AN-MKI MOD 05 . DISTRESS SMOKE HAND SIGNAL MK 1 MOD 06 . AIRCRAFT SIGNALS AN-M37 THRU AN-M45,

AN-M37A1 THRU AN-M45A1, AN-M53 THRU AN-M58,AN-M53A1 THRU AN-M58A1 AND SIGNALCARTRIDGES MK 3 MOD 3 AND MK 4

7 . SIGNAL, MINIATURE PRACTICE BOMB, AN-M4

6

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7

OP 998 (SECOND REV.)

B . FUZES, FLARE, MECHANICAL TIME, Mlll, M111Al,M111A2

9 . SIGNAL, DISTRESS, TWO-STAR, RED, M75 (T49) ANDAN-M75

10 . SIGNAL (DISTRESS, DAY AND NIGHT) MK 13 MOD 011 . FUZE, BOMB, MECHANICAL TIME, . M14612 . GRENADE, SMOKE, WHITE (HC, AN-M813 . AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY IDENTIFICATION SIGNAL MK 614 . DEPTH CHARGE MARKER, NIGHT, MK 215 . SIGNAL, RED STAR, PARACHUTE, AIRCRAFT, Mll16 . AIRCRAFT EMERGENCY IDENTIFICATION SIGNAL MK 717 . HIGH ALTITUDE PARACHUTE FLARE

Figure I-Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types and Comparofive Sizes

9"

6"

3"

9'1

6"

3"

4

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Figure IA-Aircraft Pyrotechnics-Types and Comparative Sizes

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COMPARATIVE SIZE CHART

18 . PRACTICE BOMB SIGNAL MK 6'MOD U

27. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 4 AND MODS19 . DEPTH CHARGE MARKER, DAY . MK 1 AND MODS

28. PARACHUTE FLARE, 3, -MINUTE ;ELECTRICALLY-20. PRACTICE BOMB SIGNAL MK 7 MOD 0

OPERATED)21 . SIGNAL, DRIFT, NIGHT, AN-MK 4 AND MODS

29. AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 6 AND MODS

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22 . AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE, 1'/2 MINUTECALLY-OPERATED)

(ELECTRI-

23 . SIGNAL, DRIFT, NIGHT, AN-MK 5 MOD 1 - 30 .

AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 10 AND MODSAIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 11 AND MODSTARGET IDENTIFICATION SMOKE BOMB MK 72 MOD 1

24 . AIRCRAFT FLOAT LIGHT MK 6 AND MCDS 31 . BOMBS, PHOTOFLASH, M46 AND AN-M4625 . AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 8 AND MODS 32. FLARES, AIRCRAFT, PARACHUTE, M26 AND AN-M2626 . AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARE MK 5 AND MODS 33 . FLOAT FLARE 'AIRCRAFT) MK 17 AND MODS

Characteristics and UseAircraft pyrotechnics are used for signaling,

marking, or illuminating in tactical and train-ing operations (Fig . 1) . The selection and useof each pyrotechnic item depends on the effectdesired .

In general, pyrotechnics are mixtures of oxi-dizing agents and combustible materials . Othermaterials are added to the pyrotechnic mixtureto brighten the flame, to color the flarne orsmoke, to retard or accelerate chemical action,or to act as a binder or a chemical stabilizer forthe mixture. Some materials used perform morethan one of these functions .

The effectiveness of pyrotechnic ammunitiondepends on the visibility, which is affected bythe design of the item, its placement relativeto the observer, and the prevailing atmospheric,conditions . Variations in design govern thecandlepower, the color of the light or smokeproduced, and the burning time. The color andreflective characteristics of the background, thedistance, the relative position, the angle of ob-servation, and the degree of natural illumina-tion also affect; visibility and determine theeffectiveness of the pyrotechnic ammunition .

Slick markers are classified as pyrotdchnicammunition, every though these items do notconform to the above conception of pyrotech-nics,

Launching EquipmentHand-held projectors or mechanical equip-

ment mounted in the aircraft are usually re-quired to project or launch aircraft pyrotech-nics . Proper launching equipment is referredto in the chapter describing the item withwhich it is used .

Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

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Procurement and IssuePyrotechnic arrimunition is manufactured for

the Bureau of Ordnance by naval activities andcommercial organizations, and is provided tothe Fleet by the: Bureau of Ordnance . Sometypes of pyrotechnics are procured from theOrdnance Department and Chemical WarfareService of the Army.

All aircraft pyrotechnics are issued as com-plete units except Flares, Aircraft, Parachute,M26 and AN-M26, and Bombs, Photoflash, M46and AN-M-16. These exceptions are fuzed atthe time they are loaded on the aircraft .

The issue of aircraft pyrotechnics for fleetactivities is covered in the Bureau of OrdnanceManual under Sections 2B and 2C. These sec-tions state that Naval Ammunition Depots andMagazines shall supply, on request, materialsto fill allowances as established or approved bythe Bureau of Ordnance. In requesting pyro-technic ammunition, it is essential that the cor-rect nomenclature be used . In cases where sev-eral colors are available in items bearing thesame nomenclature, the desired colors mustalso be specified . Written requests should bemade to the Bureau of Ordnance for pyrotech-nics in excess of allowances, and for items noton the allowance lists. Requests from overseasactivities should be screened through the appro-priate Area or Force Commander.On new and replacement items, initial dis-

t:ribulion is critical and will be made underguidance of the Chief of Naval Operations . Re-quests through established logistic channelsshould indicate the following information

1 . Estinli-lted quantity required for immedi-ate important operational purposes.

2 . Estimated quantity anticipated for expen-(liture per month,

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<I . Stock level considered desirable to covercontingencies .

Issue to ships will be made in accordancewith allowance lists. Issue for overseas ship-ments and shore activities will be made in fullcontainer quantities only . In issuing py-rotecli-nic items, every effort should be made to

2

1 .

Issue the oldest lot on hand first.

2 .

Issue and ship from a minimum numberof lots, and in full original unopened condition .

Records, Reports, and Allowance ListsFor purposes of ammunition maintenance, in-

ventory control, procurement, and distributionand the planning thereof, it is necessary tomaintain basic records concerning ammunitionon hand and expended for all naval activities,both ashore and afloat . To obtain this informa-tion, to disseminate the logistic data requiredby the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, and tocomply with the directives of the Commanderin Chief, NAVORD FORM 41B has been estab-lished for reporting all ammunition, except gunammunition, on hand and expended for shoreestablishments . The forces afloat should submitreports on expenditures of ammunition onNAVORD FORM 41B on a semi-annual basis(I June and 1 December) .

Semi-annual reports of all pyrotechnics onhand are to be submitted to the Bureau of Ord-nance on NAVORD FORM 41B, 1 June and1 December, by all ships and all shore activitiesnot using the ammunition stock recording sys-tem. For detailed instructions for filling outthese forms, refer to NAVORD FORM 41 . Thelot number, the contract number, and the manu-facturer's initials should be given in thesereports.

Allowance lists for aircraft pyrotechnic itemshave been established for all classes of shipswhich require this type of ammunition . Theseallowances may be varied by Force or TypeCommanders to meet requirements of opera-tions. In such variations, however. care mustbe taken to keep within the weight, stability,and immersion limits established by the 13u-reau of Ships. Ordnance equipment lists have

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been prepared for most ship types,-establishingthe weight limitations for pyrotechnics nor-mally carried. These weights must not beexceeded. No training allowances have beenestablished, and all pyrotechnics must be con-sidered available for routine use in tactical andgunnery exercises and in navigational problems .

The oldest stocks on hand should be used first .Malfunctioning of pyrotechnics should be re-

ported promptly to the Bureau of Ordnance .

Nomenclature and MarkingsCurrent practice is to indicate the model of

an item as part of the nomenclature . The Armydoes this by following the letter "M" with themodel number ; the Navy follows the word"Marl." (abbreviated "Mk") with the modelnumber. Modifications are indicated by follow-ing the model number -with the letter "A" orthe abbreviation of the word modification,"Mod," for the Army and Navy respectively,and the modification number. Items standard-ized by tlac Army and Navy have the modeldesignation p-i-eceded by the letters, "AN-". Thefollowing model designations are typical ex-amples:AN-T1ik 5 Mod 3, or AN-M9A1 . Colorsof signals are usually- indicated by colored bandsor embossed markings on the signal case .When pyrotechnics are manufactured, a lot

number is assigned in accordance with perti-nent specifications . This lot number is markedon all pachings and on the item itself, unlessthe item is too small to permit such marling.The lot number is required for records such asreports oti the condition and functioning, orstccidy.ttts fat which the pyrotechnics are in-volved . Complete identification of pyrotechnicsis furnished by the nomenclature, including themodel desit rration, the color of the item, andthe contract number and lot number.The following information is marked on the

packing boK of all pyrotechnic items, and onmost of the pyrotechnic items : Nomenclature,Mark and Mod numbers, lot numbers, date ofmalnttractur'e, and the name or initials of theinanufacturer .

Ordnance Pamphlet 1511 provides a cata-logue list Or authorized pyrotechnic assemblies .

'aCN'a,XX'a tXt7WXaSlXXnd tH rtTlnnnuXXu

'This list is primarily a chart which tabulatestechnical data, including weights of comipo-nents, and packing information. It also listsNvhich Marks and Mods are interchangeable forissue. A summary of this information is tabu-lated in the Appendix .

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INTRODUCTION

Ordnance Pamplet 1177 describes surfacepyrotechnics (including pyrotechnic ammuni-tion used by ships, PT boats, submarines, andground troops) and the accessories used withthat type of ammunition .

3

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General Safety PrecautionsPyrotechnics contain material of an ex-

tremely dangerous nature . Special precationsfor certain pyrotechnics are prescribed in thechapters relating to the particular item. Thefollowing general precautions should be ob-served at all times

Pyrotechnics should be handled carefully.Rough handling may cause immediate function-ing of the item, or may damage it so it will notfunction properly at the time desired. Somepyrotechnic material is more dangerous thanother types of service ammunition, and itsproper functioning is equally important.

Whenever possible, pyrotechnics should bestowed in the boxes or watertight containersin which they are supplied . Items should beseparated according to type, color, and lotnumber .

Functioning of pyrotechnics is affected bymoisture. Therefore, pyrotechnics should bestowed in a dry, ventilated place. Most pyro-technics are packed in moisture-proof con-tainers . The seal of such pickings should notbe broken until just before the item is to beused. Pyrotechnics exposed to moisture shouldbe segregated from other inflammable or ex-plosive material until an examination hasproved that they are serviceable and safe .

Pyrotechnics should not be stowed where thedirect rays of the sun can strike them . Theyshould be protected against excessive and vari-able temperatures . The temperature in stowagespaces should be below 100 degrees Fahrenheit .This temperature limitation is imposed becausemany pyrotechnic items incorporate commer-cial impact-type primers containing fulminateof mercury, which deteriorates rapidly when

4

Chapter 2

HANDLING AND STOWAGE

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stowage temperatures exceed 100 degrees Fahr-enheit .

The distances between stowage concentra-tions required for pyrotechnic ammunition arethe same as for smokeless powder. Exceptionsto this rule are indicated in the chapters con-cerning the individual items. For smokelesspowder and most pyrotechnic ammunition, thedesired distance from inhabited buildings,public railways, and public highways is 800feet, with a minimum distance of 400 feet. Thedesired distance between pyrotechnic maga-zines is 400 feet, with a minimum distance of200 feet. NVIien the quantity of any one type ofpyrotechnic ammunition is large, it shall bestowed separately. The maximum gross weightof pyrotechnic ammunition and containers inone magazine shall not exceed 500,000 pounds.Aboard ship, smoke-producing pyrotechnics

should be stowed above deck if possible, becauseit is difficult to combat fire in these materialswhen they are stowed where the smoke pro-duced is not blown away . Water activated items,such as the Depth Charge Marker Mk 2 shallbe stowed separately from other pyrotechnics,if practicable, in order to avoid the risk ofspreading or extending a fire in those materialswhen water is being used as the extinguishingagent.

Smoking or carrying lighted cigars, ciga-rettes or pipes is not permitted in the vicinityof pyrotechnics . Matches and other flame- orspark-producing articles should not be carriednear places where pyrotechnics are stowed .

Pyrotechnic ammunition should be keptclean . Foreign substances such as dirt, sand,mud, or grease should be carefully removedbefore pyrotechnics are showed or used. Peri-odic inspection should be made of all pyro-technics in sto(Xk, and all defective units shouldbe segregated for disposal .

'aCNa.lY7 t1XX7WNXl7nnq XXy nTlf1nf11l ..X71X

When a cartridge-type pyrotechnic misfires,make at least two more attempts to fire it . If itstill fails to tire, the pistol or projector ma;y beunloaded after « "aiting a minimum of 30seconds. On account of the possibility of aBang-:fire, this rule should never be disre-garded .

Pyrotechnics will not ordinarily be on handin quantities in excess of the amount necessaryto meet immediate requirements . Unfiredrounds in excess of such requirements shouldbe restored to their original pickings and ap-propriately marked. In subsequent firings suchitems should be used first, so that the stock ofopen pickings may be kept at a minimum.

Because of the nature of pyrotechnics, mosttypes deteriorate in a shorter period of timethan other types of service ammunition . Theoldest serviceable pyrotechnics available shouldbe issued first to insure the continuing avail-ability of a fresh stock.

Pyrotechnic ammunition stowed aboard air-craft should be p'ope:ly secured. A loose flaresto«- ed in a compartment of a plane being cata-pulted may ignite and cause an accident if theripcord or arming plate becomes fouled in othergear or on some projection . Loose pyrotechnicammuunition in the cockpit or compartment ofa plane may foul the control mechanism of theplane.

Handling of Photoflash BombsBombs, Photoflash, M46 or AN-M46 are ex-

tremely dangerous and must be handled withgreat care . They detonate with a high-orderexplosion.

Duds of this pyrotechnic should be handledwith extreme caution, particularly if they havedistorted or ruptured cases. The slightest fric-tion may set off' the loose photoflash powderwith which these bombs are loaded . Unfuzingduds of this bomb does not render them safe tohandle .

If possible, such duds should be destroyed inplace by demolition, using t«,o I/,-pound blocksof TNT. These blocks should be placed adjacentto the forward suspension lug, as close as pos-sible to the bomb without touching it . Such

RESTRICTED


work should be undertaken only by bomb dis-posal officers . Removal of duds is extremelyhazardous and should be done only in emer-gencies.

Handling of FlaresFlares ar more dangerous as a fire hazard

than many types of ammunition because theyare easily activated . Extreme care is necessaryin stowage, use, and handling . Flares exposedto excessive moisture or mechanically damagedby rough handling shall be returned to ammu-nition depots or disposed of as described below.Flares should never be disassembled and para-chutes or other components removed. Inertflares are available for instructional purposes.

Flares should not be left in aircraft whichare grounded indefinitely . Navy flares to bereturned to stock or to be turned in to ammu-nition depots after having been mounted in anaircraft ready for release shall be prepared bytaping the rip cords to the sides of the flaresand setting the fuze on SAFE . The unused flareshould be returned to its container at the firstopportunity. The container should then betightly sealed wii:h tape and the opened end ofthe flare container should be dipped in paraffin,if available.The fuze of the Flares, Aircraft, Parachute,

M26 or AN-M26 shall be disassembled fromthe flare after replacing the seal wire andsafety cotter pin. The arming wire and hangwire shall be coiled and replaced in the hangwire container . The shipping cover, shippingseal, and shipping plug shall be replaced .

Support bands and cotter pins shall be re-turned with flares ).vhen possible .

Disposition of Defective AmmunitionWhen so directed by the Bureau of Ord-

nance, defective and obsolete items may bedisposed of in one of two ways : Dumping over-board or burning. Dumping must be done atleast ten miles off shore and in water more than500 fathoms deep . This method is preferred toburning because it involves less preparationand hazard . Some items must always bedumped ; some ahvays burned ; while othersmay be either dumped or burned . A list of such

5

7CN7,1X7 t N7MIrWU1An'N !M na%x+nniX Xil


restrictions is given under the paragraphs cov-ering dumping and burning.

Photoflash bombs and other pyrotechnics notmentioned in this pamphlet shall be disposed ofin accordance with specific Bureau of Ord-nance instructions .Ordnance Pamphlet 151.5, "Restricted and

Unserviceable Ammunition," lists defective lotsof pyrotechnic ammunition, lots which havebeen suspended from issue pending qualityevaluation, and lots which have been restrictedin use. This publication is kept up to date byfrequent changes.

Preparations for DumpingPort authorities must be consulted prior to

taking explosives out to sea for dumping. Beforedumping, all items must be removed from woodpacking boxes, crates, or other containers . Ex-treme caution must be taken to prevent acci-dental ignition of the loose ammunition madeready for dumping.

Rough handling of deteriorated pyrotechnicammunition may cause it to ignite . As afurther precaution, shield other ammunition ondeck in case of accident . To insure rapid sink-ing, ammunition items which may float shouldbe dumped in weighted sacks or previously per-forated metal containers .

Preparations for BurningWhen burning deteriorated or obsolete pyro-

technic ammunition, only the quantity to beburned on that day should be moved to thescene of the burning. The following safetymeasures must also be observed

1 . A suitable site must be selected at least1,000 feet from any magazine, and at least1,200 feet from any inhabited building, publichighway, public railroad, or station boundary .Dry grass, leaves, or other inflammable mater-

Must be cleared from around the point ofi ""'11 ' 11V for a radius of at least 200 feet .

X.

:\X, tluXineratoi, pit, or trench about fourhe used to prevent fragments.+,X«X an czxplosion occurs . Excel-sior, "ilhihir it , flatnmable materialsufhc'lc" iXt I .+ I+r+nlu++ :, h0 tit'o should be placed

6 RESTRICTED


in the bottom of the incinerator, pit, or trench .The items to be burned must be removed fromtheir containers and placed on top of the in-flammable material . A cover of heavy irongrating or wire mesh should be placed over thetit and staked down . The tire should then beignited from the downwind side with a trainof inflammable material of such length thatample safety is provided .3.

Items to be disposed of should be separ-ated and burned in small quantities, and theincinerator or pit bottom allowed to cool beforeeach quantity is burned.4.

Items being prepared for burning shouldbe kept at least 200 feet away from the inciner-ator, pit; or trench . Material to be burned shallbe adequately protected to preclude possibilityof premature ignition by flying sparks orembers. Personnel must, not be stationed at ornear material awaiting disposal .

5.

A barricade should be erected to protectthe personnel conducting the burning opera-tions. There should not be more than the re-quired number of persons present, but neverfewer than. two.

6. Adequate firebreaks should be provided,and fire fighting equipment should be on handand ready to protect nearby property.

7 . Metal parts remaining after burningshould be salvaged for scrap if there are suffi-cient quantities to be practicable .

Items To Be BurnedThe following items must be disposed of by

burning :and never by dumping

1 . Signal, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 andMods, and AN-Mk 5 and Mods .

2 . Aircraft Float Light Mk 4, Mk 5, Mk 6and Mods .

3 . Signal, Miniature Practice Bomb, Fluor-escein, AN--Mk 5.

Item To Be DumpedThe following item must be disposed of by

dumping and never by burning.

7cNI,41t7 IWaWA/}Y 3̀Al1[1 IN f17'1f1f1(1L .l771

Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0 and Mk 7Mod 0 .

Items To Be Burned or DumpedThe following items may be disposed of

either by burning or by dumping1 . High Altitude Parachute Flares .2 .

Aircraft Emergency Identification . SignalMk 6 and Mk 7.

Aircraft Parachute Flares (ElectricallyOperated) 11/,) Minute and 3 Minute .4.

Float Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 and Mods .Prepare for dumping in accordance with thefollowing instructions, puncturing with an in-strument which should not penetrate a distancegreater than two inches

a .

Puncture the body or buoyancy chamberat least twice at a distance of about 18 inchesfrom the base of the flare .b.

Puncture the buoyancy chamber once ormore at a distance of about four feet from thebase of the flare.5. Very Signal Light Mk 11 . If it is to be

dumped, weight it to insure sinking.6.

Grenade, Smoke, White, (H.C.), AN-M8.7.

Aircraft Parachute Flares Mks 4, 5, 6, 8,10, and 11, M26, and AN-M26 ; and all modifi-cations of these flares . Because flares may deto-nate, burn them singly in an upright positionas described in paragraph 2 under the headingof "Preparations for Burning."

8. Signal, Aircraft, Red Star, Parachute,M11 .

9.

Cartridge, Slick Marker, AN-Mk 1 Mod0. If it is to be dumped, weight it to insuresinking.

10 .

Signal cartridges, 11/,-inch, as follows(If they are to be dumped, weight them to

insure sinking)a. Signal Cartridges, Two-Star, Mk 3 Mod

3 and Mk 4 .b . Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, AN-M28

to AN-M33, AN-M37 to AN-M42, and AN-M..37A1 to AN-M42A1 .

c. Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, (withTracer) AN-M53 to AN-M58 and AN--M53A1to AN-M58A1 .

RESTRICTED


d. . Signal, Aircraft, Single Star, AN-M43to .AN-M45 ;lnd AN-M43A1 to AN-M45AL

11 . Depth Charge Markers, (Day), Mk 1and Mods. if they are to be dumped, weightthem te insure sinking.

1'?. Depth Charge Marker (Night), Mk 2.May be burned ashore by removing both tearstrips and placing it in a tub or drum of water.The item will self-ignite. If it is to be dumped,remove both tear strips at the time of dumping.

Caution : Unless it is weighted, the item mayburn on the surface for about 45 to 55 minutes.

1.3 .

Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk 1 Mod0 and Signal, Distress, Smoke, Hand, AN-Mk 1 Mod 1 .

14 . Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red, M75(T49) and .AN-M75.

15 . Signal (Distress, Day and Night) Mk13 :Mod 0.

16 . Signal, Miniature Practice Bomb, AN-Mk 4. If it is to be burned, use a special pithaving tubes and baffles, similar to that usedfor burning primers and small arms ammu-nition .

17 . Target Identification Smoke Bomb Mk72 Mod 1 . If , it is to be dumped, weight it toinsure sinking.

18 . Fuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time M111,M111A1, and M111A2 ; and Fuze, Bomb, Me-chanical Time, M146. Dump in accordance withinstructions on page 5 ; or burn, one at a time,following the general directions for burningoutlined on page 6.

Unserviceable fuzes may also be destroyed byexplosion, as follows : Place a small number offuzes in an open container in a pit or trench atleast four feet deep . Place one or more demoli-tion blocks on the top of the container, in inti-mate contact with the fuzes. Explode with elec-tric blasting caps or with blasting caps andsafety" fuse, observing the safety measures out-lined on page 6 under Preparations for Burn-ing. (Refer to OP 5, paragraphs 1424-1425.)

Demolitic.n or disposal of flares or bombsequipped with these fuzes shall be carried outonly by experts trained in this type of work.

7

7SgT1jY7 IXIXM/R!1"i7XNn 1 nx+XJJIV

PURPOSESThis chapter establishes the action necessary

for periodic evaluation of the readiness of pyro-technic ammunition now in service . The objec-tives are as follows

1 . To verify by service and laboratory teststhe readiness condition of pyrotechnic ammuni-tion on hand and to provide necessary data forthe evaluation by the Bureau of the conditionof all pyrotechnic ammunition in service.

2 . Where deterioration is found to be prog-ressive and continuous, to determine the rate ofdeterioration for the planning of replacement .

3 . To eliminate defective material and in-ferior types of pyrotechnic ammunition fromservice .

4 . To determine the causes of failure in or-der to provide engineering guides for futureprocurement .

DIVISION OF RESPONSIBILITY1 . Ships .a . Surveillance firing of pyrotechnic ammu-

nition is no longer required of ships. However,when pyrotechnic ammunition is fired for anypurpose such as training of personnel or duringfleet exercises, reports of performance of sub-ject ammunition shall be made on the appro-priate performance data card (NAVORD Form1187) .b . Performance data cards are prepared in

check-off form and packed in each containerwith all new production so that performancecan be checked off by the user and the reportforwarded direct to the Bureau of Ordnance .Some current stocks packed without forms arestill in use . For these it will be necessary touse the basic form (NAVORD Forrrr 1187) .

8

Chapter 3

SURVEILLANCE

RESTRICTED

Request for these forms should be submitted onNAVGEN Form 47 to the nearest District Pub-lications and Printing Office .

c . The appendix to this chapter contains alist of the performance characteristics of eachtype of pyrotechnic ammunition. Ships are ex-pected to follow this list of characteristics inreporting pyrotechnic ammunition perform-ance on the performance data card . If the de-tails of performance have not been placed onthe data card by the manufacturer of that item,the appropriate list of performance character-istics shall be noted on the performance datacard by the ship .

d . Detailed reports of any abnormal condi-tions of ships pyrotechnic stores such as notedunder paragraph 2(b) shall be forwarded tothe Bureau of Ordnance .

2 . Shore Stations .a . Shore stations are required to inspect all

types of pyrotechnic ammunition at least an-nually . This inspection shall be as follows

(1) Pyrotechnic ammunition in opened ornon-moisture proof containers shall be inspectedvisually for signs of corrosion of cases, forswelling of paper bodies exudation, dented orpunctured bodies, condition of primers, miss-ing safety pins, frayed rip cords, etc ., and thegiving off of chemical odors . A sample ade-quate to determine effects of stowage conditionsshall be opened for the above inspection .

(2) Pyrotechnic ammunition in moisture-proof packages shall be inspected only for thecondition of the package . If the moistureproof-ness of the packages is suspected, the packageshall be opened and contents inspected as above .

b . Reports of abnormal conditions noted dur-ing inspection shall be forwarded to the Bureau

IgN -4aYI

r 11-4wuu-3An" 1 1.4 nx;nnnV JIU

of Ordnance and defective items or containerswith defective items shall be made available forshipment to the Quality Control SurveillanceLaboratories for examination .

c. Surveillance firing from pyrotechnic lotsin stocks at Naval Ammunition Depots, maga-zines, and other storage facilities is no longerrequired .

3 . Quality Control Surveillance Laboratories .The Quality Control Surveillance Laboratoriesshall select samples of all pyrotechnic ammuni-tion held in storage or in fleet use as directed bythe Bureau of Ordnance . For each item of pyro-technic ammunition and for each manufacturer,the quality level of that type of ammunitionshall be determined by appropriate perform-ance and laboratory tests . The quality level sodetermined shall in each case be compared withthe prior determination of quality in order toascertain whether deterioration associated with

STGNAL, AIRCRAFT, nOIIBU STAR__-Mj9X (CARTRIDGEl4.Q . .(Name of pyrotechnic ammunition)

(Mk-Mod and rotor)MANUFACTURER

II . S . Flare Company

FROM : U. s . s .

CPE 9g

,% FPO, San Francisco,(C1aeaifiro(ion andnumber)

(Address)

TO :

Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, Washington 25, D. C

REF. : (a) BuOrd Manual 2A1 , 2A2, 2A6c, 12C12, 13G

(b) OP-9M

age, storage or other factors has taken place.The statistical tests for this deterioration shallbe made on the basis of appropriate samplingplans provided by the Bureau .

4. Authorization for Disposition .a . The Quality Control Surveillance Labora-

tories will submit reports to the Bureau on theanalysis of (1) depot held stocks (2) fleet re-turned ammunition (3) suspected pyrotechnicammunition submitted from the annual inspec-tion of stocks by shore stations and from ships.

b . On the basis of accumulated performancedata on types of pyrotechnics, the Bureau ofOrdnance will determine whether or not par-ticular lots of pyrotechnics or groups of lotsshall be withdrawn from service . Depots willbe notified of such determinations and wherenecessary, ships will be authorized to turnin such stocks of pyrotechnic ammunition .

PYROTECHNIC AMMUNITION PERFORMANCE DATA CARD-NAVORD FORM 1197 (1oiaa)

Figure 2-Typical Pyrofechnic Ammunition Performance Data Card

RESTRICTED

None _(Corlrrad number)

DATE-

(C) NAVORD OCL

SURVEILLANCE

USF-1-4(Assembly lot number)

_DATE OF MANUFACTURE

March, 1943

g AprX1, 1945 ___

9

-4SN74X4 1 N'aWX1

Hnn ItT n

nriXsa 7s

RECEIVED FROM DATE RECEIVED ELEMENTS OF PERFORMANCEROUND NO.

- 1 ? 1 eNAD, Fallbrook 10-4-44CONDITION OF PACKING CONDITION OF SEALAGE Date fired J +r 1115

Good Good _Primer Acti on - -I IROUND No .STOWAGE HISTORY 1 z s

f 5 PrOp111810II (250 ft .X

EXPO_ OVERTO TEMPERATURE

100°F . O- O 1O_._-___._-,

I Ignition of StarsI ' '

SURE

(Stale

TO RELATIVE HU-MIOITY OVER 80' 0

OColor

numberof TO HOT SUN

_ - -IIS ng Time i - - _-

hours)__TO WATER,RAIN, OR SPRAY O O O

TIONCONDO

OFGENACON

EDIRTILON

rTT -_ Ir-ROUND

FIATING SEALAGE

INSTRUCTIONS. Consult references for functional characteristics beforefiring. Use (V) for satisfactory or (X) for unsatisfactory. Give details of

condition or on reverse side. See enclosureofunsatisfactoryNAVORD

performanceOCL

(A)A72-44 foi performance data desired.

Title

Aircraft Parchute Flares

Mark 4 and Mods

Mark 5 and ModsMark 6 and ModsMark 10 and Mods

Mark S and Mods

Mark 11 and Mods

AN-M26

Electrically Operated(11/z min. and 3 min.)

Flare (High Altitude Parachute)Mk 20

Aircraft Float Lights andXiigbt Drift SignalsMark 4Mark 5 Mod 1Mark 6 Mod 2

Appendix to Chapter Three

RESTRICTED

DATA FOR USE OF PERFORMANCE DATA CARDS

Element of Performance

Rip CordParachute ActionBurning time (3 min.)

Firing lanyardDelay before ejectionEjectionParachute ActionBurning Time (3 min.)

Rip CordParachute ActionDelay before ignitionBurning Time (3 min .)

Arming wireDelay before ejectionEjectionParachute ActionBurning time (3 min.)

Electric circuitEjectionParachute ActionBurning time (1 1/z or 3 min.)

Primer actionHeight of ejection (1,000 ft .)Parachute ActionBurning time (60 sec .)

Primer actionDelay before ignition

Burning time (3 min.-Mark 410 min.-Mark 540 min.-Mark 6)

7CNJAX7 IN7WN?I"7Al1X1 iN r1T11XI1nSJa 17

Grenade, Smoke, VPhite,

Primer action(HC) AN-M8

Delay before ignition (41/, see.)Burning time (3 min.)

RESTRICTED

XX+vX .XxX r+vXtXwXnnX ra nX,nnnstX'au

APPENDIX TO CHAPTER THREE

Aircraft Signals Primer actionAN-M37 to 42 PropulsionAN-M42 to 45 Ignition of Stars

Burning time (7 sec .)Color

Aircraft Signals Primer actionAN-M53 to 58 Propulsion

Signal Cartridge Tracer burning time (4 sec.)Mark 4 Star ignition

Burning time (5 sec.)Color

Aircraft Emergency Primer actionIdentification Signals Delay before ejection (4 sec .)Mark 6 Parachute actionMark 7 Burning time (25 sec.)

Color (Indicate)

Aircraft Parachute Signal, Primer actionRed Star, M-11 Propulsion

Delay before ejection (21/2 sec .)Parachute actionBurning time (30 sec.)

Photoflash Bomb M46 Arming wireFuzeBurst(Indicate type of fuze used)

Cartridge, Slick Marker Primer actionMark 1 Propulsion

Delay before burst (11 sec.)Visible Slick

Very Signal Lights Primer actionMark 2 Propusion

Burning time (5 to 7 sec.)Color (Indicate)

Depth Charge Markers Primer actionMark 1 and Mods Delay before burst (15 sec .)

Visible Slick

Mark 2 Delay before ignition(less than 90 seconds)

Burning time (45 min.)

Combat TypesService types of aircraft parachute flares is-

sued to the Fleet are of two distinct categories(1) Those designed to fall a predetermined dis-tance below the launching aircraft before func-tioning (Fig . 3), and (2) those designed tofunction as soon as they are clear of the launch-ing aircraft (Fig. 4) .

12

50 FT .DROPBEFOREBURNING

BURNING TIME450 FT . PEZ.MIN .

(AVERAGE)

3000 FT .MINIMUM ALTITUDE

FOREFFECTIVE USE

AIRCRAFT PARACHUTE FLARES

SPOOL-PARACHUTE

TUBE -PARACHUTE

-- FLARECASING

Figure 3-Diagram Showing Aircraft Parachute FlareMark 4 Operated by a Rip Cord

Chapter 4

RESTRICTED

Flares included in the first category are : Air-craft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and Mods, AircraftParachute Flare Mk 6 and Mods, Aircraft Par-achute Flare Mk 10 and Mods, and Flares, Air-craft, Parachute, M26 and AN-M26.

Flares included in the second category are :Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4 and Mods, Air-craft Parachute Flares Mk 8 and Mods, andAircraft Parachute Flares Mk 11 and Mods.

3,000 FT .GREATER THANFUZE SETTING

AUXILIARYARBITRARY FUZE WPARACHUTESETTING OF7,000 FT.

3 MIN . APPROX.

IIIIX-ILLUMINANTBURNING TIMEIN DROP OF

1500 FT .-FLARE

CASING

Figure 4-Diagram Showing Operation of Free Fall-ing Parachute Flare

ICNa,rx- tI Naw

"4nna rH n

nnnuaXX.

FRICTION WIRESUSPENSION CABLE

SHROUD CORDS

Figure S-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 and Mods

RESTRICTED


SECTION Y- Y

RELEASE KEY CORDRIP CORD SPOOL

13

1svadxl 1"lw+3sfiXnnq XH n r+nn XXt-


Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 and ModsThis flare is used primarily for illuminating

a large area sufficiently to permit the landingof aircraft (Fig . 5) . It may also be used to il-luminate an area for reconnoitering and bomb-ing . However, Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk5, Mk 6, and Mk 10, having much greater can-dlepower than Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4,are more satisfactory for reconnoitering andbombing. Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 isalso used by low flying aircraft to blind theenemy's antiaircraft defenses .

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 18 pounds . Theshellac-impregnated chip board case has a diam-eter of 43!, inches and a length of 273/8 inches.

Two metal steadying bands are fastened tothe case . The steadying forks (or sway brac-ing) of the bomb racks rest against thesesteadying bands.

Both ends of the case are closed by chipboard discs, held in place by gummed cloth andsealed with paraffin . The flare, as issued, iswater-repellent but should be kept in the mois-ture-proof metal shipping container when notinstalled in a plane .

Markings on the case show where to attachthe support band (or bands) when the flare isto be released from a bomb rack . The supportbands are shipped in the packing box with theflares .

Operation-When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of therip cord is retained by the arming-wire retainerof the bomb rack . The rip cord (fastened to thearming plate) tears along the side of the caseuntil it reaches the end of the flare casing . Asthe flare continues to fall, the rip cord (woundaround a wooden spool inside the end of theflare casing) unwinds from the spool, thus car-rying away the end of the flare casing . Whenthe end of the flare casing is torn off, the ripcord pulls the wooden spool and the parachutetube (with the parachute) out of the flare cas-ing . The spool falls away. The tension on therip cord retains the parachute tube and, as theflare case (containing the flare candle) falls

14 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV,)

away, the parachute is pulled out of the lowerend of the parachute tube by the suspensioncable and the parachute shroud lines .When the parachute and the parachute

shrouds are fully extended, the release key cordbecomes taut and pulls one end of the releasekey down away from the chip board cover ofthe, parachute tube . This allows the rip cord toslip through the key and become detached fromthe parachute tube.An ignition wire is attached to the suspen-

sion cable in such a manner that it is pulled be-fore the suspension cable is fully extended . Theignition wire pulls four friction wires throughprimer cups of match compound . This ignitesa double quick match which burns down theoutside of the illuminant case and ignites theprimer composition, then the first fire composi-tion, which, in turn, ignites the illuminant com-position .The parachute opens and suspends the flare,

and the parachute tube falls clear. Full suspen-sion and ignition occur about 30 to 50 feet belowthe plane . The flare burns for approximatelythree minutes with a light intensity of about300,000 candlepower.

The installation and release of Aircraft Par-achute Flare Mk 4 and Mods is described inChapter 5 .

The proper altitude for the release of thistype of flare depends upon the purpose forwhich it is to be used . For purposes of observa-tion or reconnaissance the flare should be re -leased at altitudes of between 1,500 to 5,000feet, depending upon the area to be observed .This flare should never be released over friendlyterritory at altitudes less than 1,500 feet, ex-cept in cases of extreme emergency. The flarefalls approximately 450 feet per minute andwould reach the ground before burning is com-pleted .

In making observations extending over con-siderable time, the succeeding flares should bereleased approximately three minutes after theprevious flare, and in a position most advan-tageous to the work being conducted . Such pro-cedure reduces the overlap to a minimum, and

4

7GNX.IXX

I iJ7wX11Jannn XH n7'lnnnua7f.1

IGNITION COMPOSITION

COMPRESSION RING

FIRING MECHANISM

FUZE SETTING RING

RESTRICTED


PARACHUTE TUBERETENTION CABLE

SHROUD CORD

TRIGGER SNAPGAS CHECK

SUSPENSION CABLE

ILLUMINANTFIRING LEVER

LEVER SPRING

LOCK SCREWBLACK POWDER PELLETS

Figure 6-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and Mods, and Fuze for AircraftParachute Flares Mk 5 and Mk 6

FIRING LANYARD

CORD-FUZE BLOCKQUICK MATCH

PLUNGER

Is

_4gNa,1xa IN'IuWYuInnCX iri nxXnnXuXXXr


assures continuous illumination upon the areabeing observed.

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precaution should beobserved :

This flare should not be launched from bombbays, because the parachute is pulled out of theflare case by the static line, and may foul theairplane structure.

Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 andMods is shipped in a moisture-proof metal con-tainer, six containers in one wooden packingbox .

Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal moisture-proof containers in a locationwhere the temperature will not exceed 100 de-grees Fahrenheit . If this temperature is notexceeded, satisfactory performance can be ex-pected for from six to ten years after the dateof manufacture.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk5 and ModsThis flare is used for illuminating a large

area sufficiently to permit reconnoitering,bombing, or the landing of aircraft . (Fig . 6.)In addition, the light produced by the flare pri-marily for bombing also has a blinding effect onthe operators of antiaircraft weapons .

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 18 pounds . Theshellac-impregnated chip board case has a diam-eter of 43/4 inches and a length of 27 inches .

Two metal steadying bands are fastened tothe case . The steadying forks (or sway brac-ing) of the bomb racks rest against thesesteadying bands.

The fuze end of the case is closed by a metalcover. The parachute end of the case is closedby several layers of chip board held in place bygummed cloth and sealed with paraffin . Theflare, as issued, is water-repellent but should bekept in the moisture-proof shipping containerwhen not installed in a plane .

Markings on the case show where to attachthe support bands when the flare is to be re-

16 RESTRICTED


leased from a bomb rack . The support bandsare shipped in the packing box with the flares .

Mounted in one end of the flare is a variabletime delay fuze. The setting is made by turningthe indicator on the metal firing mechanismhousing to the desired delay . The delay isshown on the fuze setting ring, and indicatesthe vertical distance the flare will drop before

. igniting . This distance (or delay) can bevaried from 300 feet to 12,000 feet .

Operation--When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of therip cord is retained by the arming-wire retainerof the bomb rack . The firing lanyard (fas-tened to the arming plate) tears along the sideof the case and flips off the fuze end cover, andpulls the snap cord attached to the firing lever .

The fuze mechanism of Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 5 Mod 0 to Mk 5 Mod 7 functions asfollows

The weight of the flare pulls the firing leveraway from the primer until the snap cord be-comes taut, at which time the snap cord breaks .The firing lever spring then drives the firinglever back against the fulminate of mercuryprimer . The flame from the primer ignites theblack powder pellets in the fuze plunger . Ex-panding gases from the burning black powderforce the sharp point of the plunger radiallyoutward into the safety fuse.* Three small holesnear the point of the plunger allow some of theflame to escape from the inside of the plungerinto the powder of the safety fuse . The safetyfuse burns at the rate of 12 inches per 60-sec-ond interval . The point at which this fuse startsto burn is determined by the drop desired be-fore ignition of the flare, and is regulated asdescribed above .

The fuze mechanism of Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 5 Mod 8 is similar, except that thecord pulls away from the firing lever instead ofbreaking, thus requiring much less pull to firethe primer . Difficulty has been encountered inobtaining proper functioning of Aircraft Par-achute Flare Mk 5 Mod 7 (and lower Mods)when released from bomb shackles in bomb

*Fuse indicates a burning type, while fuze indicates amechanical type .

7CN7 .IY7

X N7WW>l7TnXl XH n7nnnn1J .J71J

LANYARD RINGFIRING LANYARD

AUXILIARY PARACHUTE

PARACHUTE

ARMING PLATESUSPENSION CABLE

QUICK MATCHFUZE BLOCKSAFETY FUSE

RESTRICTED

FIRING LEVER

SNAP CORD

- FIRING LANYARD

BLACK POWDER PELLETS

IARMING PLATE---


LOCK SCREW

Figure 7-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and Mods, and Fuze for Aircraft Parachufe Flare Mk 6 Mod 5

17

lSX[74x'4

J NItK Xnnn iw n

nXnsrxXu'


bays . (See Chapter 5.) Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 5 Mod 8 can be released from bombbays .

The safety fuse (at the periphery of themetal firing mechanism housing) burns its pre-determined length and ignites the quick matchunder the fuze block.

This, in turn, ignites the quick match andfire-cracker fuse stapled to the ignition (or firstfire) composition .When the ignition composition begins to

burn, the gases generated force the parachuteand illumninant out of the flare case . The par-achute opens, and the parachute shroud termi-nal on the end of the shroud lines slides up theretention cable until it is stopped by the cablestop . A short length of cable beyond the cablestop suspends the flare case well away from theburning flare . This also keeps the case fromdropping as a missile hazard .The pyrotechnic candle burns for approxi-

mately three minutes with a light intensity ofabout 600,000 candlepower . Aircraft ParachuteFlares Mk 5, Mk 5 Mod 1, and Mk 5 Mod 2 pro-duce a white light when the pyrotechnic candlesburn . Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 Mods 3to 8 burn with a yellow light.

Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 5 Mod 0, Mk 5Mod 1, and Mk 5 Mod 2 are no longer manu-factured, but are being used for training pur-poses until the supply is exhausted.To use the full burning time of the flare to

best advantage, the altitude at which it is to bereleased should be about 3,000 feet greater than ._the fuze setting . While burning, the flare fallsapproximately 1,500 to 1,800 feet .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and Modscan be dropped from any aircraft by at leastone of the methods described in Chapter 5 . Air-craft Parachute Flares Mk 5 Mod 0 to Mk 5Mod 7 are not suitable for release from bombbays . Air currents entering the bomb bay tendto reduce the stress on the snap cord, with theresult that the cord does not break and the flareremains suspended from the firing lanyard .This allows the flare to toss around in the bombbay, and it may cause damage to the plane struc-

18 RESTRICTED


ture . There is also the danger that the flaremight ignite while still in the bomb bay . Fatalaccidents may occur if a flare becomes hung upin the bomb bay .

This difficulty has been overcome by rede-signing the fuze mechanism . The new fuze isincorporated in Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5Mod 8 . The fuze of this modification requiresonly an eight-pound pull to operate the firinglever instead of a pull of approximately 38pounds required in the previous models . Thecord pulls away instead of breaking . The newfuze operates the same as the old fuze, exceptfor the changes in the firing lever and the cord .

Safety Precautions-.-In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :

Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 5 Mod 0 to Mk5 Mod 7 must not be released from bomb bays,except when released by the Carrier, ParachuteFlare, Mk 1 .

The flare case of Aircraft Parachute FlareMk 5 Mod 8 is not retained by a retentioncable, and falls as a missile hazard . Therefore,Flare Mk 5 Mod 8 should not be used overfriendly territory .

Packing--Aircraft Parachute Flare 111k 5 andMods is shipped in a moisture-proof metal con-tainer, six containers in one wooden packingbox .

Storage-Flares should be stowed in the ori-ginal moisture-proof containers in a locationwhere the temperature will not exceed 100 de-grees Fahrenheit .' If this temperature is notexceeded, satisfactory performance can be ex-pected for from six to ten years after the dateof manufacture .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk b and ModsThis flare is used for illuminating a large

area sufficiently to permit reconnoitering andbombing . (Fig . 7) The light produced by theflare primarily for bombing also has a blindingeffect on the operators of antiaircraft weapons.

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-

7CN7,IY'] t uXwXS77nnn rrf nxXnnnrJX7i.I

lease, weighs approximately 30 pounds . Theshallac-impregnated chip board case, contain-ing a time fuze, a parachute, a small auxiliaryparachute, and the pyrotechnic candle, has adiameter of 5-3/s inches and a length of 353/x,inches .One or two metal support bands which are

shipped with the flare can be mounted on theflare (as indicated on the case) so that the flarecan be suspended from bomb racks and bombshackles . The support bands are not neededwhen the flare is launched from the cockpit orfrom Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0. There arealso two metal steadying bands fastened to thecase, against which the steadying forks or swaybracing of the bomb rack rest .The rip cord is connected to the firing lever

of the time fuze by a snap cord . The fuze endof the flare case is closed by a metal cover, andthe parachute end of the flare case is closed byseveral layers of chip board held in place bygummed cloth and sealed with paraffin . Theparachute is connected to the illuminant candleby a steel suspension cable . The flare, as is-sued, is water resistant but should be kept in theshipping container when not installed in anairplane .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and Mods hasa variable time delay fuze . The setting is madeby turning the indicator on the metal firingmechanism housing to the desired delay . Thedelay is shown on the fuze setting ring, andindicates the vertical distance the flare willdrop before igniting . This distance (or delay)can be varied from 300 feet to 12,000 feet .

Operation-When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of therip cord is retained by the arming-wire retainerof the bomb shackle or bomb rack . The rip cordtears along the side of the case, flips off themetal fuze end cover, and pulls the snap cordattached to the firing lever .

The fuze of Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 6Mod 0 to Mk 6 Mod 4 functions as follows :

The firing lever is pulled away from the prim-er, and when the snap cord breaks, the firinglever spring drives the firing lever back against

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the primer . The flame from the primer ignitesthe black powder pellets in the fuze plunger .Expanding gases from the burning black pow-der force the sharp point of the plunger intothe safety fuse.* Three small holes near thepoint of the plunger allow some of the flame toescape from the inside of the plunger into thepowder of the safety fuse . The safety fuseburns at the rate of 12 inches per 60-second in-terval . The point at which this fuse starts toburn is determined by the drop desired beforeignition of the flare, and is regulated as de-scribed in Column 1.The fuze mechanism of Aircraft Parachute

Flare Mk 6 Mod 5 is similar, except that thecord pulls away from the firing lever insteadof breaking, thus requiring much less pull tofire the primer . A safety screw which preventsfiring of the fuze is incorporated in the FuzeMk 6 Mod 5 Type . This screw must be removedwhen the flare is installed in the aircraft .The safety fuse (at the periphery of the

metal mechanism housing) burns its prede-termined length and ignites the quick-matchunder the fuze block . This, in turn, ignites thequick-match and fire-cracker fuse stapled to theignition (or first fire) composition .

When this composition begins to burn, thegases generated force the auxiliary parachute,the parachute in its case, and the illuminant outof the flare case, which falls clear . The auxil-iary parachute opens and retards the parachutein its case, allowing the illuminant to pull theshroud cords and parachute out of the para-chute case for full suspension of the flare .

The pyrotechnic candle burns for approxi-mately three minutes with a light intensity ofabout one million candlepower . The color of thelight produced is pale yellow .

To use the full burning time of the flare tobest advantage, the altitude at which it is to bereleased should be about 3,000 feet greater thanthe fuze setting . While burning, the flare fallsabout 1,500 feet .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 and Mods can'"Fuse indicates a burning type, while fuze indicates a

mechanical type .

19

TSN7,4x7 1N_J 1AT4%7an()A iri nrnnnXQ7V


be dropped from any aircraft by at least one ofthe methods described in Chapter 5 .

Safety Precautions-Observe - the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2 .Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flares blk 6

and Mods are packed separately in moisture-proof metal containers, four containers in onewooden packing box .Storage-Flares should be stowed in the

original containers in a location where the tem-perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren-heit . If this temperature is not exceeded, satis-factory performance can be expected for fromsix to ten years after the date of manufacture .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and ModsThis flare was developed during 1943 speci-

fically for night antisubmarine warfare . (Fig .8.)

Its principal characteristics are :1 . Immediate opening of the parachute, sim-

ilar to the Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 4 andMods.

2 . Delay between the opening of the para-chute and ignition of the pyrotechnic candle .(Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8 Mod 0 andMk 8 Mod 1 incorporate a 90-second delay ; theMk 8 Mod 2 incorporates a 120-second delay.)

3 . Light intensity of approximately 500,000candlepower.

This flare allows a single patrol plane to dropa flare near the target and then to get into posi-tion for the attack before the flare ignites anddiscloses the presence of the attacking plane .The minimum altitude from which these flarescan be dropped and obtain full burning time isapproximately 2,500 feet .The complete flare, as issued ready for re-

lease, weighs approximately 18 pounds . Theshellac-impregnated chip board case has a di-ameter of 4-3/4, inches and a length of 251/8inches . There are two metal steadying bandsfastened to the case . The steadying forks orsway bracing of the bomb rack rest againstthese steadying bands.

Both ends of the flare case are closed by chipboard discs held in place by gummed cloth and

20 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV

sealed with paraffin . The flare, as issued, iswater-repellent but should be kept in the mois-ture-proof metal shipping container when notinstalled in a plane .Markings on the case show where the sup-

port bands should be attached when the flare isto be released from a bomb rack . The supportbands are shipped in the wooden packing boxwith the flare .The Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Mod 0

has been replaced by the Mk 8 Mod 1. Quanti-ties on hand are to be issued for training pur-poses only .

Operations-As the flare falls away from theaircraft, the arming plate is retained by thearmingwire retainer of the bomb. The rip cord(fastened to the arming plate) tears along theside of the flare until it reaches the end of theflare casing . As the flare continues to fall, therip cord (wound around a wooden spool insidethe end of the flare casing) unwinds from thespool, thus tearing away the end of the flarecasing. When the end of the flare casing is tornoff, the pull of the rip cord pulls the woodenspool and the parachute tube (with the para-chute) out of the flare casing . The spool fallsaway. The tension on the rip cord retains theparachute tube and, as the flare case containingthe flare candle falls away, the parachute ispulled out of the lower end of the parachutetube by the suspension cable and the parachuteshrouds . When the parachute and parachuteshrouds are fully extended, the release key cordbecomes taut and pulls one end of the releasekey down. This allows the rip cord to slipthrough the key and become detached from theparachute and the parachute tube . The para-chute opens and suspends the flare 30 to 50 feetbelow the aircraft . The parachute tube fallsclear .

Ignition of Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8Mod 0 is accomplished by an ignition wire at-tached to the suspension cable in such a mannerthat it is pulled before the cable is fully ex-tended. The ignition wire pulls four frictionwires through primer cups of quick match com-pound ; this ignites a safety fuse which burnsfor 90 seconds . The safety fuse is located

7aNX,rxX X uXwiXYXnnn iH nx,rinnuXXiT

f

RIP CORD SPOOLRELEASE KEY

SUSPENSION CABLE

RIP CORD

-ARMING PLATE

PULL TYPE IGNITER

IGNITIONCOMPOSITION

Figure 8-Aircraff Parachute Flare Mk 8 and Mods

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21

-4Srv4fit1 1 NIANW1AM, IW n

nnniz, XU


between the pyrotechnic candle and the outsideflare case . The safety fuse ignites the quickmatch and then the first fire composition, which,in turn, ignites the illuminant composition .

Ignition of Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8Mod 1 and Mk 8 Mod 2 is accomplished by apull-type igniter located in the tube in the cen-ter of the pyrotechnic candle . The safety fuseis also located in this tube . Aircraft ParachuteFlare Mk 8 Mod 1 incorporates a 90-seconddelay, and the Mk 8 Mod 2 incorporates a 120-second delay . The safety fuse ignites the quickmatch and then the first fire composition, which,in turn, ignites the illuminant composition .These flares burn for approximately three min-utes after being ignited, and with a light inten-sity of approximately 500,000 candlepower .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and Mods maybe released from aircraft by any one of themethods described in Chapter 5 .

The minimum altitude from which the Air-craft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Type can bedropped and obtain full burning time is about2,500 feet . The altitude at which this flareshould be used depends upon the tactics to beemployed . Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Mod0 should not be launched at a speed in excessof 150 knots, as the parachute may not with-stand the shock of opening. Aircraft ParachuteFlares Mk 8 Mod 1 and Mk 8 Mod 2 have beenmodified by the incorporation of a snubber de-vice at the lower end of the suspension cable .Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8 Mod 1 andMk 8 Mod 2 can be launched at air speeds up to220 knots without danger of casualty to theparachute .

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Mod 0 shouldnot be launched at speeds in excess of 150 knots.

Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 8 and Modsshould not be launched from bomb bays .Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and

Mods is shipped in a rnoisture-proof metal con-tainer, six containers in one wooden box .

22 RESTRICTED


Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal containers in a location where the tem-perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren-heit . If this temperature is not exceeded, satis-factory performance can be expected for fromsix to ten years after the date of manufacture .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 Mod 0This flare is used for illuminating a large

area sufficiently to permit reconnoitering andbombing. (Fig . 9.) The light produced by theflare primarily for bombing also has a blindingeffect on the operators of antiaircraft weapons.

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 30 pounds . Theshellac-impregnated chip board case-contain-ing a time fuze, a parachute, and the pyrotech-nic candle-has a diameter of 53/8 inches anda length of 35% inches .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 Mod 0 canbe dropped from any aircraft by at least one ofthe methods described in Chapter 5 .

One or two metal support bands which areshipped with the flare can be mounted on theflare (as indicated on the case) so that the flarecan be suspended from bomb racks and bombshackles . The support bands are not neededwhen the flare is launched from the cockpit orfrom Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0 . There arealso two metal steadying bands fastened to thecase, against which the steadying forks or swaybracing of the bomb rack rest .The firing lanyard is connected to the firing

lever of the time fuze by a snap cord . The fuzeend of the flare case is closed by a metal cover,and the parachute end of the flare case is closedby several layers of chip board held in place bygummed cloth and sealed with paraffin . Theflare, as issued, is water resistant but should bekept in the shipping container when not in-stalled in an airplane .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 Mod 0 has avariable time delay fuze . The setting is madeby turning the indicator on the metal firingmechanism housing to the desired delay . Thedelay is shown on the fuze setting ring, andindicates the vertical distance the flare will

agN7,{YI i ntwUKtXnnq iy nY+rinnsia s

ARMING PLATE

LANYARD RING

PARACHUTE TUBE

FIRING LEVER

LEVER SPRING

FUZE SETTING RING

PARACHUTE

SHROUD CORD

ILLUMINANT

FIRING LANYARDQUICK MATCHFUZE BLOCK

' .IGNITION

COMPOSITIONPLUNGERFIRING MECHANISM

- LOCK SCREW

Figure 9-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10 Mod 0, and Fuze


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23

aSiVXXlxX

i M1K4VT1Ar)q iH nx,iii,ni

X1f


drop before igniting . This distance (or delay)can be varied from 300 feet to 12,000 feet .

Operation-When the flare is released fromthe aircraft, the arming plate on the end of thefiring lanyard is retained by the arming-wireretainer of the bomb shackle or bomb rack . Thefiring lanyard tears along the side of the case,flips off the metal fuze end cover, and pulls thesnap cord attached to the firing lever .

The firing lever is pulled away from theprimer, and, when the snap cord is released,the firing lever spring drives the firing leverback against the primer . The flame from theprimer ignites the black powder pellets in thefuze plunger. Expanding gases from the burn-ing black powder force the sharp point of theplunger into the safety fuse. Three small holesnear the point of the plunger allow some ofthe flame to escape from the inside of theplunger into the powder of the safety fuse. Thesafety fuse burns at the rate of 12 inches per60-second interval . The point at which thisfuse starts to burn is determined by the dropdesired before ignition of the flare, and is regu-lated as described above.

The safety fuse (at the periphery of themetal mechanism housing) burns its prede-termined length and ignites the quick-matchunder the fuze block. This, in turn, ignites thequick-match and firecracker fuse stapled tothe ignition (or first fire) composition .

When this composition begins to burn, thegases generated force the parachute in the splitparachute tube and the illuminant out of theflare case, which falls clear . The split tubefalls away and the parachute opens, suspendingthe flare .

The pyrotechnic candle burns for approxi-mately 41/2 minutes, with a minimum lightintensity of 750,000 candlepower . The color ofthe light produced is pale yellow.

To use the full burning time of the flare tobest advantage, the altitude at which it is to bereleased should be about 3,000 feet greaterthan the fuze setting . While burning, the flarefalls about 2,100 feet .

24 RESTRICTED

Safety Precautions--Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2 .Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10

Mod 0 is packed separately in a moisture-proofmetal container, four containers in one woodenpacking box .

Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal containers in a location where the tem-perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren-heit. If this temperature is not exceeded, sat-isfactory performance can be expected for fromsix to ten years after the date of manufacture.

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk I I Mod 0This flare was developed to supplement Air-

craft Parachute Flare Mk 8 and Mods for usein night antisubmarine warfare. (Fig. 10.) Itwill not be placed on pyrotechnic allowancelists until adequate supplies are available anduntil reports from the Fleet indicate the quanti-ties desired .

The principal characteristics of this newflare are

1 . Immediate opening of the parachute (sim-ilar to the Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4 andMk 8 Types) .

2 . Selective delay between the opening of theparachute and ignition of the pyrotechniccandle. (Delays between 90 seconds and 180seconds can be selected at any time prior totake-off of the aircraft .)

3 . Light intensity of approximately one mil-lion candlepower for a period of three minutes .

This flare allows a single patrol plane to dropa flare near the target and then to get into posi-tion for the attack before the flare ignites anddiscloses the presence of the attacking plane .The minimum altitude from which these flarescan be dropped and obtain the full burningtime varies between 2,500 feet and 4,000 feet,depending on the delay which has been previ-ously selected . The average rate of descent be-fore ignition is abount 800 feet per minute, andafter ignition is about 450 feet per minute .

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 30 pounds . The

7CX17 .1Xf7 XR .XaaTtXlT7XneX iti nxXXnnX.iXXii

RIP CORD SPOOL

RIP CORD

FUZE BLOCK

SUSPENSION CABLE

BLACKSAFETY POWDERFUSE

A_

I PELLETS

RESTRICTED


ILLUMINANT TUBE

-ILLUMINANT

IGNITIONCOMPOSITION

QUICK MATCHFIRINGMECHANISM

Figure 10-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 7 1 and Moos, and FuzeAssembly Showing Settings

25

7CX17 .)VI 1017WAT"A(1n IM r1 NrM1I-S71J


shellac-impregnated chip board case has a di-ameter of 53/8 inches and a length of 353/4inches .Two metal steadying bands are fastened to

the case . The steadying forks or sway-bracingof the bomb rack rest against these steadyingbands when the flare is mounted on the aircraft .The parachute end of the flare case is closed

by a chip board disc, held in place by gummedcloth and sealed with paraffin . The fuze end ofthe flare is closed by a metal fuze end coverunder which is stowed the metal lanyard .The flare, as issued, is water-repellent but

should be kept in the moisture-proof shippingcontainer when not installed on an aircraft .Markings on the case show where the supportbands should be attached if the flare is to bereleased from a bomb rack . The support bandsare shipped in the wooden packing box withthe flare.

The selective delay fuze is set by lifting thespring-'loaded plunger and turning the metalfuze housing . The fuze pointer indicates thedelay in seconds between launching the flareand ignition of the pyrotechnic candle . Releas-ing the plunger causes positive locking in thefive major settings (90 seconds, 120 seconds,150 seconds, 180 seconds, and SAFE .)

Operation-As the flare falls away from theaircraft, the swivel loop and flexible metal lan-yard are retained by the arming wire retainerof the launching gear. The rip cord, (fastenedto the end of the metal lanyard and woundaround a wooden spool inside the end of theflare casing) unwinds from the spool, thus car-rying away the end of the flare casing . Whenthe end of the flare casing is torn off, the ripcord pulls the wooden spool and the parachutetube (with the parachute) out of the flare cas-ing . The spool falls away. The tension on therip cord retains the parachute tube and, as theflare case containing the flare candle falls away,the parachute is pulled out of the lower end ofthe parachute tube by the suspension cable andthe parachute shroud lines .

When the parachute and parachute shroudlines are fully extended, the release key cord

26 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

becomes taut and pulls one end of the releasekey down. This allows the rip cord to slipthrough the key and become detached from theparachute tube . The parachute opens and sus-pends the flare 30 feet to 50 feet below the air-craft. The parachute tube and the flare casingboth fall clear .

The selective delay ignition device of the Air-craft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 functionsin a manner similar to the fuze used in the Mk5 and Mk 6 types of aircraft parachute flare.Action is initiated by a wire cord attached tothe suspension cable so that it is pulled beforethe cable is fully extended . The wire cordpasses through a hole in the center of the pyro-technic candle . The striker is pulled away fromthe primer and then released, striking theprimer, which ignites the powder pellets in thefuze plunger . The fuze plunger is driven by thegases generated by the black powder pelletsinto a safety fuse which surrounds the metalfuze housing. The safety fuse burns its prede-termined length and ignites the pyrotechniccandle, Gases generated by the burning candleblow the fuze assembly off from the end of thepyrotechnic candle, and the fuze falls clear .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 maybe released from aircraft by at least one of themethods described in Chapter 5 .The minimum altitude from which the Air-

craft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Type can bedropped and obtain full burning time variesbetween 2,500 feet and 4,000 feet, dependingupon the delay selected . The altitude fromwhich this flare should be launched will dependupon the tactics to be employed in that par-ticular case .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 has afriction type snubber device at the lower endof the suspension cable, allowing the flare tobe launched at speeds as high as 200 knots withsatisfactory results .

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precaution should beobserved :The Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11 Mod 0 -

should not be launched from bomb bays .

74N7aY-4 1 N'a1Ngq%1Ann iM nTlnnnlJ!W

Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11Mod 0 is shipped in a moisture-proof metalcontainer, four containers in one wooden box .

Storage-Flares should be stowed in theoriginal containers in a location where the tem-perature will not exceed 100 degrees Fahren-heit . If this temperature is not exceeded, satis-factory performance can be expected for fromsix to ten years after the date of manufacture .

Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 and AN-M26These flares provide illumination for night

bombardment and reconnaissance . (Fig . 11.)Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, AN-M26 is an im-provement of Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, M26.These flares are parachute-supported withshaded candles . The shade is folded aroundthe candle and opens like an umbrella .

The complete flare (with the fuze) weighsapproximately 53 pounds . The metal flare case,cylindrical in shape (with tail fins and arounded nose) has a diameter of eight inches(not including the fins) and a length of 50inches (with the fuze installed) ; the diameteracross the tail fin is 131/2 inches . The case isequipped with two suspension lugs 14 inchesapart . A shipping cover with a handle attachedcloses the tail end of the case . This opening issealed by a strip of adhesive tape .

Two types of illuminant are used in Flare,Aircraft, Parachute, M26-the standard il-luminant which produces a light of approxi-mately 800,000 candlepower, and a substituteilluminant which produces a light of approxi-mately 575,000 candlepower . As the substituteillumant ages, the burning time sometimes de-creases to about two minutes, and, at the sametime, the light intensity increases to about onemillion candlepower . A flare with the substi-tute illuminant can be identified by a blue bandpainted around the nose, or by blue supportbands .

Ignition Delay of Flares, Aircraft, Para-chute M26 and AN-M26 is controlled by theFuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, M111, M111A1,or M111A2. Of these three fuzes, the M111A2is the most sturdily constructed, and the most

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satisfactory . A new fuze which is available forissue in limited quantity is the Fuze, Bomb,Mechanical Time, M146 ; it is detonator safeand is preferred to any of the above fuzes . Itis the only fuze authorized for carrier use withthis flare .For additional details concerning fuzes and

the proper procedures for the handling offuzes, refer to Chapter 7. These fuzes permitthe use of the flare for high-altitude bombard-ment . They may be set to function at 3,000 feet`when released from any altitude beeween 5,000feet and 25,000 feet . The delay is indicated onthe time graduation ring . Table 1 shows thefuze setting corresponding to the number ofseconds required for a flare to fall from anyaltitude in the above range to an altitude of3,000 feet, and the dropping angles to be usedwith various airplane ground speeds .

This flare is launched only from bomb racksand bomb shackles . If the rack or shackle tobe used has only one suspension hook, the flareshould be suspended by the after lug, which isabove the center of gravity of the flare . If therack or shackle has two suspension hooks, theflare should be suspended by both lugs .The flare should be prepared for mounting in

the aircraft as described in Chapter 5 . Flare,Aircraft, Parachute, M26 can be released atany air speed up to 130 knots . At higherspeeds, the drag sleeve is apt to tear away,with the result that the flare will not functionproperly . For the same reason, Flare AN-M26must not be released at an air speed in excessof 240 knots .Operation--Flares may be released safe or

armed . When released safe, they may functionon impact . When released armed, they functionas follows

Downward movement of the flare with-draws the arming wire from the fuze, allowingthe vane to rotate and arm the fuze . With-drawing the arming wire also allows the re-lease pin to be ejected, thus starting the timemechanism.

When the flare has dropped the length of thehangwire, the latter breaks the seal wire and

27

7CM7 .JV9 fkrnWXrJ7nnn XN n7nnnnsJ`X V



28

FUZE

ARMING WIRE

SUSPENSION BAND

QUICK MATCHFLARE CHARGE

IGNITION DELAY ELEMENT

RELEASING CUP COVER

STABILIZING SLEEVE

Figure 11-Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 and AN-M26

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XCnla.Xt7 r uX+N+VfiXnnR rri nXr+

pulls out the hangwire container, which dropsfree . Meanwhile, the tear wire, (attached tothe hangwire near its end) pulls out the tearwire cord which, in turn, pulls out the dragsleeve and its shrouds . A lengh of cord at-tached to the shrouds removes the detachablecover lock of the cover releasing cup .

When the flare has dropped the combinedlength of the hangwire, tear wire, tear wirecord, sleeve, and sleeve shrouds, the tear wirebreaks, allowing the flare to drop . The flare isstabilized in flight by the fins and by the dragsleeve . The arming vanes arm the fuze in aboutfive seconds from the time of release .When the time set on the periphery of the

fuze has elapsed, a small 'charge of blackpowder is ignited and the gases generated pushout the cover releasing cup . The four retainingpins (which engage the groove in the case with

Table I-Dropping Angles and Fuze Settings(Altitude of Functioning, 3,000 Feet)


one end and also rest against the periphery ofthe cover releasing cup at the other end) areretracted by the retaining pin springs. Thisreleases the detachable cover to which thesleeve shrouds are attached, and allows thedrag sleeve and cover assembly to separatefrom the flare .

The cover assembly is attached to the para-chute by the parachute pull-cord . The pulloutcord and the expanding gases from the explodedblack powder force the parachute, glass clothshade, and illuminant from the case, whichfalls free . As the parachute leaves the case,the parachute pull-out cord breaks and thesleeve falls away from the suspended flare .

The shock caused by the opening of the para-chute is taken up by a shock absorber . Thisis composed of two lengths of metal tubingwhich have been slipped over the suspension

RESTRICTED 29

acNaa'Yn

X XinasiXXXnnn X .i n-rXXr+nf-tXssi

Releasea'titude(feet)

Fuzesetting

(seconds)

Dropping

122.5

angles (degrees) for--

140 157.5

various

175

ground speeds---

192.5

(knots)

210

5,000 14.0 17.3 19.0 20.7 22.2 23.6 24.96,000 18.2 16.1 17.7 19.2 20.6 21.9 '23 .17,000 22.2 14.7 16.2 17.6 18.9 20.0 21.18,000 26.1 13.5 14.9 16.1 17.3 18.4 19.59,000 29.9 12.4 13.7 14.9 15.9 17.0 18.0

10,000 33.7 11.5 12.7 13.8 14.8 15.8 16.711,000 37.3 10.7 11 .8 12.8 13.8 14.7 15.612,000 40.9 10.1 11 .1 12.1 13.0 13.8 14.613,000 44.5 9.5 10.5 11.4 12.2 13.0 13.814,000 47.9 9.0 9.9 10.8 11 .6 12.4 13.115,000 51.3 8.5 9.4 10.3 11.1 11 .8 12.516,000 54.7 8.2 9.0 9.8 10.6 11 .3 12.017,000 58.0 8.0 8.7 9.4 10.2 10.9 11.518,000 61.2 7.7 8.4 9.1 9.8 10.5 11.119,000 64.4 7.4 8.0 8.8 9.5 10.1 10.720,000 67.6 7.1 7.8 8.5 9.2 9.8 10.421,000 70.7 6.9 7.6 8.3 8.9 9.6 10.222,000 73 .7 6.7 7.4 8.1 8.7 9.3 9.923,000 79.6 6.5 7.2 7.8 8 .5 9.1 9.624,000 76.6 6.4 7.0 7.7 8.3 8.9 9.425,000 82.5 6.2 6.8 7.5 8 .1 8.7 9.2


cable and then coiled around an arbor about 3/4,

inch in diameter . The shock is absorbed bystraightening the metal tubing .As the suspension cable straightens, the igni-

tion wires are pulled through the ignition mix-ture ; this starts the ignition train composed ofthe igniter, the delay element, the quick-matchwhich runs down through the center of thecandle, - the first fire composition, and the il-luminant candle . The delay element burns forabount six seconds, to insure the completeopening of the parachute before the candleignites. As the candle ignites, the gases gener-ated force off the rib retainer, allowing the ribsprings to open the shade. Full ignition isreached in about eight seconds.The illuminant candle burns for approxi-

mately three minutes, with a light intensity ofabout 800,000 candlepower. The suspendedflare drops at an average rate of about 700 feetper minute .

Safety Precautions-In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :

Flare, Aircraft, Parachute_, M26 should notbe released at an air speed in excess of 130knots.

,Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, AN-M26 should

not be released at an air speed in excess of 240knots.

If short time setting or low launching speedis used with the Fuze M111A2, the fuze shouldbe modified as described on page 62 .

30 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

Packing-Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 orAN-M26 is packed in an unlined wooden box .Fuzes are shipped separately .The forward opening of these flares is sealed

by a gasket, and the opening closed by the ship-ping cover is sealed with tape . This makes itunnecessary to pack these flares in a sealedmetal container similar to the one used forNavy flares having the shellac-impregnatedchip board case. The tap seal at the edge of theshipping cover, is not moisture-proof. There-fore, the service life of these flares is only twoto three years, while the service life of Navyflares is six to ten years.Storage-Flares should be stowed in a dry,

well ventilated place out of the direct rays ofthe sun, and protected against excessive or var-iable temperatures . The temperature in themagazine should not exceed 100 degrees Fahr-enheit at any time . Under ideal stowage condi-tions, the service life of the Flares, Aircraft,Parachute, M26 and AN-M26 is about threeyears.

Unused flares should be removed from anyaircraft which is to be temporarily grounded .The fuze must be disassembled from the flarebefore returning the flare to stock. The sealwire and safety cotter pin must be replacedbefore removing the arming wire from thefuze . The arming wire and hangwire should becoiled and replaced in the hangwire container .Replace the shipping cover ; seal it with tape ;and replace the shipping plug . Care should betaken to repack and reseal the fuze in theoriginal container .

v

1SN74'tx"11 iN'4WN)4-nnCX in n4nnrX;"lr

INSTALLATION OF PARACHUTE FLARES ANDLAUNCHING EQUIPMENT

Aircraft parachute flares are launched byone of six methods. The type of flares whichcan be launched by each method are indicatedin Table 2 on page 40 .No bomb racks have been designed to oper-

ate with a suspended weight of less than 25pounds . However, Bomb Racks Mk 50 andMods and Mk 51 and Mods give satisfactoryservice with all types of aircraft parachuteflares . Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 Mod 8,all Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 6 and Mk 10Types, and Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26and AN-M26 can be launched from the follow-ing bomb shackles mounted in bomb baysBomb Shackle Mk3 and ModsBomb Shackle Mk 4 Mod 2 and aboveBomb Shackle Mk 5 and ModsBomb Shackle Mk 8 and ModsCaution : Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4,

Mk 8, and Mk11 should not be released frombomb bays, because the parachute is Dulled outof the flare case by a static line, and may foulon the airplane structure.

Flares of Navy design are installed on bombracks and bomb shackles as followsTake hold of the arming plate or swivel loop

on the end of the rip cord or firing lanyard ;tear the rip cord cover clear of the supportband locations ; but do not tear the rip cordcover to the extreme end of the flare . This maycause ignition of Aircraft Parachute FlaresMk 5, Mk 6, or Mk 10 Type, or may loosen theparachute end cover of the Aircraft ParachuteFlares Mk 4, Mk 8, or Mk 11 Type .

Attach the support bands at the locationsindicated on the flare case . Pass the hinged endfitting of the support band through the elon-gated ring in the other end of the band ; lift the

Chapter 5

RESTRICTED

other hinged fitting ; and insert the 1/4-inchsteel pin through the two 3/8-inch drilled holesin the fittings . Secure with 1/q,-inch washer and

FUZE SETTING RING

FUZE FOI'rJTFR

Figure 12-Turning Fuze on Flares Mk 5, Mk 6, andklk 10 Types

31

7eN7.iV'7 1X171AfK'rS1`SXrrn irf r1YXnnX1JX7f7


%0-inch cotter pin. Make sure that the ripcord is not under the support band .

When using Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk5, Mk 6, and Mk 10 Types, remove the metalfuze end cover and set the fuze pointer oppo-site the drop at which the flare is desired tofunction (Fig. 14) . Tighten the thumbscrewattached to the pointer, so that the point pene-trates the chip board flare case . Replace themetal fuze end cover .

When using the Aircraft Parachute FlareMk 11 Type, remove the metal fuze end coverand the metal lanyard which is shipped in thecavity under the fuze end cover . Clip the metallanyard to the ring on the end of the rip cordlocated at the parachute end of the flare case .Set the selective delay fuze by lifting thespring-loaded plunger and turning the metalfuze housing . The fuze pointer indicates thedelay in seconds between launching and igni-tion of the flare . Releasing the plunger auto-matically locks together the fuze housing andthe time graduation ring . Replace the metalend cover.The Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4 and

Mk 8 Types do not have adjustable fuzes .

Engage the arming plate or swivel loop withthe arming wire retainer of the bomb rack orbomb shackle .

Suspend the flare on the bomb rack or bombshackle .Suspend the Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk

4, Mk 8, and Mk 11 Types with the parachuteends forward . These flares must not belaunched from bomb bays . Suspend the Air-craft Parachute Flares Mk 5, Mk6, and Mk 10Types with the fuze ends forward .

When using a bomb rack, adjust the steady-ing forks or sway bracing against the steady-ing bands of the flares .

The fuzes of Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk5Mod8,Mk6Mod5,Mk10Mod0,andMk11Mod 0 have a safety screw which must be re-moved after the flare is installed on the bombrack or bomb shackle . The flare will not func-tion if this safety screw is not removed.

Flares . Aircraft, Parachute, M26 or AN-

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

M26 are installed on bomb racks and bombshackles as follows

Unscrew the shipping plug from the nose ofthe flare .

Inspect the fuze cavity and remove any dirtor corrosion . Clean the threads.

Screw the fuze in place and tighten by handforce only. Do do not use a wrench. If shorttime setting or low launching speed is to beused with the Fuze M111A2, refer to page 62for modification of the fuze.

(Proper fuze setting can be determined fromTable 1 in Chapter 4.) Set the time delay of thefuze by loosening the thumbscrew and rotatingthe time graduation ring until the desired delayis indicated . Tighten the thumbscrew.Remove the shipping cover from the base of

the flare ; remove the arming wire, the swivelloop, and the outer end of the hangwire as-sembly, taking care not to pull out the attachedend of the hangwire .

Thread the arming wire through the forwardsuspension lug, then the fuze, and finallythrough the inner holes of the arming wireguide and vane stop . Cut off all arming wire inexcess of four inches in front of the fuze.When installed in this flare, it is not necessaryto use a Fahnestock clip (safety clip) with theFuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, M111, M111A1,or M111A2, or the Fuze, Bomb, MechanicalTime, M146.

Remove the safety cotter pin from the arm-ing pin, and the seal wire from the vane stopand arming wire guide .

Install the flare on the bomb rack or bombshackle . If. a bomb rack is being used, adjustthe steadying forks or sway bracing against theflare case. .

Attach the swivel loop to the arming wireretainer of the bomb rack or bomb shackle .

If flares are to be returned to stock afterbeing installed aboard aircraft, the above stepsshould be accomplished in reverse order. Par-ticular care should be exercised to re-install thesafety cotter pin and seal wire before removingthe arming wire from the fuze ; otherwise the

INSTALLATION OF PARACHUTE FLARES AND LAUNCHING EQUIPMENT

fuze may be rendered unserviceable, or it maycause the flare to function at the wrong time.

Installation in Flare Launching TubesMost combat type airplanes currently in serv-

ice are equipped with one or more flare launch-ing tubes . These tubes are used to launch allNavy aircraft parachute flares except the Mk 6,Mk 10, and Mk 11 types of aircraft parachuteflare . A launching tube large enough to accom-modate flares of this size is being developed.

Flare launching tubes of several different de-signs are in current use . Instructions for theinstallation of flares in the launching tubes aregiven in the Aircraft Manual for the model air-craft involved.

Flares are prepared for installation as fol-lowsWhen the flare is to be launched from a flare

launching tube, the support bands are not used .

When using Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5or Mods, remove the metal fuze end cover andset the fuze pointer opposite the indication ofthe drop at which the flare is desired to func-

Figure 13-Loading flare Container

RESTRICTED

tion . Tighten the thumbscrew attached to thepointer so that the point penetrates the chipboard flare case. (Aircraft Parachute FlaresMk 4 and Mk 8 Types do not have adjustablefuzes.)

Place the flare in the flare launching tube.

Install Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4 andMk 8 Types with the parachute end upward.Install Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 5 Typewith the fuze end upward.

Secure the arming plate on the end of the ripcord or firing lanyard to the hook provided forthe purpose .

Installation in Aircraft Flare ContainersAircraft Parachute Flares Mk 6 and Mods,

Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 10 and Mods, andAircraft Parachute Flares Mk 11 and Mods canbe launched from the Aircraft Flare ContainerMk 1 Type. This flare container is an electric-ally-operated, jettisonable container for carry-ing and launching six flares . A description ofthe flare container appears later in this chap-ter. Flares may be released one at a time or in

FLARE-FIRING LANYARD

33

acrvX.rvX X uXulXnX+XXnn X .+ nXnnnuT7lf

f


train by electrical impulses from a 24-volt cir-cuit. The container can be suspended from anystandard single or double hook (14-inch spac-ing) bomb rack or bomb shackle. (Fig. 13) .However, Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 11Type should not be launched from flare con-tainers installed in bomb bays .

The energy for the operation of the containeris stored in torsional springs and is released bya solenoid . Before the container can be eitherloaded or operated, it is necessary to cock themechanism manually.

The dividing panel assembly inside the con-tainer supports three flares on either side bymeans of metal arms or chocks . The flare ripcords are secured at the after end of the con-tainer relative to the airplane . Released flaresdrop between vertical guides and out throughthe spring-loaded escape doors.

Flares are installed in the Aircraft FlareContainer Mk 1 Type as follows :

Remove the rip cord cover from the side ofthe flare, taking care not to initiate the fuze ofthe Flare Mk 6 or Mk 10 Type or loosen theparachute end cover of the Flare Mk 11 Type.The fuzes of Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6Mod 5 and the Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 10Mod 0 are initiated by exerting a force of abouteight pounds on the rip cord . Fuzes of Air-craft Parachute Flares Mk 6 Type of earlierdesign require a much greater force. The ripcord should be held lightly in its original posi-tion by tabs of adhesive or masking tape.

When using the Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk6 or Mk 10 type, remove the metal fuze endcover and set the fuze pointer opposite the dropat which the flare is desired to function . Tightenthe thumbscrew attached to the pointer, so thatthe point penetrates the chip board flare case.Discard the metal fuze end cover. When usingAircraft Parachute Flares Mk 6 Mod 5 or Mk10 Mod 0, remove the safety screw just prior toinstalling the flare in the Hare container . Thesafety screw must be remoXv,d , or the flare willnot function when released .

Wile" using the AircraR Parachute Flare\ik 1 l T.ype, remove the metal fuze end, cover

34 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV,j

and set the selective delay fuze by lifting thespring-loaded plunger and turning the metalfuze housing. The fuze pointer indicates thedelay in seconds between launching and igni-'tion of the flare. Releasing the plunger auto-matically locks together the fuze housing andthe time graduation ring . Discard the metalfuze end cover. Remove the safety screw justprior to installing the flare in the flare con-tainer .The Flares Mk 6 and Mk 10 Types should be

installed in the container with the fuze end aftwith respect to the airplane, and with the ripcord on the under side of the flare. The FlareMk 11 Type should be installed with the para-chute end aft with respect to the airplane . Raiseeach flare to its station and pull the applicableholding chocks out to the locked position . Thesechocks retain the flare in position . Jiggle theflare to check positive locking of the chocks .

Insert the arming plate and ring or theswivel loop on the end of the rip cord completelythrough the slotted opening provided in thebulkhead located aft with respect to the air-plane. The arming plate or the swivel loop isretained by a small flat spring projecting overthe slot .

Instructions for the proper use and care ofthe Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0 ap-pear later in this chapter.

When removing flares from the container, therip cord may become fouled in the container andignite the flares . Therefore, before Flares Mk'6 and Mk 10 Types are removed from the flarecontainer, the container should be detachedfrom the aircraft and taken to a clear area . �Flares are removed from the container by re-versing the steps outlined for their installation .

Preparation for Manual LaunchingAircraft parachute flares should not be

launched manually except in an emergency.Parachutes of flares launched manually maybecome fouled on the tail surfaces of the air-plane.

Make sure that the flare is stowed securely inthe airplane, as ignition of a flare stowed loose

acNaaxX i u7wn ii7nnX iH nXXnXnXfaai


in the cockpit of an airplane, particularly if itis catapulted, may cause a serious accident .

Flares should be prepared for manual launching as followsThe support bands are not used with this

method of release .Provide an additional 10 feet of rip cord and

secure one end to the arming plate or swivelloop on the end of the flare rip cord . Beforelaunching, secure the other end of the rip cordextension to a substantial part of the aircraftstructure.When using the Aircraft Parachute Flare

Mk 5, Mk 6, or Mk 10 Type, remove the metalfuze end cover, and set the fuze pointer oppositethe drop at which the flare is desired to func-tion . Tighten the thumbscrew attached to thepointer, so that the point penetrates the chipboard flare case . When using the AircraftParachute Flare Mk 11 Type, remove the metalfuze end cover, and set the selective delay fuzeby lifting the spring-loaded plunger and turn-ing the metal fuze housing .The fuze pointer indicates the delay in sec-

onds between launching and ignition of theflare . Releasing the plunger automaticallylocks the fuze housing and the time graduationring together . Discard the safety screws andthe metal fuze end cover. The Aircraft Para-chute Flares Mk 4 and Mk 8 Types do nothave adjustable fuzes .

Manual LaunchingAircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4, Mk 8, and

Mk 11 Types should be launched with the para-chute end upward. Aircraft Parachute Flares

NOSE FAIRING

DZUS FASTENER

TAII FAIRING

Figure 14-Aircraff Flare Confainer Mk 1 Mod0

RESTRICTED

Mk 5, Mk 6, and Mk 10 Types should belaunched with . the fuze end upward. The flareshould be launched with as much downwardvelocity as possible, so that it will clear thestructure of the airplane . The parachutes ofthe Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4, Mk 8, andMk 11 Types suspend those flares immediatelyafter launching .

Safety Precautions-Aircraft ParachuteFlares should not be launched manually exceptin an emergency . When flares are to belaunched manually, and particularly when theairplane is to be catapulted, extreme care mustbe exercised in securing the flares within theairplane. Ignition of a flare stowed loose in thecockpit of an airplane . particularly if it is cata-pulted, may cause a serious accident .

Aircraft Flare Container Mk I Mod 0Aircraft Flare Container Mk 1 Mod 0 is an

electrically-operated jettisonable container forcarrying and launching six aircraft parachuteflares . (Fig. 14.) Aircraft Parachute FlaresMk 6 and Mods, Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk10 and Mods, and Aircraft Parachute FlaresMk 11 and Mods can be used with this devicewhen attached to wing racks . Only AircraftParachute Flares Mk 6 and Mk 10 Types canbe used in the flare container when mounted inbomb bays . Flares are released one at a timeby electrical impulses from a 24-volt circuit .The container may be suspended from anystandard single or double hook (14-inch spac-ing) bomb rack or bomb shackle . Instructionsfor the preparation of the flares for loading andthe instructions for loading the flares into thecontainer appeared earlier in this chapter .

The energy for the operation of the flare con-tainer is stored in torsional springs, and isreleased by a solenoid . Before the containercan be either loaded or operated, the mecha-nism must be cocked manually . The dividingpanel assembly inside the container (Fig . 15)supports three flares on either side by means ofmetal arms or chocks . The flare rip cords orfiring lanyards are secured at the after end ofthe container relative to the airplane . Releasedflares drop through vertical guides and outthrough spring-loaded escape doors .

35

7CWaAK7 f I6I7Wg1F'7nn^ IN nxXr,nniFX7s


OP 998 (SECOND REV.

36

' 1 . BUTTON ON ENDOF PAWL RELEASE ROD

'91/lllllll111lllllllllllJ)JXX'XIIII)illll)Ill)1)J)I11J1,

2. PAWL PUSHED INTOSAFETY POSITION

PAWL RELEASE RODPASSES INTO

UPPER CHANNEL

'1)J)JJl)1)1)1)Ul)J)J)l)1)DJ) WXX

END OF SAFETY ROD (DETENT)

COCKING LEVER LATCH

VERTICAL PANELASSEMBLY

figure 15-Flare Container: Vertical Panel Assembly

RESTRICTED

7gN1,4Y7 iNXwuuannn is nXXnnnuaXu


CONNECTOR PLUGAMPHENOL 97-5103-14 S-5 P

TO PIN B OF NEXT CONTAINERFOR SERIES CONNECTION

SHIELDED CONDUIT-AMPHENOL 9734-4 (APPROX 12°)

IIII

JETTISONING CLAMP(BUORD SK . NO. 142706)

BONDING RINGCANNON 2250-3

AIRCRAFT FLARECONTAINER MK 1

AN 3102-14 S-7 P

TRANSFER SWITCH(SEE NOTE 2 BELOW)

RATCHET AND PAWL

SOLENOODI NOTE 2, :

AN 3054-6AN 3106-14 S-7 S

Figure 16-Wiring Diagram for Flare Container

SAFETY WIREGROUNDED TOSTRUCTURALPART OFAIRPLANE ORBOMB RACK

NOTE 1:FOR EXTERNAL INSTALLATIONS, THE SHIELDED CONDUIT FROM THECONTAINER SHOULD BE SECURELY TAPED TO SOME PART OF THEBOMB RACK TO PREVENT ITS WHIPPING IN THE WINDSTREAM INEVENT THE CONTAINER IS JETTISONED.

AFTER THE SIXTH STROKE OF THE SOLENOID, THE TRANSFERSWITCH IS ACTUATED, BREAKING THE CIRCUIT TO THE SOLENOIDAND CLOSING THE CIRCUIT FROM PIN B OF THE CONNECTORPLUG TO PINE .

RESTRICTED

37

7cV7.1X7

1 A(']1M3SX'7Xr1R 1M rIYIIXM11TX71r


The cocking feature incorporated in thecontainer eliminates the possibility of mal-functioning due to accidentally loading a par-tially-cocked container. It is impossible to lockthe flare holding chocks in the "up" position forretaining flares unless the mechanism is fullycocked. To cock the container, the cockinglever (at the bottom of the container) must beunlatched by a hard pull, and rotation contin-ued through an are of about 150 degrees. Aseparate and distinct click will be heard as themechanism of each flare station reaches thecocked position .

While the cocking lever remains out of itslatched position, the container can be loaded butremains inoperative ; that is, electrical impulsesmay be applied without danger of releasing theflares . Therefore, the cocking lever must be re-turned to its latched position for operation ofthe container, or left unlatched as a "safety"to prevent accidental release of flares . The endof the safety rod (which also acts as the detentfor the cocking lever latch) should protrudefrom the bottom of the panel when the cockinglever is unlatched or on SAFE.

As the cocking lever is pushed under the re-cessed spring clip, the end of the spring-loadedsafety rod is forced up and over the cockinglever by a camming action . To see the positiveaction of the safety device, remove the top cen-ter access cover and observe the movement ofthe ratchet release pawl as the safety rod isworked up and down by hand from the bottomof the container. If the safety rod binds, itshould be lubricated with light oil .

Operation-When the solenoid is energized,the spring-loaded plunger, (linked mechani-cally to the release rack) retracts completely,thereby effecting release of one flare. The sol-noid plunger remains retracted as long as thecurrent is on ; therefore, to effect release ofanother flare, the circuit must be broken longenough to allow the spring-loaded plunger toreturn to the normal position before applyingthe next electrical impulse. The maximum rateof release is about ten flares per second, butflares must be dropped one at a time and spacednot less than about 45 feet apart to minimizethe possibility of interference between flares .

38 RESTRICTED


Therefore, the flare container's maximum drop-ping rate of ten per second is considered ade-quate for effecting any desirable spacing offlares . To trip the release mechanism manually`while examining or checking its operation, re-move the top access covers, locate the solenoidplunger, and pry inwa,:d on it .

Caution- Never insert the hands or fingersinto the center access opening on ton of theflare container tX, hile it is cocked_ Fingerscaught here, betty een the release spool and rackrelease, can be freed by recocking the container,but this can be done only by a second person,because the person whose fingers are caught atthe tom of the container cannot reach the cock-ing lever at the bottorn.

In the sequence of release, a lower flare isalways released before the one above it, releasesalternating between the two flare compart-ments . The sequence of release is definite, butsince the container may be installed with eitherend forward, determination of port and star-board sides is subject to human error. For this'reason, it is not advisable to rely on release of aflare from a particular side of the container.For example, if the container is to be only .partly loaded, the same number of flares shouldbe loaded into each of the vertical compart-ments always loading the lowest stations, toinsure consecutive live releases .

The flare container has its own transferswitch, which operates after the sixth (last)flare has been released . When more than onecontainer is to be used on an airplane for un-interrupted train release of a series of morethan six flares (intervalometer or electric bombrelease), an electrical hookup between con-tainers is required .

No hoisting attachments are provided, sincethe 130-pound empty container can be handledby two men while a third man manipulates thebomb rack or shackle. Five suspension brack-ets and two removable lugs are provided to per-mit adapting the container to different typesof suspension. For suspension of the containerin a bomb against side rails, the removable lugsshould be attached to the two suspension brack-ets located 45 degrees from the top centerline,

aSNaXXX X+vXvXN}i'XnnX rti nxXrinn

3u


to keep the flare compartments approximatelyvertical . Also, for bomb bay installations, thecontainer can be used without the nose and tailfairings and if desired the spring loaded es-cape doors may be removed . Both nose andtail fairings employ Dzus fasteners which fiteither end of the cylindrical container. Whenthe fairings are needed, care should be takento install the nose (rounded) fairing forwardand the tail (tapered) fairing aft with respectto the airplane.

The container is provided with a 12-inchshielded electrical cable which mates with Plug,Connector, AN-3106-14S-5S or AN-3108-14S-5S . The lead-in at the container is pro-

` vided with a pull-out plug which requires aminimum pull of 10 pounds to disconnect . Asingle wire system is employed, the ground wirerunning through the shielded cable until itreaches the terminal which mates with the ANplug. Near this point, the ground wire is per-manently attached to a metal ring providedwith a setscrew . To insure a positive electricalground connection, a safety wire (obtained lo-cally) must be run from this setscrew to astructural metal part of the airplane or bombrack .

Only the B and E terminals of the AN plugare used, the B terminal being the "hot" con-nection for release, and the E terminal beingused for transfer of electrical impulses to sub-sequent containers, if any . For external instal-lations, the shielded cable from the containershould be securely taped to some part of thebomb rack to prevent it from whipping in theslipstream if the container is jettisoned .The flare container and Bomb Racks Mk 50

or 51 Type have the same type of connectors ;therefore, it is possible to use the electricalcable normally furnished for the bomb rack tooperate the flare container . In so doing, how-ever, it should be ascertained whether the bombrelease system employs station distributorsand/or rack selectors, because it is necessaryto bypass station distributors and rack selec-tors to keep supplying impulses to one station .The armament switches in the pilot's cockpitshould be checked to verify that only one sta-tion is switched on for operating one container

RESTRICTED

at a time. Simultaneous operation of two ormore flare containers would result in interfer-ence between flares . The installation shouldbe checked by operation of an empty container.In emergencies it will still be possible to jetti-son the container if the bomb rack has manualcontrol .

Uninterrupted train release of a series ofmore than six flares requires that containersbe added to the circuit in a series connection ;the E terminal of the first container must beconnected to the B terminal of the second con-tainer, etc . (Fig. 16.) The transfer switch ofeach container, after release of its sixth (last)flare, automatically throws into the circuit thenext loaded container ; therefore, it is necessaryto keep supplying all electrical impulses to thefirst flare container in the series at one bombstation, so that each subsequent container inthe series will start receiving impulses at theproper time . As before, the station distributorand/or rack selector must be by-passed and theone applicable station switched on to keep im-pulses going to one station only, thereby avoid-ing releases of more than one are at a time .The complete installation should be checked byoperation of empty containers .

Before loading the container with flares, thecomplete electrical system and flare containershould be checked as follows

1 . With the empty container cocked and allflare holding chocks raised to the locked posi-tion, return the cocking lever to the "operating"or latched position, and observe the action ofthe chocks as electrical impulses (from inter-valometer, if being used) are applied . Satisfac-tory operation is indicated by the holdingchocks dropping, one set at a time, to the sidesof the vertical panel . The sequence of releaseis given on page 38 .

2 . Repeat the above, but leave the cockinglever in the "safe" or unlatched position . Theend of the safety rod (which also acts as apart of the cocking lever latch) should now beprotruding below the bottom of the container.The "safety" is operating satisfactorily if theholding chocks remain locked, as applied elec-trical impulses cause the solenoid to operate .

34

7c+XI7,J 1f7 IA17WQ%"Ane% iH nrnXn

Sl


If no sound of an operating solenoid is heardduring this test, a bad circuit or solenoid isindicated .3. To check a flare container for positive op-

eration when more than one container is beingoperated over a single circuit, utilizing thecontainer's transfer switch-repeat step 1above, observing the action of the holdingchocks in the next flare containers in the propersequence as the electrical impulses are trans-ferred . Repeat step 2 starting with the lastcontainer in the series, with all containers upthe line in the release or transferred condition:Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-

eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :The operating mechanism of the container

should be kept clean. No oil or grease shouldbe used anywhere on the container except onthe safety rod.

Attach the flare firing lanyards to the afterend of the container with respect to the air-plane, and use the cocking lever "safety" toprevent accidental releases on the ground. Cor-rectly loaded flares are a fire hazard, since theyare always "armed."

Before the airplane takes off, the cockinglever must be put in the "operating" or latchedposition, because this cannot be done while theairplane is in flight.When the flare container is cocked, hands or

40 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

fingers should be kept out of the operatingmechanism made visible by removal of theinspection covers on top of the container.

Electrical connections should be checked byconducting the test described above.

Before flares Mk 6 or Mk 10 Type are re-moved, from the container, the container shouldbe removed from the aircraft and taken to aclear area .

Bomb Racks and Bomb ShacklesAll Navy flares ; Army Flares, Aircraft,

Parachute, M26 and AN-M26 ; Bombs, Photo-flash, M46 and AN-M46 ; and Target Identifi-cation Bombs Mk 72 Mod 1 can be launchedfrom bomb racks and bomb shackles . However,some types of Navy flares must not be launchedfrom internal bomb bays. (See Table 2.) Thefollowing bomb racks and bomb shackles arecurrently in use, and may be used with all theabove flares and photoflash bombs

(A description of and instructions for theuse of bomb racks and bomb shackles are givenin the Ordnance Pamphlets listed below.)Launching Equipment

OP & NavAer Nos .Bomb Racks Mk 50 and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . . OP 1475Bomb Racks Mk 51 and Mods .11-5-504 and 11-5-523'Bomb Shackles Mk 3 and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5-509Bomb Shackles Mk 4 Mod 2 and above 11-5-508Bomb Shackles Mk 5 and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5-507Bomb Shackles Mk 8 and Mods . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-5-521

Table 2-Methods of Launching Various Types of Flares

s and

*Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 Mod 8 may be launched from internal bomb bays .**Flare tubes large enough to accomodate flares the size of the Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 6 Type will

soon be available in new construction of some types of patrol aircraft .***Not recommended, except in emergency .****But not when the flare container is mounted in bomb bays .11The Flare Carrier Mic 1 is supplied by the Bureau of Aeronautiea

aircraft only,and it usod in TFtP and Tr31r types of

XcNaaxX i NXwNNannn 1K n_JXfVIAM .+aM

Mk 5Mods

Mk 6 andMods; Mk 10and Mods

Mk 8and ilods

Mk 11and Mods

M 26 andAN-M26

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No* Yes No No Yes

Yes No** Yes No** NoNo Yes No Yes**** NoYes No No No NoYes Yes Yes Yes No

Launching Method Mk 4and Mo

(1) Bomb racks and externally-mounted Yesbomb shackles

(2) Bomb shackles mounted in bomb Nobays

(3) Flare launching tubes Yes(4) Flare container Mk 1 Mod 0 No(5) Flare carrier Mk 1a No(6) Manual*** Yes

INSTALLATION OF PARACHUTE FLARES AND LAUNCHING EOUIPMEN1

RING

'-X'

-STATIC LINE

-PARACHUTE

SHIPPING COVER--( '

_SAFETY FUSE

PYROTECHNIC CANDLE

SUSPENSION LUGS

FLOTATION CHAMBER

ADHESIVE TAPE

LEAD WEIGHT

Figure 17-Float Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 and Mods

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41

XChf7.7XX FXl'7UVrtXX7Xêt Xr+ nXnnniiX7if

Float Flare (Aircraft) Mk 17 and ModsThis flare is a high-intensity flare for sil-

houetting and illuminating targets at night .(Figs . 17 and 18.) It incorporates a flotationchamber to provide buoyancy on the water .

The complete flare, as issued ready for re-lease, weighs approximately 88 pounds . Thecase (exclusive of suspension lugs) has a diam-eter of 91/2 inches and a length of 603/-1 inches .

The flare floats on the surface of the waterduring the period of illumination . The lightproduced by the Float Flare Mk 17 and Modsis yellowish white and has an intensity of ap-proximately 1,000,000 candlepower for a periodof about 41/2 minutes . A safety fuse causes adelay between launching and ignition of oneminute for the Float Flare Mk 17 Mod 0, and51/2 minutes for the Float Flare Mk 17 Mod 1.The delay is the only difference between theMods .

When the flare is launched, a parachuteopens reducing the rate of descent and prevent-ing damage to the flare on impact with thewater. The body of the flare is made of sheetmetal, with a lead weight in the lower end .The spring-loaded pyrotechnic candle is con-tained in a central tube . As the candle burns,it is pushed upward by the spring . This keepsthe burning mixture at the top of the flarebody .During shipment, the parachute end of the

flare is protected with a steel cover . Before itis loaded into the plane, the adhesive tapewhich seals the joint between the cover andthe flare body must be pulled off and the steelcover removed . Do not remove the canvas hood,because this contains the parachute . Puncturethe membranes which close the four holes inthe conical nose of the flare body . Attach the

42

MISCELLANEOUS FLARES

RESTRICTED

flare to the bomb rack (or bomb shackle) withthe parachute end aft . Pull only sufficient staticline from the pocket in the canvas parachutebag to allow the ring on the end of the staticline to be secured to the arming wire retainerof the bomb rack or bomb shackle .

The Float Flare Mk 17 and Mods may belaunched from any bomb rack or bomb shacklein current use. Any internal or external bombstation may be used .

All unused flares returned from missionsmust have the openings originally covered bythe membranes sealed by the best means avail-able to prevent the entrance of moisture .Operation-As the flare falls away from the

aircraft, the static line pulls the parachute outof the canvas bag . When the static line be-comes taut, a weak link in the static line nearthe hem of the parachute breaks, allowing theflare assembly to fall away from the aircraft .The safety fuse is ignited by a pull-type igniter.This is actuated by shortening the suspensionwebbing with the pull wire .

The flares having one-minute delay fusesmay be released at altitudes between 100 feetand 4,000 feet . Flares having 51/2-minute delayfuses may be released at correspondinglyhigher altitudes . The rate of descent is be-tween 80 and 100 feet per second . The ac-curacy of placement which is desired must beconsidered when selecting the release altitude .Continuous illumination for at least nine min-utes can be obtained by dropping two flarestogether, one Float Flare Mk 17 Mod 0 and oneFloat Flare Mk 17 Mod 1 . These flares may bereleased from planes traveling at air speedsas high as 220 knots .

Safety Precautions;-Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chanter 2.

7CN7 .JX'7 IAI7WIJ117APtq IH f1T1111'7I11.i.J'71l'

Packing-Float Flares (Aircraft) Mk 17 andMods are each packed in a box 113/t inches by123/1 inches by 64 inches . The weight of eachflare in the individual shipping container isapproximately 1130 pounds .

Storage-These flares should be stowed underthe same conditions as other pyrotechnic am-munition .

High Altitude Parachute Flare Mk 20 Mod 0The High Altitude Parachute Flare Mk 20

Mod 0 is used primarily to illuminate marinelanding areas at night, so that incoming sea-planes and flying boats can alight on the waterwithin marked channels (Fig . 19) . It is alsoused to indicate the location of island baseswhen low ceilings prevent adequate visibilityfrom normal flying altitudes . It has been au-

Figure 18-Installation of Float Flares in Bomb Bay

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,thorized as standard equipment for air-searescue boats for use in search operations. Thisflare produces a light having an intensity of85,000 candlepower for a period of one minute .

The flare consists of a steel tube, closed atone end by a copper cup which forms a gasseal between the flare and the bore of themortar.

The flare weighs four pounds, with. a diam-eter of 2 1/.a inches and a length of 103/, inches .

Within the tube are the pyrotechnic candle,a parachute, and the expelling charge . The cupcontains the propelling charge, a mixture of 25grams of smokeless powder and black powder,and the primer and fuse assembly . The fuseassembly delays the ignition of the expellingcharge for five seconds, until the flare reachesan altitude of about 1,000 feet above the water.

43

"1sni7'rsc'l XNXw

XnX irr rwxiXnniraXu


44

HIGH ALTITUDEPARACHUTE FLARE

Figure 19-High Altitude Parachute Flare Mk 20and Projector Mk 13

Flare Projector Mk 13 Mod 0-The HighAltitude Parachute Flare Mk 20 is fired fromthe Flare Projector Mk 13 Mod 0 designed forthis use . The projector is a steel tube whichscrews into a steel base plate . The tube servesas the projector barrel and has a diameter of2.8 inches and a length of 36 inches . The baseplate is one foot square . Four holes are drillednear the corners of the base plate to facilitateattachment to a boat deck or to a base on land .The base plate has a central stud into which ahardened steel firing pin is pressed . This studand pin may be removed with a socket wrenchfurnished with the mortar .Three vent holes in the base plate of the pro-

jector release air from the barrel and allow theflare to drop freely down the barrel . A specialbarrel wrench is clamped to the lower end ofthe barrel and is used for removing the barrelfrom the base plate to permit the barrel to becleaned . Two holes, opposite each other, sixinches from the muzzle of the barrel, permitthe insertion of a release pin which is attachedto a 30-foot lanyard .

RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

Operation' The flare is operated as follows :1 . Remove the closing cap which is attached

by a chain to the upper end of the barrel . At-tach the lanyard to the release pin, and insertthe pin in the pair of holes near the muzzle .

2 . Remove the flare from its container, andinsert it carefully into the muzzle so that itrests on the release pin with the copper cup endof the flare downward .

3 . The flare is fired by pulling the lanyardand release pin . This allows the flare to dropdown the barrel . The primer strikes the firingpin and ignites the propelling charge . Whenthe flare reaches an altitude of 1,000 feet, afive-seconds delay fuse, burning of which wasinitiated by the propelling charge, ignites theexpelling charge in the pyrotechnic candle . Asthe primer ignites the propelling charge, it alsobreaks the cup away from the flare housing .

Misfires are sometimes caused by a defec-tive primer or a weak impact of the primer onthe firing pin . The weak impact may be causedby sluggishness in the fall of the flare down thebarrel . To correct this, the barrel should beunscrewed from the base and cleaned by swab-bing it with a cloth dipped in acetone or otherapproved solvent . Misfires are also caused bychips of the copper base cups from previousrounds which remain in the bottom of the bar-rel and prevent the next round from strikingthe firing pin in a normal gray.

AftQr each operation, the projector must bedisassembled with the tools furnished for thatpurpose, and cleaned .

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :A suitable barrier should be erected to shield

the firing personnel .The projector should be fastened securely to

the deck before being fired .In case the flare misfires or hangs fire, it is

necessary to wait at least three minutes beforeapproaching the projector .Packing-High Altitude Parachute Flares

PROPELLING CHARG

MOUNTING BLOCK

FIRE CLAY

GAS CHECKSUSPENSION CABLE

-PULL WIRE-FRICTION WIRE

figure 20-Aircraft Parachufe Flare, 3-Minufe (Electrically-Operated)


RESTRICTED

45

- cNT(X-4 1 nr7Wq"nnn iri n

nnnuX71!


Mk 20 Mod 0 are packed in wooden boxes con-taining 25 flares each .Two projectors Mk 13 Mod 0 are packed in a

wooden case with the following accessories :two barrel wrenches, eight nuts, eight washers,four extra firing pins, two release pins, and twoclosing cap attachment chains .Storage-General rules for the storage of

pyrotechnic ammunition apply to the HighAltitude Parachute Flare Mk 20 Mod 0.The projector may be put into storage when

not in use .

Aircraft Parachute Flare, 1 1/2 Minute (Elec-trically-Operated), and Aircraft ParachuteFlare, 3 Minute (Electrically-Operated)These electrically-operated aircraft para

chute flares are used in making emergencylandings at night. They were designed by acivilian manufacturer for use by commercialairlines . These flares are available under sev-eral commercial names . Some have been ob-tained from commercial sources and have thecommercial nomenclature . The Navy nomen-clature is Aircraft Parachute Flare, 11/2 min-ute (electrically-operated), and Aircraft Para-chute Flare, 3 minute (electrically-operated) .(Fig. 22.) The Navy has a number of com-mercial type aircraft equipped with fixtures,for mounting these flares . Both types are is-sued in a hermetically-sealed cylindrical alumi-num case called a "projector tube." One endof this tube is closed by a metal cap and sealedby a rubber gasket ; the other end narrowsdown into a knob with an electrical terminalon the end .

-

The projector tube of Aircraft ParachuteFlare, 11/2 minute, (cylindrical for most of itslength) has a diameter of 2Y16 inches and alength of 183/x, inches . The projector tube ofthe Aircraft Parachute Flare, 3 Minute, has adiameter of 41/2 inches and a length of 28inches .Main components of Aircraft Parachute

Flare 11/2 Minute, areProjector tube, electric igniter, propelling

charge of black powder, inner case, delay fuse,

46 . RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

ejection charge, pyrotechnic candle, and a para-chute .Main components of Aircraft Parachute

Flare 3 Minute, ayeProjector tube, electric igniter, propelling

charge of black powder, pull-wire assembly(which operates the friction igniter), pyro-technic candle, and a parachute .A felt gas check pad between the pyrotech-

nic candle and the parachute assembly protectsthe parachute from the flame of the propellingcharge .

Installation-Detailed instructions for theinstallation of both types of flare are includedin the package with the flare .Both types of flare are installed in brackets

which are usually mounted in the fuselage ofthe aircraft . The capped end of the projectortube points outward or downward from thefuselage . The flares are installed in the air-craft by inserting them through holes in thefuselage covering. The 11/2 minute flares areusually installed so that the metal end caps areflush with the outside covering of the aircraft .

After the flare is installed in an aircraftready for firing, it needs no servicing exceptan occasional check on the bracket and wiringcircuit .

Operation-Aircraft Parachute Flare, 1 1/2Minute (electrically-operated), functions asfollows

When the electric circuit is completed byclosing the toggle switch in the pilot's compart-ment, the propelling charge is ignited, and theinner case is forced out of the projector tube .The propelling charge ignites the delay fuse,which burns until the inner case is approxi-mately 40 feet from the plane and then, throughan explosive lead-in, ignites the ejection charge.The gases thus generated force the pyrotechniccandle and the parachute from the inner caseand, at the same time, the ejection charge ig-nites the pyrotechnic candle . The parachuteopens and suspends the pyrotechnic candle .The candle burns for 11/2 minutes, with a lightintensity of 110,000 candlepower . The inner

XSNTaSl7 IR17l

TTSAr1n XM r17+1IN1117.i=1715-

case falls free as a missile hazard, but the pro-jector tube remains in the bracket in the air-aircraft .

Aircraft Parachute Flare, 3 Minute (elec-trically-operated), functions as follows

When the electrical circuit is completed byclosing the toggle sNN itch in the pilot's com-partment, the black powder charge is ignitedand forces the flare assembly from the pro-jector tube . As the pyrotechnic candle leavesthe projector tube, two friction wires arepulled through the match composition whichignites a two or three second delay element .This, in turn, ignites the pyrotechnic candle .The pull-wire is of sufficient length so that thecandle is clear of the aircraft before ignitiontakes place . The parachute suspends the pyro-technic candle after a fall of only a few feetbelow the aircraft . The candle burns for ap-proximately three minutes, with a light inten-sity of approximately 200,000 candlepower .

To obtain the most effective ground illumina-tion, the 1 1/2 minute flare should be used at analtitude of not more than 1,200 feet, and the 3minute flare should be used at an altitude ofnot more than 2,000 feet. After ignition, bothtypes of flare fall at an average rate of about550 feet per minute . There is danger of start-ing a fire on the ground if the 11/2 minute flareis used at an altitude of less than 850 feet, orif the 3 minute flare is used at an altitude ofless than 1,750 feet . These flares should beused over friendly territory only in case of anemergency .

Both types of flare have a safety device whichprevents ignition of the pyrotechnic candle un-til the flare is clear of the aircraft . In the 11/2minute flare an interrupter mechanism is in-corporated in the inner case between the timefuse and the ejection charge . This prevents thefunctioning of the flare until the inner case has

RESTRICTED


left the projector tube and is clear of the air-craft . In the 3 minute flare, the friction igniteris operated by the pull-wire assembly after thepyrotechnic candle and parachute are clear ofthe airplane structure .Safety Precautions--Ian addition to the gen-

eral safety precautions outlined in Chanter 2,the following special safety precautions shouldbe observed :

Test the circuit before installing a flare inthe bracket .Do not attempt to test the circuit while the

flare is in the bracket .Do not attempt to pass any current through

the flare igniter, because this will dischargewith a current of less than one ampere .Do not attempt to solder at the flare termi-

nals . Soldered terminals should be used onthe ends of the wires .Over friendly territory, do not release the 3

minute flare at an altitude of less than 1 .750feet, or the 11 2 minute flare at an altitude ofless than 850 feet, because there is danger ofstarting a fire on the ground, since the flarewill still be burning when it reaches the ground .These flares should be removed from an air-

craft in which installed: before the aircraft isplaced in the hangar for servicing or stowage .

Packing-Aircraft Parachute Flares 11/2Minute (electrically-operated) are packed sixto a wooden box . The Aircraft Parachute Flare3 Minute (electrically-operated) is packed oneto a wooden box .Storage-These flares are hermetically sealed

and are waterproof without the separate metalcontainer in which Navy flares are shipped andstored . The temperature in the compartmentin which these flares are stored should neverexceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit .

47

-qcN-4,#X7 iu-3w4u7nnC) iri n riXni.t st

Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46

Photoflash bombs provide a light of high in-tensity and short duration for night photog-raphy. Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46were developed to permit planes to engage innight photographic mission at any desiredaltitude . (Fig. 21 .)

This bomb, ready for release and including a25-pound charge of flash powder, weighs 52pounds . It has a diameter of eight inches and alength of 485/8 inches .

These bombs resemble conventional typebombs . They are unfuzed, but fins and suspen-sion bands are attached . The fuzes used withthese bombs are the Fuze, Flare, MechanicalTime, M111, M111AI, and M111A2, or theFuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time M146 . For allcarrier-based operations, the Fuze, Bomb, Me-chanical Time M146 should be used if it isavailable .Operation-Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-

M46 can be dropped only from bomb racks orbomb shackles . Any bomb rack or bomb shacklein general service can be used .The bomb may be released safe or armed.

If released safe, it may function on impact.For this reason, it should not be jettisoned overfriendly territory. When released armed, itfunctions as follows

Movement of the bomb downward withdrawsthe arming wire from the fuze, allowing thevane to rotate and arm the fuze . The releasepin is ejected, and starts the time mechanism.When the time set on the fuze has elapsed, a

flashlight powder charge is ignited . The result-ing flash of light has a peak intensity of about500,000,000 candlepower and lasts for approx-imately J5 second .

48

Chapter 7

PYROTECHNIC BOMBS AND FUZES

RESTRICTED

Installation-The fuze is installed as follows :1 . Remove the shipping plug from the bomb,

and inspect the cavity and threads to be surethat they are clean and free of any foreign ma-terial . If there is any foreign material present,discard the bomb.

2 . Unseal the fuze container ; remove thefuze from its packing and inspect it to see thatit is not corroded or otherwise unserviceable .Install the arming vane of the Fuzes M111 andM111A1 by pushing it past the spring clip op-posite the vane stop . The arming vanes of thefuzes M111A2 and M146 are secured in place.

3 . Screw the fuze into the bomb, hand tightonly .

4 . Set the fuze by loosening the thumb screwand rotating the head until the desired numberof seconds is indicated by the marker on theside of the fuze body. Tighten the thumb screw.Information for determining the proper fuzesetting is given in Tables A, B, C and E at theend of this chapter .

5 . The arming wire is threaded through theforward suspension lug, the inner hole in therelease pin of the fuze, and then the inner holesof the vane stop . If the Arming Wire Mk 3(steel) is used, a Fahnestock clip should beslipped onto the end of the wire until it justtouches the vane . If a brass arming wire nor-mally supplied with Bombs, Photoflash, M46and AN-M46 is used, no Fahnestock clip shouldbe used . When a Fahnestock clip is used on abrass arming wire of this size in conjunctionwith these fuzes, the Fahnestock clip is apt tocut into the brass arming wire and cause exces-sive stress at the point at which it passesthrough the release pin . Failures of armingwires are frequent when Fahnestock clips areused on the brass arming wire . After the

9

7CA(7rIX'X 1X17ydrXSX(lAAtX IH II']Ân/111Xa33

MECHANICAL TIME FUZE

FLASHLIGHT POWDER CHARGE

figure 21-Bomb, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46

RESTRICTED


49

XSNXrIXX

I N7WR1>17Af1X1

IH r1TXrXr1r111 J?11


arming wire is installed (and not before), thesafety cotter pin is removed from the armingpin and the shipping wire from the vane stop .The bomb is then suspended from the bombrack or shackle and the arming ring it attachedto the arming wire retainer . Cut off any excessarming wire, leaving only about three or fourinches protruding beyond the end of the fuze .Remove burrs from the end of the arming wire .


These bombs are loaded with a pyrotechniccomposition which is easily ignited by sparks,shocks, or friction . When ignited, these bombsexplode with extreme violence and intense heat .Therfore, they must be handled with the samecare as black powder, and with even greatercare than ordinary pyrotechnic materials andconventional bombs.The bomb cases should not be hammered or

cut .Do not attempt to disassemble a photoflash

bomb, as it is extremely dangerous.

S.

50

No work should be done on these bombs ex-

87 S^

F1 ,7--eREMOVE1/a" BY 61/2"CARRIAGE BOLTS

a"

INSTALL1/4" 20-NCHEX BOLTS1/2" LONG

Figure 22-Modificafion of Trail Plate for Bombs, Photoflash, AN-M46

RESTRICTED

cept unpacking, fuzing, and installing them onaircraft.

Because of the brilliance of the flash pro-duced by this bomb, it is detrimental to thevision to watch the explosion of photoflashbombs.

Packing-Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46 are packed one to a wire-bound woodenbox . Suspension bands are removable, but arepacked mounted on the bomb. Fuzes, Flare,Mechanical Time, M111, M111A1, or M111A2and Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time M146, usedwith the bomb, are packed and shipped sepa-rately . The arming wire is packed with thephotoflash bomb. The steel Arming Wire Mk 3,for use with this bomb, is issued and shippedseparately .

Stowage-No other type of ammunitionshould be stowed with photoflash bombs .Stowage Afloat : Photoflash bombs may be

stowed in regular pyrotechnic magazines if noseparate locker is available and if not morethan ten photoflash bombs are stowed in anyone magazine . They must be secured againstany movement, or rubbing against each other,the deck, bulkheads, or other items .

SECTIONREMOVED

View Showing Assembly of ModifiedTrail Angle Plate on Bomb Tail

CAUTION :-REMOVE TRAILPLATE FROM BOMB BEFOREATTEMPTING MODIFICATIONS .

Xcn>aavX XuXw%iiiaXnn XN nxXnnnuXXu

Stowage at Advanced Bases : Photoflashbombs should be stowed in separate magazines,buildings, or dumps. They should be protectedfrom rain, inclement weather, the direct raysof the sun, and excessive temperatures . Notmore than 1,000 photoflash bombs may bestowed in any one space . Magazines and dumpsshould be separated by the same distances asthose for high explosives.

Stowage at Air Stations, Section Bases, andAmmunition Depots : Photoflash bombs shouldbe stowed in earth-covered magazines spacedaccording to the American Table of Distances.

Modifications of Bombs, Photoflash, M46 andAN-M46As currently issued, Bombs, Photoflash, M26

and AN-M46 are equipped with a full size trailor drag plate which covers the entire area ofthe rear of the tail . When equipped with thistrail plate, the bomb has too much trail formost photographic conditions. When the trailplate is removed, the bomb is satisfactory forsome types of photographic work but has in-sufficient trail for other types.

The use of a modified (angle) trail plate givessatisfactory results for most types of photo-graphic work, while the elimination of the trailplate is desirable for other usage . Accordingly,the bombing tables A, B, C, D, E, and F at theend of this chapter were prepared from dataobtained from tests . These tables are issued forservice, and supersede previous bombing tablesfor Bombs, Photoflash, M46 altered by eitherremoving or modifying the trail plates .

Remove the trail plate and modify by cuttingalong lines AA and BB (Fig. 22) thus remov-ing a section approximately eight inches by57/8 inches . Cutting may be accomplished byusing a hacksaw, cutting torch, or cold chisel .After cutting the plate, smooth the cut edgeswith a file .

Replace the two 1/1-inch by 61/2-inch carriagebolts with which the trail plate is secured to thetrail assembly by four 1/.1 -inch 20-NC standardhex bolts 1/2-inch long. The nuts and lockwashers removed from the carriage bolts plustwo 1/4-inch 20-NC hex nuts and two 1/4-inch

RESTRICTED


lock washers are required to assemble the angletrail plates in place of the full trail plate . Thebombing tables were based on the use of hex-agonal bolts 1/2-inch long. Longer bolts willcause an increase in trail angle.

Safety Precautions

No modifications to the trail elate of thephotoflash bomb should be attempted withoutfirst removing the trail plate from the bombbody.

Machining or welding operations on the tailsmust be carried out at a safe distance awayfrom the bomb bodies to prevent damage to thebodies and the consequent danger of detonation.

Bombing Data-Explanatory NotesThe bombing table for using Bomb, Photo-

flash, M46 is composed of eight parts asfollows

Table A-Data for obtaining vertical photos,using bombing with angle trail plates .

Table B-Data for obtaining vertical photos,using bomb with no trail plates .

Table C-Fuze settings, camera tilt, andshutter speeds for obtaining tilted photos,using bomb with angle trail plates .

Table D-Tangents of release angles, for usewith Table A.

Table E-Fuze settings, camera tilt, andshutter speeds for obtaining tilted photos,using bomb with no trail plates .

Table F-Tangents of release angles, for usewith Table B.

Fig . 25-Graph showing trail angle at in-stant of burst, using bomb with angle trailplates .

Fig . 26-Graph showing trail angle at in-stant of burst, using bomb with no trail plates .

Vertical Photos-Tables A and B show foreach altitude a single Indicated Air Speed atwhich the aircraft must be flown to obtainvertical photographs . If the speeed is higher,the bomb will burst too far aft to give properillumination ; if lower, the bomb will carry toofar forward into the camera field .

51

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52

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45

40

25

20

15

5,000

10,000 15.000 20,000 .25,000 30,000ALTITUDE OF RELEASE (Feet)

Figure 24-Graph of Trail Angle at In-stant of Burst, Bomb, Photoflash,

M46 With-No Trail Plate

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H

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

Figure 23-Graph of Trail Angle at In-stant of Burst, Bomb, Photoflash,M46 With Angle Trail Plate

Ion

5,000 10,000 15,000 20.000 25,000 30,000ALTITUDE OF RELEASE (Feet)

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Tilted Photos-Where tilted photographs areacceptable, the aircraft may be flown at anydesired speed . At high speeds, however, thetrail of the bomb is such that the camera mustbe tilted aft to photgraph the illuminated areas(Tables C and E) .

Tangents of Release Angle are used ratherthan Release Angles to simplify Tables D andF. (The Release Angle is the angle beween thevertical and the line of sight at the instant ofrelease .)

The tables of Tangent of Release Angle aretabulated against Ground Speed (to takeaccount of head winds or tail winds) . If it isnot possible to determine ground speed, TrueAir Speed must be substituted . This substitu-tion should be resorted to, only in case of neces-sity, however, since considerable error in re-lease angle may result .

Curves giving trail angle of bomb at instant

PYROTECHNIC BOMBS AND FUZESof burst (Figs. 23 and 24) provide informationfor adjusting the photoelectric cell to bring thebomb burst within its field of view .

Examples in using the tablesProblem 1

Given : Aircraft to be flown at 15,000 feetaltitude . Vertical photographs re-quired .

Procedure-Since this altitude is covered byboth Tables A and B, a choice of two IndicatedAir Speeds is possible-126 knots (bombs withAngle Trail Plates) and 196 knots (bombswith no Trail Plates) . If the aircraft is capableof the higher speed, the higher speed would bechosen for safety reasons. In such case, bombswith no trail plates are prepared and fuzes setin accordance with Table B (28.8 seconds) .The shutter speed given by the table is 1/25second . The approach over the target is then

Ta6le A--Data For Obtaining Vertical Photos, Using Bomb, Photoflash,M46, With Angle Trail Plates

RESTRICTED

Ground Speed (Knots)

53

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Altitudeof PlaneAboveTerrain

(ft .)

IndicatedAir Speed

(kts .)

FuzeSetting(Sec .)

ShutterSpeed(Sec .)

5,000 164 16.3 1/506,000 162 17.4 1/50

7,000 159 , 18.5 1/508,000 156 19.7 1/509,000 153 21 .0 1/50

10,000 149 22.4 1/5011,000 145 23.9 1/5012,000 141 25.5 1/50

13,000 136 27.3 1/2514,000 131 29.2 1/2515,000 126 31.3 1/25

16,000 121 33.5 1/2517,00 116 35 .8 1/2518,000 111 38.1 1/25

19,000 106 40.4 1/25

125 150 175 200 225Tangent of Release Angle (Degrees)

.69 .83 .97 1.10 1.24

.61 .74 .86 .98 1.10

.56 .67 .78 .89 1.00

.52 .E3 .73 .83 .94

.49 .59 .69 .79 .89

.47 .57 .66 .75 .85

.46 .55 .64 .74 .82

.45 .54 .63_ .72 .81

.44 .53 .62 .71 .80

.44 .53 .62 .71 .80

.44 .53 .62 .71 .80

.44 .53 .62 .71 .80

.45 .53 .62 .71 .80

.45 .54 .63 .71 .80

.45 .54 .63 .72 .81

AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIESmade at 196 knots Indicated Air Speed and thebomber determines the ground speed to be,for example, 200 knots. Table B is re-entered,and the tangent of the release angle obtained( .65 degree) .

54

Ta6le B-Data For Obtaining Vertical Photos, Using Bom6, Photoflash,M46 With No Trail Plates

RESTRICTED

Problem 2

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

Given : Aircraft to be flown at 20,000 feetaltitude . Desired Indicated AirSpeed 200 knots. Tilted photo-graphs acceptable .

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Altitudeof Plane Indicated Fuze Shutter Ground Speed (Knots)AboveTerrain

(ft.)

Air Speed(kts.)

Setting(Sec.)

Speed(Sec.)

175 200Tangent

225of Release

250Angle

275(Degrees)

300

12,000 214 23.7 1/50 .58 .67 .75 .83 .92 1.00

13,000 208 25.3 1/25 .57 .65 .74 .82 .90 .9814,000 202 27.0 1/25 .57 .65 .74 .82 .90 .9815,000 196 28.8 1/25 .57 .65 .73 .81 .89 .97

16,000 189 30.6 1/25 .57 .65 .73 .81 .89 .9717,000 183 32.4' 1/25 .56 .64 .72 .80 .89 .9718,000 176 34.3 1/25 .56 .64 .72 .80 .88 .96

19,000 170 36.1 1/25 .56 .64 .72 .80 .88 .9620,000 164 37.8 1/25 .56 .64 .72 .80 .88 .9621,000 159 39.4 1/25 .56 .64 .72 .80 .87 .95

22,000 155 40.9 1/25 .55 .63 .71 .78 .86 .9423,000 151 42 .3 1/25 .54 .62 .70 .78 .85 .9324,000 147 43 .6 1/25 .54 .61 .69 .77 .85 .92

25,000 144 44.8 (open) .53 .61 .68 .76 .84 .9126,000 141 46.1 (open) .53 .60 .68 .75 .82 .9027,000 138 47.3 (open) .52 .59 .67 .74 .81 .89

28,000 136 48.5 (open) .51 .58 .66 .73 .80 .8729,000 134 49.7 (open) .51 .58 .65 .72 .79 .8730,000 132 50.9 (open) .50 .57 .64 .72

_.79 .86

31,000 130 52.0 (open) .50 .57 .64 .71 .78 .8532,000 128 53.1 (open) .49 .56 .63 .70 .77 .8433,000 126 54.2 (open) .49 .55 .62 .69 .76 .83

34,000 125 55.2 (open) .48 .55 .62 .69 .75 .82

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BALL BEARINGSSTATIONARY GEAR

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TIME GRADUATIONS

TIME SET SCREW

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figure 25-fuze, Flare, Mechanical Time, MIIIr_


SEALING WIREVANE LOCK

ARMINGWIREGUIDE

SAFETYCOTTER PIN

RESTRICTED

59

acMX:Jk7 XXiaatXsl'aXnn err nXnnns%aXu

AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIESProcedure-Table E (for bombs with No

Trail Plates) is found to cover this altitude .The bombs are prepared and fuzes set in ac-cordance with the table (38.0 seconds) . Thecamera is adjusted to tilt 4.6 degrees aft, andthe -shutter speed set to 1/25 second . Duringthe approach at 200 knots Indicated Air Speed,the ground speed is found to be, say, 300knots. Table F is then entered, and the tangentof the release angle obtained ( .96-.08=.88degree) .

Fuzes, Flare. Mechanical Time, M I 11, M I I I A Iand M I I I A2

These fuzes were designed for use withFlare, Aircraft, Parachute, and are also usedwith other firing Ordnance items. (Fig . 25) .They are not detonator-safe and may be usedfor land-based operations only when FuzeM146 is not available . Fuzes, Flare, Mechan-ical Time, M111, M111Al, and M111A2, mustnever be used in shipboard operations.

The complete fuze weighs approximately onepound and has a length of 41/8 inches . The fuzebody has a diameter of 18/_t, inches, but projec-tions on the fuze body increase the overallwidth to 25/8 inches .

As Fuzes M111 and MIllAl are issued, thearming vane is not attached to the fuze but isassembled when the fuze is installed in thebomb or flare . The vane is composed of twoblades with a four-inch span. Fuze M111A2 isissued with the arming vane (three-inch span)attached . Fuze settings are engraved on thetime graduation ring, which can be turned inrelation to the fuze body .

Fuze Ml11 can be set to cause functioning ofthe bomb or flare with a delay of from 15seconds to 92 seconds after the bomb has beenreleased from the aircraft. Fuzes M111Al andM111A2 can be set to cause functioning of thebomb or flare with a delay of from five secondsto 92 seconds after the bomb or flare has beenreleased from the aircraft . Graduations in allfuzes are divided into 1/2-second incrementsand numbered every three seconds . The delayrequired for any occasion can be determinedfrom the fuze setting table appended to the

60 RESTRICTED

.OP 998 (SECOND REV.section describing the item with which the fuzeis to be used .

Fuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, M111,M111A1, and M111A2, are used with theFlares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 and AN-M26, and with Bombs, Photoflash M46 andAN-M46. These items are described in Chap-ters 4 and 7 . Use of this fuze with aircraftbomb clusters is described in OP 988 .

Delay arming is obtained by means of a re-duction gear train between the arming vaneassembly and the arming sleeve. The reduc-tion gear is operated by the arming vane . Thesafety block is released after approximately1,000 feet of air travel along the trajectory ofthe bomb or flare .

The striker and the firing pin are securedtogether and form the striker-firing pin as-sembly . In the unarmed or "safe" position, asafety block is interposed between the strikerand the nut on the delay arming mechanism toprevent the firing pin from being driven intothe primer. The safety block is held in placeby the arming sleeve until the arming sleeveis withdrawn by the rotation of the armingvane .

In the armed position, the half-round cock-ing pin (controlled by the time mechanismthrough the timing disc and a series of levers)holds the firing pin away from the primer . Thefiring pin is at all times under the pressureof the firing pin spring, which tends to driveit into the primer . Since the firing pin and theprimer are always in line, the fuze is liableto fire if the fuze body is crushed, even thoughthe fuze is in the "safe" condition .

The explosive components consist of aprimer and a black powder booster charge .The primer fits into the primer holder whichprojects into the booster charge .

Operation-As the flare or bomb falls awayfrom the aircraft, the arming wire is with-drawn from the vane stop, the arming wireguide, and the release pin . The arming vaneturns and arms the fuze as described above.The arming pin is forced out by the arming pinspring and disengages from a slot in the timing

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disc mounted on the time mechanism. Afterthe timing disc is released, the time mechanismdrives it at a constant rate . When the predeter-mined delay has elapsed, the timing disc lever(which bears against the edge of the timingdisc) falls into the slot in the timing discvacated by the release pin. This lever is con-nected to the half-round cocking pin through aseries of small levers . As the timing disc leverdrops into the slot of the timing disc, the cock-ing pin is released and is free to turn . Thisallows the shoulder of the firing pin to slip bythe cocking pin under the action of the firingpin spring, and the firing pin impinges on theprimer.

This fuze will function at the time set on thetime graduation ring within a limitation ofplus or minus one second .

If the bomb or flare is released from the air-craft in the safe condition, the arming wireis released by the arming wire retainer in thebomb rack or shackle and drops with the bombor flare, thereby preventing the fuze from arm-ing. However, since the firing pin and theprimer are always in line, the fuze is liableto fire if the fuze body is crushed by impact .When a fuzed photoflash bomb or aircraft

parachute flare is attached to the bomb rack orshackle of an aircraft with the arming wire inplace, the fuze is in the unarmed condition anddoes not become armed until the photoflashbomb or flare has been released with the arm-ing wire retained in the rack and has travelledthe distance along the trajectory necessary toarm the fuze . The safety block prevents thefiring pin from striking the primer until thefuze is armed (or crushed) .

During shipping and stowage, the armingmechanism is prevented from turning by a sealwire inserted through the arming wire guideand the vane stop . The seal wire also passesthrough the striker stop, which is inserted be-tween the striker and the safety blocks to re-lieve the spring pressure from the cocking pin.The seal wire also passes through the cotter pinwhich retains the arming pin. The ends of theseal wire are fastened together by a car seal .Remove the shipping plug from the photo-

RESTRICTED


flash bomb or aircraft parachute flare, and in-spect the fuze cavity and the threads to be surethat they are clean and free from foreignmaterial.

Unseal the fuze container ; remove the fuzefrom the packing ; and inspect it to see that itis not corroded or otherwise unserviceable . In-stall the arming vane on Fuzes M111 andM111A1 by shoving it past the spring clip op-posite to the vane stop . Fuze M111A2 is issuedwith the arming vane installed.

Set the fuze by loosening the thumbscrew androtating the time graduation ring until the de-sired number of seconds is indicated . Tightenthe thumbscrew .

Screw the fuze into the fuze cavity, handtight only .

Thread the arming wire through the forwardsuspension lug, then the inner hole of the re-lease pin, and finally through the inner holes ofthe arming wire guide and the vane stop . Ifthe brass arming wire issued with the bomb orthe flare is used, no Fahnestock clip should beused on the arming wire . However, if theArming Wire (Steel) Mk 3 Mod 0 is used, aFahnestock clip should be slipped on the end ofthe arming wire until it just touches the vanestop. After installing the photoflash bomb oraircraft parachute flare on the aircraft, cut offany excess arming wire, leaving about threeinches to four inches protruding beyond theend of the fuze . Remove all burrs from the endof the arming wire . When this is done (and notuntil), remove the seal wire, the striker stop,and the cotter pin.

Either the arming wire or the seal wire andcotter pin must be in the fuze at all times.

In case the cotter pin is removed before thearming wire is installed, the arming pin will beejected and the time mechanism will function .Under this condition the fuze is still safe tohandle as long as the safety block is in place,but the fuze is partially armed, is unserviceable,and must be disposed of carefully as soon aspossible by dumping, burning, or explosion .Only properly trained experts shall do thiswork . Seepage 7.

61

ICN-:1,4Va iNXwNUXXnn XH nXXnnnuaXu


If a fuzed bomb or flare is not used, it shouldbe unfuzed and returned to storage by revers-ing -the steps outlined for preparing the fuzefor operation . It is important to install the sealwire and cotter pin before removing the arm-ing wire . The fuze must be returned to its con-tainer and sealed with tape to delay corrosion .

After the photoflash bomb or aircraft para-chute flare is installed in the releasing gear ofthe aircraft before take-off, make sure that thearming wire is correctly assembled and in-stalled in the proper holes in the fuze assembly,and that the seal wire, the striker stop, and thecotter pin have been removed . At the time ofassembly, the reduction gear mechanism iscoated with a colloidal graphite which acts asa lubricant . Other lubricants or preservativesof any kind are not necessary and should not beused on this fuze .

Fuzes which have been installed and exposedto weather for approximately three weeksshould be replaced with new fuzes. However,it may be necessary to replace the fuzes after ashorter period of exposure, depending upon theweather conditions under which the aircraft isoperating .

Fuzes which have the arming sleeve protrud-ing less than 1/8 inch above the surface of thenut are considered partially armed. The arm-ing sleeve can be seen between the armingblocks of the Fuzes M111 and M111A1, and atthe opening of the single C-shaped armingblock used in Fuze M111A2 .Upon removing the striker stop (after

threading the arming wire in place), if thestriker clamps down against the safety blocks,the fuze is considered partially armed.

Fuzes from which the arming pin is missingare partially armed .

Fuzes from which the seal wire is missingshould be carefully checked for partial arming .If the striker stop is missing or out of place, thestriker should be tested to see if a spring forceholds it against the safety blocks . If the strikerclamps tight against the safetyblocks, the fuzeis partially armed .

b2

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-

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eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :

Extreme care should be exercised in select-ing targets in friendly territory when tacticsrequire the use of bombs or flares equippedwith this fuze, since the fuze body is crushedby impact.

Demolition or disposal of flares or bombsequipped with this fuze should be carried outonly by experts trained in this type of work.No attempt should be made to disassemble

these fuzes. Fuzes which have become damaged,corroded, or otherwise unserviceable, should bedisposed of as soon as possible by dumping,burning, or explosion . See page 7 .

Modification of the Fuze M111A2 for usewith Flares-A high percentage of malfunc-tioning is encountered in the Flares, Aircraft,Parachute, M26 and AN-M26 when fuzed witha Fuze, Flare, Mechanical Time, M111A2 witha low time setting (15 seconds or less), andreleased at speeds below 170 knots . This prob-ably results from oscillation of the flare due tofluttering of the drag sleeve which causes thearming vane to rotate too slowly to withdrawthe arming sleeve completely ; this allows ejec-tion of the safety block before the time settingexpires, and the striker clamps down on thesafety block .

To prevent malfunctioning of the FuzeM111A2 due to failures to arm, the blades ofthe arming vane should be bent back so thatthey will make a 30-degree angle with the planeof rotation instead of the 60-degree angle nowused . The resulting increased torque on thevane will cause faster rotation, insuring reli-able functioning on the Flares M26 and AN-M26 at settings of eight seconds and above andrelease speeds of 170 knots . For settings beloweight seconds and below release speeds of 170knots, in addition to bending the vane as de-scribed above, the fuze should be pre-armed by130 turns of the vane . Therefore, when fuzesettings below 20 seconds are contemplated,Fuzes M1IIA2 should be modified accordingly .Vanes may be bent by competent personnel,using pliers .

acN71,4YI

1 u'3WWTannL)

1ri nT1iiI1I1Sy`

11

ARMING VANEN

VANE LOCK

TIME GRADUATIONS

ARMING SLEEVE

FIRING PIN

FIRING PIN SPRING

DETONATORSLIDER SPRING

DETONATOR SLIDER


SAFETY COTTER PIN

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e C̀̀ ° `' 2c'

, "=XX

wX ?o z'Q QX_w

X4JQ?4:b 4, O 4J fr

4X O

G 2 XX r2 h _h X Q Q Q, r

Figure 26-Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, M146

O

vX

G `X'

r . to . :ay rdo e,s

ad

-ARMING WIRE GUIDE

63

X4NX.+Y'a r XtwllXifannX rti nX,nnns7X'fX


The foregoing vane-bending requirement ap-plies to most of the Fuzes M111A2 now in stock.However, with Fuzes M111A2 of the most re-cent production (which have positively rotatingsafety blocks with settings of eight seconds andspeeds of release of 170 knots), reliable func-tioning is obtained without bending the vanes .For lower fuze settings or lower speeds of re-lease, the vanes of these fuzes of recent produc-tion should also be modified by bending them tothe 30-degree angle .

In all cases after a vane is bent, it should beturned back and forth for a few revolutions toinsure that the arming mechanism is free .

Fuzes with the positively rotating safetyblocks can be identified by the two studs whichprotrude from the vane locking nut .

Packing-The fuze is issued in a metal con-tainer 23/, inches in diameter and 41/, incheslong. It is issued with the vanes detached, butincluded in the fuze container .

Fifty fuze containers are shipped in onewooden shipping box .

Storage-Fuzes should be stored in a dry,well-ventilated place . The temperature of thelocker or magazine should not be allowed to ex-ceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit .

Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, M 146Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, M146 consists

essentially of a Fuze, Flare, Mechanical Time,M111A2, with the detonator out of line withthe firing pin until after the bomb has been re-leased from the bomb shackle, and the armingwire withdrawn from the arming pin of thefuze . (Fig . 26) . The fuze can be set to causefunctioning of the bomb or flare with a delayof from five seconds to 92 seconds after thebomb or flare has been released from the air-craft . The fuze settings are engraved on thetime graduation ring . Graduations are dividedinto 1/2-second increments, and numbered everythree seconds .

The complete fuze weighs approximately 1 1/,pounds . The fuze body has a diameter of 1 XJjinches, but projections on the fuze body make

64 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

the overall width three inches . The length isapproximately 5 5/8 inches .The arming vane operates a gear mechanism

which releases the safety block after approxi-mately 1,000 feet of air travel . The ejection ofthe spring-loaded arming pin, (held by thesafety cotter pin during shipment) and by thearming wire when assembled in the bomb,starts the time mechanism at the moment thebomb is released and the arming wire is with-drawn from the fuze .The body of the fuze houses a spring-loaded

detonator slider, the time mechanism, the arm-ing stem, and the booster cup . The detonator islocated in the detonator slider, which is heldby the arming stem in the unarmed positionagainst a spring . In this position the detonatoris out of line with the firing pin . Approxi-mately 41/2 seconds after the arming wire isremoved, the time mechanism releases the arm-ing stem, which then pivots and allows thedetonator slider to move to the armed position .When in the armed position, the detonator is inline with the firing pin . The detonator slider issecured in the armed position by a spring-loaded detent . Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time,M146 is for use with Flares, Aircraft, Para-chute, M26 and AN--M26, and with Bombs,Photoflash, B46 and AN-M46 . These items aredescribed in Chapters 4 and 7 .

Fuze Bomb, Mechanical Time, M146 isinstalled in photoflash bombs and aircraft para-chute flares in the same manner as the Fuze,Flare, Mechanical Time, M111 and modifica-tions of that fuze, as described earlier in thischapter .

Safety Precautions--ln addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the special safety precautions relative toarmed and partially armed Fuzes M111,M111A1, and M111A2 also apply to FuzesM146.

When Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46,and Flares, Aircraft Parachute, M26 and AN-M26 are used in carrier-based operations, Fuze,

Bomb, Mechanical Time, M146 must be usedfor safety reasons . Fuze, Flare, Mechanical

3SNgAXI 1 N1UVV)-f7/1n91 iH na'%nnnq;P7V_

UPPERCANDLEASSEMBLY

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STATIC CORD

-IGNITER CABLEVENT HOLES

-BASE BLOCK

figure 27-Target Identification Smoke Bomb Mk 72 Mod 1

FIRECRACKER FUSE

SMOKE COMPOSITION

LOWER> CANDLEASSEMBLY

65

Xcr,j7ax7 . X X17ui`n'fXnriX

rri n']'nntlf.f.t7fJ

AIRCRAFT PYROTECHNICS AND ACCESSORIESTime, M111, M111A1, and M111A2 must notbe used for shipboard operations, because theyare not detonator safe ; however, they may beused in land-based operations if no Fuzes,Bomb, Mechanical Time, M146 are available.Packing-These fuzes are issued in hermet-

ically sealed containers.Fifteen fuze containers are shipped in one

wooden shipping box.Storage-Fuzes should be stored in a dry,

well-ventilated place. The temperature of thelocker or magazine should not be allowed toexceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit .

Target Identification Smoke Bomb Mk72 Mod IThis smoke bomb provides a long-burning

colored smoke marker used by the air coor-dinator to pin-point shore targets. (Fig. 27.)It is also used by scout planes from warshipsto pin-point shore targets. This marker is foruse over land only, because it will not float onwater.

The complete bomb weighs 45 pounds. It hasa diameter of 83/t inches and a length of 36inches .

The bomb consists of a sheet steel bomb bodyand a parachute pack attached to the top ofthe bomb body by a bayonet joint.

The parachute pack is a molded containerhousing a four-foot hemispherical parachute,the shroud lines, load cables, igniter cable, andthe static cord which extends out of the topof the pack.

The bomb casing contains a base block in thetail which incorporates the igniter assembly,12 vent holes, and four eyebolts . The loadcables are attached to the eyebolts, and the ig-niter cable is attached to the pull-type igniters .The upper and lower candle assemblies are lo-cated between the base block and the nose .These candles are composed of smoke-produc-ing composition. A firecracker fuse runsthrough the cents r of each smoke candle .

The bomb is suspended by two lugs 14 inchesapart, welded to suspension bands which arebolted to the case .

bb RESTRICTED

OP 998 SECOND REV.)This bomb can be carried- on all standard ex-

ternal double suspension racks and shackles .In addition to using this bomb on double sus-pension racks or shackles, it can be suspendedfrom the Bomb Adapter Mk 5 Mod 0 (usedwith Rocket Launchers Mk 5 and Mods) whenthat item is available. These bombs may be re-leased from external suspension on all types ofplanes in any normal flight attitude, and canwithstand catapult launching and arrestedlandings .

It is installed on a bomb rack or bombshackle with the parachute end forward inthe same manner as a bomb. An arming wireshould be secured to the static line at the pointwhere it emerges from the parachute pack.

Operation-When the bomb is released fromthe rack or shackle, the static cord is retainedby the rack or shackle to which it is attached .The static cord, through a series of short linesinside the pack, removes the molded cover ofthe pack and pulls out the parachute . Themolded cover and false bottom of the pack fallaway. After the parachute is open, a weak linkin the static cord breaks, and the static cord isretained by the rack or shackle.

As the parachute is opened, the igniter cable,attached to one of the four load cables, actuatesfour pull-type igniters . The primers ignite thefirecracker fuse running through the center ofthe upper candle . This fuse ignites the smoke-producing composition in the upper candle .The candle burns from the center hole towardthe outside, and generates colored smoke. Thesmoke goes through holes in the candle caseinto the outside bomb case, and then emergesfrom the bomb through 12 vents in the baseblock and forms a cloud of colored smoke.Smoke is produced about eight seconds afterrelease of the bomb.

When the upper candle is nearly burned out,the firecracker fuse from the lower candle isignited, and in turn ignites the lower candle .The lower candle burns in the sarxe manner asthe upper candle .

The maximum rate of fall for this bomb isabout 50 feet per second .

7CN7AY7 frJ7 V'3AnC) JM n-rXnnns: '

The bomb produces a red-orange coloredsmoke in sufficient volume to be seen at 15,000feet for 10 miles, under normal conditions . Itburns approximately five minutes .The lower the altitude from which this bomb

is released, the greater the accuracy that willbe obtained . Because of the rapid opening ofthe chute, little trail can be expected . A highwind will cause drift . The bomb will operatesatisfactorily when launched at any speed likelyto be encountered with aircraft currently inservice .

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,

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PYROTECHNIC BOMBS ANDFUZES

the following special precaution should beobserved :

This bomb must not be stood on its parachuteend .Packing-The Bomb Mk 72 Mod 1 is packed

in individual hermetically-sealed steel ship-ping containers, 12 inches in diameter and 41inches in length . The total weight of the bomband container is 80 pounds .Stowage-The Bomb Mk 72 Mod 1 should be

stowed in the shipping box until it is beingreadied for installation on an aircraft .

67

ESN-4,4X'4

1 N400Xl1Mn

IH l1X'1f1(1XiT7.fiXlf


DYE COMPOSITION

BLACK POWDER

SPIRALLY WOUND TUBE -

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Figure 23-Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk I and Mods

OP - 998 (SECOND REV.)

Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk I and ModsThese depth charge markers are used for

indicating the initial point of contact with sub-marines, and to provide a reference point forfurther search and attack during day opera-tions . (Fig . 28.)

They may be launched by hand from air-craft at altitudes up to 1,000 feet or from thedecks of surface vessels . After launching, thedye containers in the marker burst, spreadingdye on the surface of the water. The dye isrusty red in color, but a water solution of thedye is yellow green .The spot on the water can be seen for about

3,000 yards from the deck of a ship, and aboutfive miles from aircraft . The distance fromwhich this spot can be seen depends on weatherconditions, the observer's altitude, the qualityof the daylight, and the position of the sun inrelation to the observer . The spot usually re-mains for at least 45 minutes, and under favor-able weather and wind conditions for a longerperiod .

This marker weighs approximately 31/2pounds . It has a diameter of 3 1/2 inches and alength of 117/8 inches. The firing mechanismprotrudes about 7/s inch from one side .The marker consists of a circular wooden

block on which is mounted a grenade firingmechanism. Fluorescein dye is contained intwo cylindrical kraft paper containers, one at-tached to each flat side of the wooden block .A plastic tube extending through the woodenblock into both of the paper cans contain thebursting charge of black powder . DepthCharge Marker Mk 1 Mod 1 contains dye hav-ing a fluorescein concentration of about 38%,while Depth Charge Marker Mk 1 Mod 2 con-tains dye having fluorescein concentration ofabout 86% .

Chapter 8

MARKERS

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Operation-When the marker has beenlaunched, the release lever is forced off by thestriker, which is at all times under the tensionof the striker actuating spring . The strikerrotates about the hinge pin, and the strikerpoint impinges on the primer. The primer ig-nites the time fuse, which burns for approxi-mately 15 seconds and then ignites the burstingcharge . The gases thus evolved burst the dyecontainers and spread the dye on the water .

To prepare the marker for launching fromaircraft at altitudes up to 1,000 feet, graspthe marker firmly in one hand, being sure thatthe release lever is held firmly against the bodyof the marker. With the other hand, pull thesafety ring which is attached to the safetycotter pin . After removal of the safety cotterpin, launch the marker by throwing it over theside .

Depth Charge Markers, Day, Mk 1 and Modsmay be launched from aircraft at any altitude,provided the safety cotter pin is not removed .Impact with the surface of the water will crushthe cardboard container, releasing the dye toproduce a slick slightly smaller as compared tothe slick produced when the marker is droppedin armed condition .


After removing the safety cotter rin, the re-lease lever can move away from the body of themarker and release the striker ; therefore_ it isextremely important to hold the release leversecurely aga'nst the body of the marker untilthe marker is launched . Only a small move-ment of the release lever is required tofree the striker .

69

7S+U7.fXX XRrXXXXTaXnn rH nrnnnu°°,r7ii


70

RECESS STRIP (TOP) -1

r-TOP TEAR STRIP

TOP COVER

RESTRICTED

CALCIUM PHOSPHIDE

BOTTOM TEAR STRIP

SECTION X-X

Figure 29-Depth Charge Marker, Night, Mk 2

OP 998 (SECOND REV

Y

0

XSNX .XX7

I N'XwniNXnnn iy nannnnu'XXX1'. . _

Do not remove the safety cotter pin from thefiring mechanism unless the marker is heldproperly (as described above) and is ready forlaunching .Do not replace the safety cotter pin after it

has been removed.After the safety cotter pin is removed, do

not release the grip on the release lever untilthe signal is launched .Do not remove the firing mechanism from

the marker under any circumstances .Packing-The Depth Charge Markers, Day.

Mk 1 Mod I is packed individually in an as-phalt impregnated cardboard container of themailing tube type, sealed with adhesive tape .Ten containers are packed in one wooden box .Formerly, 20 containers were packed in onewooden box ; many of these larger boxes arestill on hand .

,

The Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk 1 Mod 2is packed individually in a moisture-vapor-proof bag, and then in a carton . Ten of thesecartons are packed in a wooden box .Stowage-Depth Charge Markers, Day,

Mk 1 and Mods should be stowed in a dry,well-ventilated place . The temperature in thelocker or magazine should not be allowed toexceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit .

Depth Charge Marker, Night, Mk 2Depth Charge Marker, Night, Mk 2 is used

for indicating the initial point of contact withsubmarines, and to provide a reference pointfor further search and attack during nightoperations. (Fig . 20.)This marker may be launched by hand from

aircraft at altitudes up to 3,000 feet . Afterimpact with the water, the gases generatedgive a flame about nine inches high . Underaverage atmospheric conditions the flame isvisible from the deck of a ship at distances upto four miles, and from aircraft at distancesup to 10 miles.The marker weighs about 21/2 pounds . It

consists of a sealed, cylindrical metal can con-taining the chemical charge . The can has a

RESTRICTED

MARKERS

diameter of five inches and a length of seveninches .A centrally-located tube within the can con-

tains a small charge of calcium phosphide. Themain charge of calcium carbide surrounds thistube . A tear strip, with a pull ring attached,on each end of the container seals two smallholes to permit the entrance of water when themarker is thrown overboard .Operation-Before launching, the two tear

strips are pulled off the ends of the container .It is launched by throwing it overboard .

Water enters the container through the holesin the bottom and reacts with both the calciumcarbide and the calcium phosphide . Acetylene,(an inflammable gas) and phosphide (a spon-taneously-ignited gas) are produced for at least45 minutes. Both gases escape from the holesin the top, and ignite within about 70 to 90seconds after impact with the water . In ex-tremely cold weather, the ignition delay may belonger . If the flame is put out by rough water,the gases will ignite again . No smoke is emittedduring the burning period .


Stow separately from other pyrotechnics,if practicable .Do not stow depth charge markers in a

compartment equipped with sprinklers or fightfires with water because the markers are ig-nited by chemical reactions between water andthe chemicals within the marker .Do not handle the marker or remove it from

its container by grasping the tear strip pull-ring .The tear strips must not be removed until

just prior to use.Periodic inspections should be made to in-

sure that one or both tear strips have not beenaccidentally removed, and that no leaks exist inthe seams.Markers in which the water-tight integrity

has been broken may evolve acetylene and

71

7CN74V1

1 u171NIA(lJ7Ann

1M (1T1f1(1I1L,J71J -


phosphine, gradually and without ignition.This gas may collect in enclosed places to pro-duce hazardous concentrations that can explodeif ignited.

Packing-Depth Charge Markers, Night, Mk2 are packed 12 to a corrugated cardboardcontainer.

Stowage-Ignition of these markers iscaused by chemical reactions between waterand the chemicals within the marker. There-fore, this marker should be stowed in a drylocker or compartment not equipped withsprinklers .

Cartridge, Slick Marker, AN-Mk I Mod 0Cartridge, Slick Marker, AN-Mk 1 Mod 0

was developed primarily for use by aircraftengaged in antisubmarine warfare (Fig. 30) .It has also been used for air-sea rescue, as adrift signal, and for other purposes requiring areference point on the water.

The cartridge weighs about four ounces ; ithas a diameter of 11/2 inches and a length of33/4, inches .

This cartridge is fired from the Pistol, Pyro-technic, AN-M8. The projectile bursts afterbeing fired, and provides a slick on the surfaceof the water. The slick is placed at a point di-rectly beneath the plane when the pistol is firedby aiming downward and aft so that the hori-zontal component of the muzzle velocity equalsthe speed of the plane.

It is composed of a shot gun type case, aprimer, a black powder propelling charge, andthe dye-filled projectile . The projectile consistsof an aluminum container, containing 28 gramsof fluorescein dye, a black powder burstingcharge, and a length of safety fuse .

Operation-When the cartridge is fired, thepowder in the head of the case propells thedye-filled projectile from the pistol, at the sametime igniting the safety fuse . The fuse burnsfor 11 seconds before igniting the burstingcharge in the projectile . The bursting chargeforces the dye out into the water. The dye, ahighly-soluble sodium salt, quickly creates asmall bright green slick on the surface of thewater.

72 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.The projectile has a positive buoyancy, so

that it will remain on or near the surface of thewater until the bursting charge disperses thedye to form the slick. If the projectile burstsin the air, the dye may spread over a large areaand be so dispersed that a visible slick will notbe created ; therefore, the cartridge should notbe fired from altitudes in excess of 500 feet .

The pyrotechnic pistol may be mounted inthe Mount M1 for the Pistol AN-M8, or maybe hand held . The propelling charge gives theprojectile a muzzle velocity of approximately300 feet per second . To obtain a vertical dropof the projectile relative to a point on the sur-face of the water, the pistol should be aimeddownward and aft at the following angles fromthe vertical, according to the ground speed atwhich the aircraft is traveling :

Safety Precautions-Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2.

Packing--Ten cartridges are packed in a car-ton and five cartons are placed in a packed

ALUMINUM CONTAINER?

PRIMER

FLUORESCEIN DYE

PROPELLING CHARGE I

BURSTINGSAFETY FUSE '

CHARGE

Figure 30-Cartridge, Slick Marker,AN-Mk f Mod 0

gqNqrIY1 IN1WN$41Ann IH nXXnnrSUa Xi

GroundAngle of

Speed from(Knots) (Degrees)

AimVertical

25 ---------------------------------------------------------- 850 -------------------------- ________________________________ 1s75 23100 ---------------------- ___________ 34125 ______________________________________________ 45150 ---------------------------------------------------------- 58175 __________________________________________________________ 90

PYROTECHNIC

SAFETY FUSE -

MK 4

container . Five of the containers are packedin a wooden box.

Storage-Slick marker cartridges should bestored in a cool, dry place . They may bestored with signal cartridges under conditionsrecommended for the storing of pyrotechnicitems.

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- STABILIZINGVANE

Figure 31-Signal, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and Mods, and AN-Mk 5 Mod 1

MARKERS

Signals, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and Mods,and AN-Mk 5 and Mod I and Mod 2The Army and Navy have standardized the

Navy's Aircraft Float Lights Mk 4 and Mk 5Mod 1 . They are now known as Signals, Drift,Night AN-Mk 4 and Mods and AN-Mk 5Mods 1 and 2. (Fig. 31 .)

. 7 3


When the drift signal is thrown from anaircraft during daylight or at night, it floats onthe water and gives a light and smoke whichare visible to an observer in the airplane fromwhich it was dropped . These signals are usedin obtaining the drift of the airplane fromwhich it was dropped ; for marking the loca-tion of a submarine or other object to which anaircraft desires to call the attention of observ-ers on surface vessels ; for determining thewind direction before landing ; or to mark thelocation of the surface for emergency landingsat night .

Night drift signals will function satisfactor-ily when launched from airplanes flying atspeeds above 100 knots and altitudes above 50feet .

Signal, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 weighs ap-proximately two pounds . It has a diameter ofthree inches, but fins on the body increase thekvidth to 41/t inches . It has a length of 13inches .

Signal, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 5 and Modsweighs approximately four pounds . It has a di-ameter of three inches, but fins on the body in-crease the width to 4 1/.1 inches . It has a lengthof 19 inches .

Signals, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and AN-Mk5 Mod 1 are used in the same manner and forthe same purpose . The Signal AN-Mk 4 burnsfor about three minutes, while the Signal AN-Mk 5 Mod 1 burns for about 12 minutes. I£both signals are available, the burning time de-sired should govern the selection.

The appearance of these signals differs inthat the AN-Mk 4 has an oval-shaped die-castnose with a lug on one side to turn the missileso it will not strike the bottom in shallow water.The Signal AN-Mk 5 Mod 1 has a flat die-castnose and is about six inches longer.The bodies of both signals are made from

wood, and are about three inches in diameter .The tail end of the body is tapered to a diam-eter of one inch ; the sheet-metal tail assemblyis mounted on this end . The die-cast nose,which contains the water impact fuze, ismounted on the other end . The tail assemblies

74 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.)and the fuze mechanisms of both signals areidentical .

The pyrotechnic mixture is formed into pel-lets approximately four inches long and 11/x.inches in diameter, with a 0.22-inch hole downthe center . One pellet is used in the SignalAN-Mk 4 and three pellets, end to end, are usedin the Signal AN-Mk 5 and Mods.The pellets are enclosed in a pyrotechnic tube

to keep the hygroscopic pyrotechnic materialfrom absorbing moisture through the woodenbody. Originally, tin was used for this tube, butin recent lots, lead and zinc have been sub-stituted .

Operation-When launched from aircraft,the signal falls with the nose downward. Onimpact with the surface, the water breaks thelead sealing disk, and drives the firing pin backagainst the primer . Flame from the primerignites the safety fuse which runs the length ofthe hole in the center of the pellets . The safetyfuse burns about 10 seconds in the Signal AN-Mk 4, and about nine sconds in the Signal AN-Mk 5. This gives the signal enough time to re-turn to the surface and right itself .

The safety fuse ignites a length of quickmatch which, in turn, ignites the starting mix-ture . The starting mixture burns with suffi-cient heat to ignite the pellet. The gases gen-erated break open the pyrotechnic tube andforce out the cap which seals the end of the dis-charge tube in the tail . A flame 12 to 15 incheshigh and a white smoke are produced . Theflame can be seen at night a distance of six orseven miles in clear weather. Because thesmoke is white, daylight observation is difficultunder hazy conditions.

Drift signals are stowed aboard aircraft inracks mounted in any accessible position . Theyare launched by tossing them over the side,preferably in a horizontal position with thenose end forward .


XcniXXxX i NXwNXinnX iH nXnnniiaau

PULL RING

FRICTION WIREPULL TYPE IGNITER

DELAYFUSE

Figure 32-Aircroff Floof Light Mk 6 and Mods

STARTER MIXTURE

QUICK MATCH

PYROTECHNICCANDLE

PYROTECHNIC TUBE

MARKERS

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75

XgN7aY7 I N7wXW7nncl ief nxin nuaXu


Drift signals should be stowed in pyrotechniclockers above decks, because burning of thepyrotechnic mixture in drift signals createslarge quantities of smoke, making fighting ofsuch fires difficult .Packing-Drift signals are packed in indi-

vidual corrugated boxes wrapped in a mois-ture-vapor-proof material . They are shipped 25in a wooden box .

Storage-Burning of the pyrotechnic mix-ture in drift signals results in large quantitiesof smoke ; therefore, fighting of fires belowdecks is very difficult . For this reason, driftsignals should be stowed in pyrotechnic lockersabove decks, especially in vessels carrying alarge allowance of these signals . However,stowage in a pyrotechnic magazine is accept-able .

Stowage aboard ship or at shore stationsshould be so selected that the temperature willnot exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit . Wheneverpossible, drift signals should be stowed in thecontainers in which they are supplied . Aboardaircraft, drift signals should be stowed in alocation protected from the direct rays of thesun, from excessive heat, and from spray andmoisture .

Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 and ModsAircraft Float Light Mk 6 and Mods pro-

vides a long burning surface marker for useduring daylight or at night. (Fig. 32.) It con-sists of four Signals, Drift, Night, An Mk 5Mod 1 pyrotechnic candles, contained in awooden body . A flat die-cast metal nose pieceis attached to the nose end of the body. Eachpyrotechnic candle burns successively througha separate hole in the tail end of the body. AMk 6 type of aircraft float light produces aflame about 10 to 12 inches high, and a dense,grayish-white smoke for a period of at least40 minutes .

This float light is thrown overboard from anaircraft or surface vessel . The nose piececauses the float light to be stable during thedropping period, and to remain in an uprightposition, nose downward, while in the water .

76

Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 weighs approxi-

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OP 998 (SECOND REV.

mately 16 pounds . The wooden body, includingthe metal nose, is 51/8 inches square and has alength of 201/4 inches .

Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 Mod 0 is ignitedby impact-type igniters located in the nosepiece, and functions on water impact only .Originally, these float lights did not acquireflight stability until they had fallen at least300 feet below the aircraft ; therefore, a pull-type igniter was incorporated in float lights ofrecent manufacture. The float light with thepull-type igniter is designated Aircraft FloatLight Mk 6 Mod 2, and may be launched fromaircraft at any altitude up to 5,000 feet. Thesefloat lights may also be used from surfacevessels .

Aircraft Float Lights Mk 6 Type arelaunched by hand . The pull-type igniter, lo-cated in the tail end of the float light, is actu-ated at the time the float light is launched bysharply pulling the ring attached to the fric-tion wire, either by hand or by a lanyard at-tached to the structure of the aircraft . Thefloat light must be launched immediately afterthe igniter has been actuated .Four holes in the tail end of the float light

are closed by a metal cap and sealed with apiece of adhesive tape . As the pyrotechniccandle begins to burn, the gas pressure pro-duced forces out the metal caps and breaksthe adhesive tape seal, allowing the gases toescape and burn . The adhesive tape must notbe removed before launching the float light . Acombustion type delay fuse provides continuityof ignition between the igniter and the top ofthe first candle, and between the bottom of onecandle and the top of the next. A delay of 90seconds occurs between actuation of the igniterand ignition of the first candle . Normally, nodelay occurs during the transfer of ignitionfrom one candle to the next .

Safety Precautions-In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapter 2,the following special precautions should beobserved :Do not remove the square pieces of adhesive

tape from the wooden body before launchingthe float light .

acNX .txX XnravuXs7` nnX Sri nXnrtnirxX

The float light must be launched immedi-ately after the igniter has been actuatd.Packing-The Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 and

Mods is packaged six units to a wooden ship-ping box. Individual rounds of recent produc-tion are packed in moisture-vapor-proof con-tainers.Storage-If possible, float lights should be

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1SNae4YI INIWNN7hnOs

MARKERS

stowed in pyrotechnic lockers above decks, be-cause the large quantity of smoke produced incase of fire makes fire-fighting difficult . Thepyrotechnic stowage aboard ship or at shorestations should be so selected that the tempera-ture will not exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit.Float lights should be stowed in the originalshipping container, except when placed aboardaircraft in a ready condition.

I V ng1nnnV;41M

77

Aircraft Signals (Army), and Signal Cartridges(Navy)

Aircraft Signals and Signal Cartridges arefired in the Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8 as amethod of identification for and communicationbetween aircraft and surface vessels . Thesesignals can be seen during the day or night.(Distress signals are described in other chap-ters of this publication.)

Aircraft Signals are manufactured for theArmy. They project one or two free stars ofthe same or different colors . Colors in currentuse are red, yellow, and green . All aircraft sig-nals weigh from four to six ounces, are ap-proximately 11/z inches in diameter and be-tween 3 and 3X's inches in length .

All aircraft signals, except the AN-M53 toAN-M58 series, have a similar internal con-struction .

Arrangements were made for the Army toproduce all signals of this type . Manufactureof the Mk 3 Mod 3 and the Mk 4 types of sig-nals was discontinued in favor of the equiva-lent Army aircraft signals, which are nowissued to Navy activities .

The following is a list of the correct nomen-clature for cartridge-type signals used by theNavy for identification :

Signal,M28

Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, Yellow-Yellow,AN-M29

Signal, Aircraft,AN-M30

78

RECOGNITION AND DISTRESS SIGNALS, AND PROJECTORS

Aircraft SignalsAircraft, Double Star, Red-Red, AN-

Double Star, Green-Green,

Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, Red-Yellow, AN-M31

Chapter 9

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Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, Red-Green, AN-M32

Signal, Aircraft, Double Star,AN-M33

Signal, Aircraft, Double Star,M'07 or AN-M37A1

Signal, Aircraft, Double Star,AN-M38 or AN-M38A1


Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, Red-Yellow, AN-M40 or AN-M40A1

Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, Red-Green, AN-M41 or AN-M41A1


Signal, Aircraft, Single Star, Red, AN-M43or AN-M43A1

Signal, Aircraft, Single Star, Yellow, AN-M44or AN-M44A1

Signal, Aircraft, Single Star, Green, AN-M45or AN-M45A1

Signal, Aircraft, Yellow Tracer, Red-YellowDouble Star, AN-M53 or AN-M53A1

Signal, Aircraft, Green Tracer, Red-Red,Double Star, AN-M54 or AN-M54A1

Signal, Aircraft, Green Tracer, Green-Red,Double Star, AN-M55 or AN-M55A1

Signal, Aircraft, Red Tracer, Green-Green,Double Star, AN-M56 or AN-M56A1

Signal, Aircraft, Red Tracer, Red-Red, DoubleStar, AN--M57 or AN-M57A1

Signal, Aircraft, Red Tracer, Green-Red,Double Star, AN-M58 or AN-M58A1

Signal Cartridge, Two-Star, Mk 3 Mod 3

Green-Yellow,

Red-Red, AN-

Yellow-Yellow,

Green-Green,

Green-Yellow,

(The following color combinations are allincluded under the above designation, and mustbe specified when ordering : Red-Yellow ; Yel-lov--Yellow ; Green-Green ; Red-Yellow;Red-Green and Green-Yellow .)Signal Cartridge, Two-Star (with tracer) Mk 4 .

COLORIDENTIFICATIONMARKING

(The following colors are included under theabove nomenclature, and should be specifiedwhen ordering : Red-Red Stars-Red Tracer ;Green-Green Stars-Red Tracer ; Red-GreenStars-Red Tracer ; Red-Red Stars-GreenTracer ; Red-Green Stars-Green Tracer ; Red-Yellow Stars-Yellow Tracer . See page 78.)

Signals, Aircraft, AN-M28 to AN-M33series (Fig. 33), and Signal Cartridges, Mk 3Mod 3 and Mk 4, are no longer manufactured,but issues are being made from stocks on handuntil the supply is exhausted .

RECOGNITION AND DISTRESS SIGNALS AND PROJECTORS

COLOR OF BANDS CORRESPONDSWITH COLOR OF IDENTIFICATION TOPS

Figure 33-Signals, Aircraft, AN-M28 to AN-M33, Inclusive

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Cartridge cases of the Signals, Aircraft, AN-M28 to AN-M33 series of the "rimless" typeare extruded from aluminum or fabricated fromsteel and plastic . These signals are now ob-solete .Around the circumference of the cartridge

base a groove is provided into which the ex-tractor of Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8 fits, thussecuring the cartridge in the barrel of the pis-tol . This design was adopted to permit muzzleloading of Pistol, Pyrotechnic, M2, which isalso obsolete .

79

gqNqAX7

i NIW4}J7!AncI IV nannni

X


80

ROCKET PAPER CASE

COLORIDENTIFICATION

BANDS

COLORIDENTIFICATION

TOP

AN-1037 THRU AN-1042(Shotgun Type Cartridge Case)

AN-M37A1 THRU AN-M42A1(All Metal Case)

Figure 34-Signals, Aircraft, AN-1037 to AN-1042, Inclusive

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PROPELLING CHARGE

QUICK MATCH

OP 998 SECOND REV.

V

7SN7,XXT

! NXW!JfJ7Ar1n XH nX^+nnXuaxs3'-

COLORIDENTIFICATION

TRACERBAND


(Shotgun Type Cartridge Case)AN-M53 THRU AN-M58

INNER CONTAINER

AN-M53A1 THRU AN-M58A'(All Metal Case)

Figure 35-Signals, Aircraft, AN-M53 to AN-M58, Inclusive

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81

3SAl3dXX _.X'Xlnt XnnXXXnXnanXX


The closing wad and either the triangular-shaped dots or the colored bands on the side ofthe cartridge case are the same color as thestars . These signals can be identified in thedark by letters embossed on the metal closingwad of the signal, and indicating the color ofthe stars .

The internal construction of Signals, Air-craft, AN-M37 to AN-M42 series (Fig . 34), issimilar to that of the AN-M28 to AN-M33series . Signals, Aircraft, AN-M37 to AN-M42series are contained in a shot gun type cartridgecase made from standard rocket paper insertedin a brass base. Two colored bands around thepaper end of the cartridge case indicate thecolors of the stars . The names of the colors ofthe stars are also printed on the paper closingwad. No means of color identification in thedark is provided .

Signals, Aircraft, AN-M43 to AN-M45 seriesare similar to Signals, Aircraft, AN-M37 toAN-M42 series, except that they contain onlyone star . The extra space in the cartridge caseis filled by a cardboard spacer. The color of thestar is indicated by a band on the case, and thename of color is printed on the closing wad .

The external appearance of Signals, Aircraft,AN-M53 to AN-M58 series (Fig. 35) is iden-tical to that of the AN-M37 to AN-M42 series .However, the internal construction of this seriesdiffers from the AN-M37 to AN-M42 series inthat the star charges are contained within aninner container, closed at one end by the tracercomposition . This inner container also containsa bursting charge, ignited by the tracer com-position when it burns through . The color ofthe stars is indicated on the cartridge case in amanner similar to that of the signals previouslydescribed, with an additional narrower bandindicating the color of the tracer. The names ofthe colors of the stars and the tracer are alsoprinted on the paper closing wad.

AN-M37 to AN-M42 series, AN-M43 toAN-M45 series, and AN-M53 to AN-M58series signals have been altered by assemblingthem in an all-metal cartridge case similar inappearance to the shot gun type cartridge casepreviously used . All signals incorporating the

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metal cartridge case have the letter "A" andthe numeral "1" added to the designation ; forexample, Signal, Aircraft, Double Star, Red-Red, AN-M37A1.

Signal Cartridges, Two-Star, Mk 3 Mod 3 aresimilar to the Signals, Aircraft, AN-M37 toAN-M42 series . The Cartridges Mk 3 Mod 3Type are the only series of signals which can-not be identified by the printed information onthe cartridge case . There is no printing on thecartridge case to indicate the lot number, dateof manufacture, or the nomenclature, includingthe Mark and Mod designation. Two coloredbands around the paper end of the cartridgecase indicate the color of the stars . These sig-nals have now been declared obsolete .

Signal Cartridges, Two-Star, (with tracer)Mk 4 are similar in appearance and functioningto the Signals, Aircraft, AN-M53 to AN-M58series. The color of the stars is indicated on thecartridge case by two wide bands near thepaper end of the case ; a narrow band indicatesthe color of the tracer . The names of the colorsof the stars and the tracer are printed on thepaper closing wad. Information for identifyingthe signal cartridge is printed on the cartridgecase.

Operation-All signal cartridges or aircraftsignals which do not contain tracers functionin the same manner, as follows

When the firing pin strikes the primer, theprimer ignites the black powder propellingcharge . As the stars are propelled from thebarrel of the projector, they are ignited by thepropelling charge . When fired from the ground,the stars reach full brilliance after travelingabout 40 or 50 feet, and rise to a height of about250 feet . The stars can be distinguished at dis-tances up to about five miles at night, and abouttwo or three miles in daylight . The stars burnfor about seven seconds.

Signal cartridges and aircraft signals con-taining tracers function in a slightly differentmanner, as follows

While the inner container is propelled fromthe barrel of the projector, the tracer is ignitedby the propelling charge . The tracer burns for

acNXaxX iXiawNUannX' XH nXnnnnuaXN

about four seconds, then ignites the burstingcharge and the two stars within the inner con-tainer . In effect, upon leaving the barrel of theprojector, the tracer appears as a single starand rises to a height of about 250 feet whenfired from the ground ; at this point, the starseparates into two stars, which fall separately.The tracer and stars can be seen about fivemiles at night, and about two or three miles indaylight.

Safety Precautions-Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2.

Packing-Signals, Aircraft, AN-M28 toAN-M33 series are packed six cartridges to acarton, and 12 cartons to a wooden packing box .Signals, Aircraft, AN-M37 to AN-M42 series,AN-AT43 to AN-M45 series, and AN-M53 toAN-M58 series are packed 12 cartridges to acarton and 12 cartons to a wooden packing box .Markings on boxes and cartons identify thecontents .

Signal Cartridges Mk 3 Mod 3 and SignalCartridges A'Ik 4 are packed ten cartridges to acarton, five cartons to the container, and fourcontainers to the wooden packing box .Storage-Aircraft signals and signal car-

Figure 36-Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8


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tridges are carried aboard aircraft in racks orin belts mounted in any convenient locationaway from the direct rays of the sun . Theprimers of these signals contain mercury ful-minate, which deteriorates rapidly under con-ditions of high temperature and humidity. Mag-azine stowage temperatures should never ex-ceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit .

All types of these signals are subject to rapiddeterioration in the tropics and must be in-spected frequently to insure their reliability .In general, if these signals are removed fromtheir sealed containers they will deterioratewithin three weeks in the tropics . Signals inmetal cases will not deteriorate as rapidly butshould be checked for functioning frequently .

Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8The Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8, with or

without mount, is standard equipment for navalaircraft, including training airplanes . (Figs .36, 37, and 38) . The Mount M1 for Pistol,

Figure 37-Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8,Disassembled

83

aSN4.4Y-l

I N-TAXl(-iAr)q iti r1Y1rX%f(1?iX'aS?



Figure 38.-Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8: Tripping Breech Lock (A), Loading (B), Firing (C), and Extracting (D)

84

MOUNT COVER ASSEMBLY-

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Figure 39-Mount M1 for Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8

RECOIL SLEEVEASSEMBLY

acn»axa t 0ltaw4"-knrN trr nannn^siaiw

isis-lot

;p_is)rtox

0ti-ir-

heherdhehehedeherernen-a-INherigistteiteiterd:seliphe-a-XetIts

8tit-er

.x-onn-nsed


HINGE PIN

SAFETY COTTERPIN

SAFETY LEVER

Figure 40-Aircraft Emergency Idenfificafion Signals Mk 6 and Mk 7

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85


Pyrotechnic, AN-M8 (Fig . 39) attaches thepistol to the aircraft so that it may he firedthrough an opening in the fuselage . The pistolcan be detached from the mount and fired whileheld in the hand .

Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8 is a breech-load-ing double-action signal pistol. The barrel,hinged to the frame, is held in firing position bythe breech lock . The plastic grips, back plate,and cover plate fasten to the aluminum frameand act as a housing for the firing mechanism .

For detailed description and disassembly in-structions, refer to TM 9-290 or TM 9-1290 .

Safety

Precautions - Pyrotechnic

pistolsshould never be used for firing shotgun car-tridges or any ammunition except that pre-scribed for use in them.When loading and firing any pyrotechnic pis-

tol, care should be taken never to point ittoward other personnel or vessels .

Recoil of the pistol will be encountered whenfiring signal cartridges or aircraft signals, par-ticularly with rocket signals . Therefore, toabsorb the recoil shock when fired by hand, thepistol should be held with the elbow slightlybent .

Care, Cleaning, and Lubrication-Pistol, Py-rotechnic, AN-M48 must be kept in service-able condition at all times . After each firing, itshould be cleaned thoroughly and all principalparts wiped with a cloth impregnated with alight machine oil . When assembled, the ex-posed parts should be wiped with a dry cloth .To remove the powder residue, the barrelshould be swabbed with a cloth dampened withacetone or other approved solvent .

Aircraft Emergency Identification SignalsMk b and Mk 7

Aircraft Emergency Identification SignalsMk 6 and Mk 7 are launched by hand as amethod of identification for aircraft and sur-face vessels . (Fig . 40.) They produce col-ored stars for use at night, and colored smokesfor use in daylight .The signals are contained in aluminum cyl-

inders about 21/2 inches in diameter . Signal

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OP 998 (SECOND REV.)(Star) Mk 6 is about six inches long andweighs 13/8 pounds ; Signal (Smoke) Mk 7 isabout 10 inches long and weighs 21/: pounds .The grenade firing mechanism used to fire

the signal is screwed to one end ; the other endis closed by a metal cap .

In the aluminum case are an ejection charge,,a pyrotechnic candle, and a parachute . Theparachutes are of silk, rayon, or paper. SignalsMk 6 and Alk 7 are essentially the same, exceptfor their length and the composition of thepyrotechnic candle .The cylindrical surface of the signal is

marked to indicate the type and color of thesignal . The closing cap of the star signal isembossed to permit identification in the dark .The red star signal has a dot in the center ofthe cap ; the white star signal has a shortstraight line in place of the dot ; and the greenstar signal has a wide V in place of the dot .All three signals have an are of a circle, oneinch long, embossed near the edge of the cap .The closing cap of the smoke signal is not em-bossed, but is painted the approximate color ofthe smoke that will be produced .Operation-When the signal has been

launched, the release lever is forced off by thestriker, which is at all times under tension ofthe striker actuating spring . The striker ro-tates about the hinge pin and the striker pointimpinges on the primer . The primer ignites thedelay element, which burns for nearly threeseconds and then ignites the ejection charge .The gases generated from the burning of the

ejection charge push out the closing cap, theparachute, and the pyrotechnic candle, and, atthe same time, ignite the starting mixture .The parachute opens and suspends the signal,which burns for about 25 seconds . The starscan be seen about eight to ten miles . The colorof the smoke signals can be distinguished at adistance of about 5,000 to 6,000 yards .

Aircraft emergency identification signals arelaunched by hand from an aircraft in flight .The operator grasps the signal firmly in onehand, being sure that the release lever is heldagainst the body of the signal . With the other

1CM19YI 1MnuPkl'1Nnnn rH n!PXnV-rq

FIRING

WASHERSCREW TYPE CAP

FIRING PIN SPRING


FIRING PIN

PYROTECHNICASSEMBLY

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DOUBLE WIRE LOOP

RETAINER FORK

Figure 41=Signal, Disfress, Two-Star, Red, M75 (T49) and AN-A475

8 7


hand, the safety ring (attached to the safetycotter pin) is pulled . The safety cotter pinmay also be removed by catching the safetyring on a stationary hook located within theairplane. After removal of the safety cotterpin, the signal is launched by throwing it over-board.


After removing the safety cotter pin, therelease lever can move away from the body ofthe signal and release the striker. Only asmall movement of the release lever is re-quired to free the striker . Therefore, it is ex-tremely important to hold the release leversecurely against the case of the signal until thesignal is launched .Do not remove the safety cotter nin from the

firing mechanism unless the signal is held prop-erly (as described above), and is ready forlaunching .Do not replace the safety cotter pin after it

has been removed .Do not release the grip on the release lever

while the safety cotter pin is removed, or untilthe signal is launched .Do not examine the signal while it is in the

plane, except for identification .

Packing.-Each signal is packed in a light-weight, moisture-proof container of the mailingtube type . Twelve of these containers arepacked in an unlined, wooden box .

Storage-Aircraft emergency identificationsignals should be stowed in a dry, well-venti-lated location out of the direct rays of the sun .The temperature in the storage space shouldnot be allowed to exceed 100 degrees Fahren-heit .

Siqnal, Distress, Two-Star, Red, M75 (T49) andAN-M75

Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red, M75, andAN-M75 (formerly designated Signal, Dis-

88

Do not remove the firing mechanism.

RESTRICTED

COLOR OF WRAPPERCORRESPONDS WITHCOLOR OF SIGNAL .

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

tress, Two-Star, Red, T49) is a night distresssignal for use by aircraft personnel when forceddown over water . (Fig . 41) .

It is a hand-held signal that may be carriedin pockets of life vests, flight suits, or life rafts .The signal case has a length of five inches, adiameter of 11/8 inches, and a weight of 51,'2

ounces. This signal is relatively new to theNaval Service and will not be placed on pyro-technic allowance lists until adequate suppliesare available, and until reports from the Fleetindicate the quantities desired .Operation-Remove the screw-type cap and

hold the signal in one hand with the igniter endpointed upward. Before attempting to fire thesignal, unfold and fully extend the double wireloops attached to the notched retainer fork . Atwist of the assembly or a sharp pull at rightangles to the case releases the spring-loaded fir-

PROPELLING CHARGE

LSTAR CHARGE

RED

GREEN

WHITE

Figure 42-Very Signal Lights Mk 11

a

aSrXXXxX -_ i aXuvNX aXnnX Iti nXXnnnatX'au

ing pin activating the signal . After a delay oftwo to four seconds, the first star is ejected to aheight of about 125 feet . Following a furtherdelay of from two to four seconds, the secondstar is ejected to the same height . The burningtime of the star is from four to six seconds at aminimum intensity of 8,000 candlepower.


Figure 43-Plastic Case for Very SignalLigbf Mark 11 . .

Signals should not be handled roughly .

The ignition end of the signal should beaimed upward, to leeward, and away from thebody and face . Do not look into the top of thesignal .

When the release fork is disengaged fromthe striker, the primer is ignited and this


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throws the igniter holder about 10 feet awayfrom the signal .Packing-These signals are obtained in two

types of packings. Originally they were indi-vidually enclosed in moisture-proof bags, andten signals were packed in a sealed cardboardcarton . Ten such containers were packed in ashipping carton . A newer packing consists offive signals in a metal can, and 16 of these cansto a wooden box .

Storage-Distress signals should be storedin a cool, dry place, the temperature of whichwill never exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit .

Very Signal Light Mk IIVery Signal Lights Mk 11 (commonly known

as Very signal cartridges) are used primarilyas distress signals (Fig . 42) . They resemble10-gauge shotgun shells, and are designed to befired from a Very Signal Pistol Mk 3 or Mk 5,or a Hand Projector Mk 3 or Mk 4.

Twelve of these signals, four of each color,with a Hand Projector Mk 3 or Mk 4, make upthe Pyrotechnic Signal Kit placed with theemergency equipment for life floats and floaternets on surface vessels. The collapsible rubberlife rafts carried by aircraft have a similar kitwith six red signals . Each cartridge in thesekits is enclosed in a plastic tube (Fig . 43) . Thekit of six signals is distributed by the Bureauof Aeronautics .The empty shell and the primer case are of

commercial grades used in the manufacture of10-gage shotgun shells . The star charge is acylinder of pyrotechnic material reinforcedwith wire and wrapped with quick match . Thestar is separated from the propelling charge bya hard felt wad to protect it from the violenceof the explosion . The propellant consists ofabout 25 grains (12/3 grams) of black powder.Very Signal Light Mk II has a diameter of

%$ inch, a length of 23/8 inches, and a weight of11/8 ounces. These lights are supplied in threecolors-red, white, and green . Each color hasa maximum visibility of about one mile . Thepaper wrapping is the same color as the lightproduced by the star . For identification by

89

XSNaaXa ..XnrXwXìiXnnX err XaXnnnfuays -


touch. in the dark, the closing wad of each car-tridge is shaped as noted belowRed Star (burns for seven seconds ; produces

red light of 300 candlepower) : The closing wadis corrugated .

90

White Star (burns for six seconds ; produces

Figure 44-Hand Projectors Mk 3 (left) and Mk 4 (right)

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white light of 250 candlepower) : The closingwad has a small cone in the center .Green Star (burns for five seconds ; produces

green light of 600 candlepower) : The closingwad is smooth.Operation-When the primer is struck bY the

firing pin it explodes, igniting the black powdercharge . The explosion of the black powderdrives the star charge out the muzzle of thepistol (or the projector) and, at the same time,ignites the quick match, which, in turn, ignitesthe star charge . The star ignites as it leavesthe barrel, and burns as it rises to a height ofabout 200 feet .

Safety Precautions-Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2.Packing-Very signal lights were packed ten

per waxed carton, 25 cartons per waxed card-board container, and four containers (1,000rounds) per metal-lined box .

Recent production is packed ten rounds perhermetically-sealed metal can, and 100 cans perwooden box . Considerable stocks of Very signallights in the old packing are being repackagedin metal cans .Storage-Very signal lights should be stowed

in a dry, well-ventilated location out of the di-rect rays of the sun . The temperature in themagazine should not exceed 100 degrees Fahr-enheit .


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Figure 45-Loading the Hand Projector: Loading (A), Firing (B), Alternate Method ofFiring (C); Ejecting Shell (D)

Hand Projectors Mk 3 and Mk 4Hand projectors for use with Very signal

lights are described in detail in other ordnancepublications ; however, as they are relativelynew, the following brief description is givenHand Projector Mk 3 (Fig . 44) consists of a

barrel about three inches in length closed at oneend by a breech plug . The firing pin and firingpin housing extend back along the axis of thebarrel and are attached to the breech plug .A handle on the end of the firing pin, and a

safety cotter pin between the handle and firingpin housing, keep the firing pin from restingagainst the primer of the cartridge. The as-sembled projector has a diameter of about 11/,inches and a length of 51/2 inches .Hand Projector Mk 4 is similar to the Mk 3,

except that the Mk 4 has a bayonet connectionbetween the breech plug and the barrel insteadof a threaded connection .Operation-To load the projector, remove

the breech plug from the barrel, insert a car-tridge in the barrel, and replace the breechplug . (Fig . 45) . The projector is put in firing

91

7CN7,JX7 IMIWO1r7Ann IH nTlnnnlrX ii

92


INNERCONTAINERASSEMBLY

Figure 46-Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk 1 Mod 0, and Signal, Distress, Smoke,Hand, AN-Mk 1 Mod 1

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aSN'ia'Xa r nrXwn`XsiannX rX nxXnrfnuXXs

condition by disengaging the safety cotter pinor lever from the firing pin . The signal is firedby holding the barrel in one hand and pullingback on the firing pin handle with the otherhand . When the handle is released, the springin the firing pin housing drives the firing pinagainst the primer of the cartridge . The signalmay also be fired by striking the handle of theprojector against the palm of the hand or anysubstantial object .

Safety Precautions--Hand projectors shouldnever be used for firing shotgun cartridges orany ammunition except that prescribed for usein them.When loading and firing any hand projector,

care should be taken never to point it in thedirection of other personnel or vessels .

If the projector has been exposed to saltwater it should be broken down and cleaned, assalt crystals may have jammed the firing pin.Packing-Hand projectors are packed in the

Abandon Ship Kits or in the life raft kits is-sued by the Bureau of Aeronautics .Storage-Hand projectors may be put into

storage when not in use.

Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk I Mod 0 andSignal, Distress, Smoke, Hand, AN-Mk I Mod I

Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk 1 Mod 0 issimilar in purpose to the Grenade, Smoke,White (H.C.), AN-M8, which it is graduallyreplacing in life-raft kits (Fig. 46) . DistressSmoke Hand Signal Mk 1 Mod 0 has been modi-fied by minor changes in materials and has beenstandardized jointly by the Army and Navy asthe Signal, Distress, Smoke, Hand, AN-Mk 1Mod 1.The improvements consist of a modified de-

sign of pull wire resulting in a signal less sub-ject to accidental ignition when dropped . Abrass pull wire replaces the steel pull wireoriginally used .These signals are relatively new to the Naval

Service and will not be placed on PyrotechnicAllowance Lists until adequate supplies areavailable, and until reports from the field indi-cate the quantities desired .


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The signal has a diameter of 15/8 inches anda length of 3'7/8 inches ; it weighs six ounces .

These signals contain a pyrotechnic mixturewhich, when ignited, produces orange smokefor a period of about 18 seconds . One end ofthe signal is closed by a soldered cap. A pull-ring for insertion of the index finger secured tothe soldered cap, is used to fire the signal .Operation-The signal can be held in the

hand during the burning period . It is ignitedas follows

1 . Tear off the sealing tape from around theend of the cylinder, and remove the paper cap .

2 . Point the cylinder away from face andgive a quick pull on the pull-ring, which willcome away from the can . A friction igniterattached to the inner side of the soldered capcauses ignition of the smoke mixture, resultingin the immediate emission of smoke .


Signals should not be handled roughly. Toprevent the possibility of hot drippings or dis-charge falling on the hand, the signal shouldbe held to leeward at arm's length at an angleof about 30 degrees upward from the horizontal .Packing-One Hundred Distress Smoke

Hand Signals AIk 1 Type are packed in a wood-en shipping case . Corrugated dividers segre-gate the signals within the packing case.Stowage-Distress smoke hand signals should

be stowed in a cool dry place, the temperatureof which will never exceed 100 degrees Fahr-enheit . These signals may be stowed with othertypes of pyrotechnic ammunition . The signalis water-tight, and is not affected by moisture .

Signal (Distress, Day and Night) Mk 13 Mod 0The Signal N1k 13 Mod 0 is a combination dis-

tress signal for use under day or night distressconditions . (Fig . 47) . Because of its small sizeit can he carried conveniently in pockets of lifevests, flight suits, or life rafts . It is particularly

93

XCN7,JY7

I At71JVAXff7n^X IH r1Y1r1rthiX.i'ST]X



Figure 47-Signal (Distress, DayMk 13 Mod 0

and Night)

adapted for use by aircraft pilots downed atsea .

This signal is similar in appearance andoperation to the Signal, Distress, Smoke, Hand,AN-Mk 1 Mod 1 . Whereas the Signal AN-Mk 1Mod 1 is for use only under daytime distressconditions, the Signal Mk 13 Mod 0 containsthe same orange smoke canister in addition to apyrotechnic flare pellet for use at night .The signal consists of a metal cylindrical

outer case 51/8 inches long and 15/8 inches indiameter . The signal weighs 61/2 ounces .

Both ends of the metal tube are closed by asoldered cap to which is attached a pull ring forinsertion of the index finger . Upon removal ofthe soldered closing cap, a brass wire attachedto the bottom is pulled through a small cupcoated with a friction igniting composition .This action results in igniting the pyrotechnicflare or the smoke composition, depending onwhich pull ring is removed . Smoke emissiontime is approximately 18 seconds ; flare burningtime is 18 to 20 seconds . Average intensity ofthe burning flare is 3,000 candlepower . Thesoldered caps on both ends of the signal arecovered with a paper cap to prevent accidental

94 RESTRICTED

ignition . These paper caps should be removedbefore actual use, so that the pull ring will bereadily accessible when desired .Each section of the signal is waterproofed

and insulated against transfer of heat from onesection to the other.Operation-The signal body carries an illus-

trated decalcomania which shows in detail themethod of operation . The flare end of the tube(for night use) can be identified by a series ofembossed projections extending around the caseapproximately 1/1-inch below the closure .The following steps should be followed in the

operation of this signal1 . Having determined which end of the sig-

nal it is desired to use (smoke for day, flare fornight) remove the paper cap which is glued tothe signal body . (Ordinarily this cap should beremoved before the time of actual use.)

2 . Point the signal away from the face, andgive a quick pull on the pull ring, which willcome away from the can, thereby igniting thecomposition .Note : If unable to remove the soldered cap in

this manner, bring the pull ring down over therim of the can and twist, using the ring as alever to break the seal .

3 . Hold the signal at arm's length at an angleof about 30 degrees upward, to the leeward, toprevent hot drippings or discharge from fallingon the hand .

After one end has been used, the signalshould immediately be doused in the water inorder to cool the metal parts . The signal shouldthen be retained for use of the opposite end ifrequired .


Signals should not be handled roughly.To prevent the possibility of hot drippings or

discharge falling on the hand, the signalshould be held to leeward at arm's length at anangle of about 30 degrees upward from thehorizontal .

gSN7rlY7 I N7WN1J7Xr1X1

IH l1TS11f1(5

a74


POINT STRIKER

DELAY ELEMENT

SMOKE MIXTURE

l5

Figure 48-Grenade, Smoke, Hand, White, (H.C.), AN-M8

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95

7cN7a}l-3 1 0,1-1W W9nnn IN n

nr+++ w :


Never attempt to ignite both ends of thesignal at the same time.

If possible, after using one end, the signalshould immediately be doused in water beforeusing the other end .

Packing-These signalswooden boxes containing 100 signals . Theweight of the box containing the 100 signals isapproximately 70 pounds. A metal can to carrytwelve signals suitable for stowage on life boats,floater nets etc ., may also be made availablelater .

Stowage-The Signal Mk 13 Mod 0 should bestowed in a cool, dry place, in accordance withstandard pyrotechnic stowage rules .

Grenade, Smoke, White (H.C.), AN-M8This grenade was originally furnished to at-

tract attention to aviation personnel after aforced landing . (Fig . 48) . In view of the devel-opment of the distress Signals Mk 1 and Mk 13,the AN-M8 Grenade should no longer be car-ried for that purpose unless the newer signalsare not available .The grenade generates a dense white cloud

of smoke for a period of about three minutesafter ignition.The signal is a metal cylinder, having a di-

ameter of approximately 21/2 inches, a length of53/4 inches, and a weight of 15/8 pounds .A grenade-firing mechanism is attached to

one end . The grenade is painted gray andmarked in yellow with one band, the lettersHC above the work SMOKE.The cylindrical portion of the grenade is

nearly full of a solid smoke-producing mixture.A circular zinc cup, located in a depression inthe top of the smoke-producing mixture, con-tains a starting mixture .The grenade-firing mechanism, mounted

above the starting mixture, is made up pri-marily of a delay element, a primer, a striker,and a release handle .

There are four 1/1,-inch holes in the top of thecylinder through which the smoke escapes.

96

are shipped in

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OP 998 (SECOND REV.These holes are covered by adhesive tape untilthe grenade is prepared for firing .The signal may be clamped on the end of a

handle (provided by the Bureau of Aeronauticsand carried as a part of the plane's equipment),or, if no handle is available, it may be set on orthrown to the ground .Two of these grenades are included in col-

lapsible rubber life raft equipment . A clamp isfurnished for fastening the grenade to an oaror handle .

Operation-The operator grasps the signal inone hand, being sure that the release lever isheld against the body of the signal . With theother hand, the safety ring (attached to thesafety cotter pin) is pulled . After removal ofthe safety cotter pin, the grenade should be ex-tended on. the end of the handle, or set on, orthrown to the ground .When the release lever is freed by the oper-

ator, it is forced off by the striker, which isunder the tension of the striker actuatingspring . The striker rotates about the hinge pinand fires the primer . The primer ignites adelay element which burns for approximatelythree seconds and then ignites the startingmixture .The starting mixture burns through the zinc

cup and starts a chemical reaction in the smokemixture, generating considerable heat with theformation of zinc chloride .The zinc chloride (a gray-white smoke com-

posed of finely divided solid particles) escapesinto the air . The zinc chloride particles readilyabsorb moisture and become highly obscuringliquid particles . The grenade burns about 31/2minutes at full volume .


After removing the safety cotter pin, therelease lever can move away from the body ofthe signal . Only a small movement of the re-lease lever is required to release the striker .Therefore, it is extremely important to hold the

acNaXxX t uauXXTtTXnXX XH nXXnnn

s

release lever securely against the case of thesignal until the signal is launched .While burning, the signal should be held to

leeward . If thrown, the grenade should bethrown with a full arra swing as prescribed forhand genades. If fire is to be avoided, it shouldnot be thrown or placed within five feet of drygrass or other inflammable material .

Personnel should remain at least five feetaway from a burning grenade . The smoke isnormally harmless in concentrations encount-ered in the open . It burns with vigor andthrows out hot particles .

Do not remove the safety cotter pin of thefiring mechanism unless the signal is held prop-erly (as described above) and is ready forlaunching .

' Do not replace the safety cotter Din after ithas been removed, unless the area is clear ofpersonnel, planes, and buildings .Do not grin on the release lever while the

safety cotter pin is removed, or until the signalis launched .Do not remove the firing mechanism,Do not use the grenade in confined spaces

without wearing gas masks or rescue breath-ing apparatus.Do not attempt disassembly of these signals .Packing-These grenades are individually

packed in moisture-resistant fiber containers,25 to a wooden box .Storage-Smoke Grenades should be stowed

in a dry, well-ventilated location, away fromthe direct rays of the sun . The temperature inthe locker, or magazine, should not be allowedto exceed 100 degrees Fahrenheit .

Aboard ship they should be stowed topside .At ammunition depots they should be stowedwith other H.C . munitions.

Signal, Aircraft, Red Star, Parachute, M I IThis aircraft parachute signal is used as a

distress signal from grounded planes . (Fig .49) . It is visible from the air at distances up


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Figure 49-Signal, Red Star, Aircraft,Parachute, M11

to seven to eight miles under average atmos-pheric conditions . The head of the aluminumcase in which it is assembled has a groovewhich is engaged by the extractor of the pistolor projector . The letters RP are embossed onthe metal closing wad in the other end of thecase . When the signal functions, the case actsas the barrel of a gun. The outer case containsa primer, a propelling charge, and an innercase . The inner case contains a delay fuze, anexpelling charge, a pyrotechnic candle, and aparachute . The case has a diameter of 11/2inches, a length of 7 5/8 inches, and a weight of91/z ounces.

Except for length, the outer case is similar inappearance to the Signal, Aircraft, AN-M31.(Fig . 35) .The signal may be fired in the Pyrotechnic

Pistol AN-M8, the Pyrotechnic Pistol M2,which is obsolescent, or the Hand PyrotechnicDischarger M9. This signal cannot be firedfrom the Molin type pyrotechnic dischargers,which are obsolete .

Operation-Functioning of the explosivetrain occurs in the following stepsThe primer explodes on impact of the firing

97

7cN7 :IIfZ XN7WXST7nr1a t �" nrXnr,hu,iX


pin and ignites the propelling charge, which, inturn, ignites the delay fuze and propels theinner case outward .

The delay fuze burns about 21/z seconds, andthen ignites the expelling charge.

The expelling charge ignites the pyrotechniccandle, and expels it and the parachute fromthe inner case.

The candle burns for about 30 seconds with ared light of approximately 20,000 candlepower.The burning candle is supported by the para-chute and falls at an average rate of six feetper second. The candle begins to burn at a

=height of about 225 feet above the ground .

98 RESTRICTED

Stowage-These

OP 998 SECOND REV.

Safety Precautions-Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chaptr 2 .Packing-These signals are packed 12 in a

cardboard carton, five cartons in a wooden box .The cartons and boxes are marked with identi-fying information .

signals are stowed aboardaircraft in a rack or belt mounted in any con-venient location where the direct rays of the sunwill not fall on- them.

Aircraft parachute signals should be stowedin a dry, well-ventilated locatiou out of thedirect rays of the sun. The temperature in themagazine should not exceed 100 degrees Fahr-enheit .

gqNaf4x1 INawaVIAnt) iH f'1']1fXf1llflX'71!

Miniature Practice Bomb, Signal, Mk 4 andMods

This signal is designed to be used in all min-iature practice bombs. (Fig . 50) . Its purposeis to indicate the point of impact of the bombby the creation of a flash and a puff of whitesmoke. This enables an immediate estimate ofaccuracy to be made .

The Signal Mk 4 Mods 0, 1 and 2 are 10-gagepaper shotgun shells of extra length . They havea diameter of 7/s inch, a length of 53/x, inches,and a weight of two ounces . They contain anexpelling charge of black powder and areprimed with a commercial primer . The pyro-technic charge is separated from the expellingcharge by a paper disk and a 10-gage gun wad .The end of the shells are closed by felt wadssecured by crimping the end of the shells .

The Signal Mk 4 Mod 0 has been used bythe Fleet for several years and therefore is afamiliar item . The Mk 4 Mods 1 and 2 wereprocured for issue to activities limited by en-vironment to performing practice bombing inthe vicinity of inflamable areas. These signalscontain inert materials which produce verylittle flash and a smoke puff markedly inferiorto that of the Mod 0 signal .

The Signal Mk 4 Mod 3 is similar to theSignal Mk 4 Mod 0 but differs in that (a) thecartridge case is extruded aluminum in place ofpaper, (b) a primer mixture with improvedstorage characteristics has been used and, (c)a new pyrotechnic load which produces aboutthe same flash but a superior smoke puff hasbeen incorporated . These signals are expectedto be available late in 1947 .

Signals Mk 4 can be used in any of the fol-lowing miniature practice bombs

Chapter 10

PRACTICE BOMB SIGNALS

RESTRICTED

*Do not use Miniature Practice Bomb Mk 19 Mod 0against armored target boats .

These signals, when installed in any of theabove miniature practice bombs, do not con-sistently produce a visible signal on impactwith water or soft earth when dropped fromaltitudes of 10,000 feet or higher ; this is prob-ably because the bomb when dropped from thatheight enters the water or earth so quickly thatthe signal has not had time to function .

The bomb signal should be inspected prior toloading, to see that it is in good condition, dry,and not swelled or deformed. The primer shouldbe flush with (or slightly below) the base ofthe signal cartridge. Signals not complying withthe above should be discarded.

Operation-Place the signal in position in thebomb . Reject the signal if it does not slide intoplace by its own weight, without the 'use offorce. Place the firing pin assembly into thenose of the bomb with a firing pin toward thesignal . The firing pin assembly should slideinto place without the use of any force. Itshould only be necessary to adjust the position

99

TSNar4XI INlWiVnnO iti nxXnnniTa'Xsi

Bomb DesignationWeight(lb.)

Alloy Usedin Bomb

AN-1Vlk 5 and Mods 3 Zinc, lead, anti-mony

Mk 19* 13 Lead, antimony(with steelsleeve)

i lk 19 Mod 1 13 Lead, antimonyMk 23 (Stamped AN-Mk 23) and AN-Mk23 Mod 1 3 Cast Iron

Mk 43 (Stamped AN-Mk 43) and AN-Mk43 Mod 1 4.5 Lead, antimony


Figure SO-Signal, Miniature Practice Bomb, AN-Mk 4 and Signal, Miniature PracticeBomb, (Fluorescein) AN-Mk S

of the mechanism in the bomb so that the cotterpins can be inserted . When the signal is inplace, no pressure or force should be applied tothe firing mechanism . After inserting into thebomb, spread the cotter pins slightly in all prac-tice bombs except the Mk 19 and Mods.The firing pin assembly of the Practice Bomb

Mk 19 Mod 0 and Mk19 Mod 1 is held in placeby a different method . A plain pin takes theplace of the two cotter pins to keep the firingpin assembly from falling out . It is necessary topeen a slight amount of the lead alloy aroundthe end of the pin, or place a small piece ofadhesive tape (about 11/.2 inches square) overboth ends of the pin . Do not bend the pin toretain it in place.When the practice bomb strikes the water or

earth, the firing pin in the nose of the bomb isforced against the primer of the signal . Theprimer ignites the expelling charge, whichforces the pyrotechnic charge out through theopening in the tail of the bomb and, at the sametime, ignites it. A reddish flash and a puff ofwhite smoke are produced .

Safety Precautions-Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2 .Packing-Fifty of these signals are packed

in a cardboard carton, and 25 cartons arepacked in a wooden shipping box .

Storage-Miniature practice bomb signalsshould be stowed in a dry, well-ventilated loca-tion out of the direct rays of the sun, at a tem-perature not exceeding 100 ° Fahrenheit .

Miniature Practice Bomb, Fluorescein, SignalMk 5

This signal, for use in dive bombing practice,can be used in any miniature practice bomb inwhich the Miniature Practice Bomb, Signal

100 RESTRICTED


Mk 4 can be used . (Fig . 50) . It is droppedonly on water targets during daylight . Whena wind is blowing, the smoke from the Minia-ture Practice Bomb, Signal Mk 4 often blowsaway before the pilot can get into position toview the results of his attack .

The signal, approximately the diameter of aten-gage shotgun shell, has a diameter of 7/8-inch, a length of 13/1, inches, and a weight of 1/2ounce . A shoulder, which increases the diam-eter of one end, serves to locate the signal inthe bomb.

It is composed of a plastic cylinder containing10 grams of fluorescein dye . This dye is ahighly-soluble salt of sodium, brick red in color,becoming bright green when dissolved in water.The slick can be seen from an altitude of 15,000feet .

Operation-The bomb is prepared for use byremoving the cotter pin and the firing pin as-sembly . Then, insert the signal with the smallend of the signal toward the tail of the bomb.Secure the signal in the bomb by replacing thecotter pin . Spread the ends of the cotter pin .If practicable, retain the discarded firing pinassemblies as spares, or return them to thenearest supply point.

The bombs are dropped in the same manneras normally . Upon impact, water enters thenose of the bomb, breaks the weak ends of theplastic container, and forces the dye out the tailend of the bomb .

Safety Precautions - Observe the generalsafety precautions outlined in Chapter 2 .

Packing-Two hundred of these signals arepacked in a cardboard carton, and five cartonsare packed in a wooden shipping box .

aSNXXtXX X NwuXiarnX XH nannnnvaaXt" :

Storage-Miniature practice bomb signalsshould be stowed in a dry, well-ventilated loca-tion out of the direct rays of the sun.

Practice Bomb Signal Mk b Mod 0Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0 is de-

signed for use with the 500-pound PracticeBomb Mk 65 Mod 0 and the 1,000-pound Prac-tice Bomb Mk 66 Mod 0. (Fig . 51) . Thesebombs, constructed of 1116-inch sheet steel, havedimensions identical to AN Standard GeneralPurpose Bombs.

FUZE MK 247 MOD 0

Figure 51-Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0

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These bombs are safe for all types of serviceusage, including catapult take-offs and arrestedlandings when assembled with Practice BombSignal Mk 6 Mod 0.The Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Type con-

tains about two pounds of black powder and isused with the above bombs primarily as a spot-ting charge in practice maneuvers. The signalis attached to the tail assembly of the bomb,with the forward end of the signal seated in anindentation in after end of the bomb body .

Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod 0 has a di-ameter of three inches, a length of 11 inches,and a weight of 33/x, pounds .The forward section of the signal is a sheet

steel cylindrical container having a diameter ofabout 23/8 inches and a length of eight inches,filled with black powder. When the signal iscompletely assembled, a chamber in the afterend of the container contains a caliber .38 blankcartridge . The cartridge is secured in the cham-ber by the firing pin container, or assembly .The firing pin container is about three incheslong and contains a jump-out type arming pin.The firing pin is motivated by the impact of thebomb with the ground or water. When avail-able, the Fuze Mark 247 should be used inplace of the firing device described above.

Assembly of the Signal-After loading thebomb with water or sand, the bomb is placed onits side and the tail fin assembly slipped overthe after end of the bomb body . Before the finassembly is attached to the bomb body, the sig-nal strap must be assembled to the fin sleeve .This is accomplished by squeezing the ends to-gether, thus permitting the slots to be slippedunder the rivets on the fin sleeve . The signalstrap should then be bolted to the fin assemblywith the nut, bolt, and lock washer provided.Depending on the type of suspension, the holesin the fin assembly should be aligned so that thetail fins will clear the aircraft's structure whenthe bomb is installed. Install and tighten the finassembly attachment bolts, making sure thatthe lock washers are in place.

Slide the cylindrical section of the PracticeBomb Signal Alk 6 Mod 0 through the signalstrap with the cartridge chamber aft. The

asNaXxX i rvwXf+XX-XnX XH nxXnnni7XX>l"


cartridge chamber is off center, and the cylindermust be rotated so that the cartridge chamberis in line with the suspension lug . Press thecylinder firmly in place so that the forwardends . seat securely into the indentation in thebomb body . Insert the bolt in the strap, andtighten the bolt until the cylinder is securelyheld in place .

Adjust the firing pin container until it is inthe correct position to permit a straight pullfor the arming wire, and then lock the con-tainer in position by tightening the lock nuts .

Installation of the Arming Wire-To installthe arming wire, the jump-out pin springshould be compressed until the second hole inthe jump-out pin appears. Then, a standardsingle arming wire Mk 1 should be threadedthrough the after suspension lug, inserted inthe second hole in the jump-out pin, and ex-tended two to three inches beyond. The cotterpin should be removed after the bomb is in placeon the aircraft . If the bomb is to be installedin a bomb, bay, no safety (Fahnestock) clip isrequired on the arming wire . For external sus-pension, one safety clip may be installed on thearming wire .Operation-Upon release of the bomb from

the aircraft, the arming wire is withdrawnfrom the jump-out arming pin, and the firingpin is then held back from the blank caliber .38cartridge only by the anti-creep spring. Uponimpact of the bomb, the firing pin overcomesthe force of this spring, and is driven againstthe primer of the blank caliber .38 cartridge,which, in turn, ignites the black powder charge .A visible flash and puff of smoke are producedby the black powder charge.

If it is necessary to disassemble the completeround into its components, the instructions forinstalling the Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6 Mod0 should be carried out in reverse order, andthe components restored to the original condi-t io ll and paclCnlgs .

Caution : Before the arming wire is removed,the cotter pin must be installed .'fhr tin ,lssemNY attachment bolts must beti0lt . aril the luck washers installed under the

1-it )leads .

102 RESTRICTED

The firing pin container must be positionedso that it is in line with the suspension lugs andthe arming wire has a straight pull through thejump-out pin .

Safety Precautions--In addition to the gen-eral safety precautions outlined in Chapterthe following special precautions shouldobserved :


figure 52-Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0

2,be

ICN1,1Y1 1NXW

11nX1 1H n'X'1f1nn11 17

The cotter pin must not be removed from thejump-nut pin in the practice signal until the.,rming wire is in place. On disassembly of thecomplete round, the cotter pin must be installedI)efore the arming pin is removed.

Packing-Each Practice Bomb Signal Mk 6Mod 0 is packed in a corrugated chip board box.Eight signals are shipped in a wooden box.

Storage-Practice bomb signals should bestowed in a dry, well-ventilated location out ofthe direct rays of the sun.

Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0The Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0 (Fig .

.32) is designed for use with the 100-poundPractice Bomb Mk 15 Mod 3. These bombs aresafe for all types of service use (includingcatapult take-offs and arrested landings) whenassembled with Practice Bomb Signals Mk 7Mod 0 incorporating the Fuze Mk 247 Mod 0.

VANE

DISASSEMBLED

Figure 53-Fuze Mk 247 Mod 0

RESTRICTED


The Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0 con-tains about one pound of black powder and isused with the Practice Bomb Mk 15 Mod 3 pri-marily as a spotting charge . The signal is at-tached to the tail assembly of the bomb withthe signal seated in an opening in the after endof the bomb body .The Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod 0 is

similar in construction and operation to theMk 6 Mod 0, buthas a body diameter of 2 inchesand a length of approximately 14 inches whenassembled with its fuze. The body of the signalis a sheet-steel cylindrical container having adiameter of 2 inches and a length of 10 inches,filled with black powder. When the signal iscompletely assembled, a chamber in the afterend of the body contains a caliber .38 blank car-tridge . The cartridge is secured in the chamberby a Fuze Mk 247 Mod 0. The Fuze Mk 247Mod 0 (Fig. 53) is about 41/2 inches long andcontains a firing pin armed by rotation of a

CONICAL SPRING

ASSEMBLED

CALIBER.38 BLANKCARTRIDGE

103

asivX.rxX irvXudntuXnnX iti nxinnnsX'u-


vane and motivated by impact of the bomb withground or water. This fuze supersedes thejump-out pin fuze used with the Practice BombSignal Mk 6 Mod 0 and may be issued to replacethat assembly . It is safer than the jump-outpin fuze because it requires air travel in addi-tion to withdrawal of the arming wire forarming .

Assembly of the Signal-Depending upon thetype of suspension, the suspension bands of thePractice Bomb Mk 15 Mod 3 should be alignedso that the tail fins will clear the aircraft'sstructure when the bomb is installed . Thisshould be done before the signal is installed, asthe fuze must be aligned with the suspensionlugs . Preparatory to installing the PracticeBomb Signal AIk 7 Mod 0, remove the thumbnuts, lockwashers, and C-plate from the twostuds beside the opening in the after end of thebomb. -Unpack the Practice Bomb Signal Mk 7 Mod

0 . Install the arming vane (loose in the carton)on the fuze shaft and secure it with the cotterpin provided . Disassemble the fuze from thesignal . Insert the caliber .38 blank cartridgeprovided into the cartridge chamber. Screw theFuze Mk 247 1llod 0 into the signal and secureit with the two lock nuts . Insert the signal intothe opening in the after end of the bomb untilit seats firmly, then adjust it until the armingwire hole in the fuze flange is in line with thebomb suspension lugs . Place the C-plate aroundthe fuze and over the signal in the bomb by tak-ing up on the thumb nuts until they are fingertight .

If it is necessary to disassemble the completeround into its components, the instructions forinstalling the signal should be carried out inreverse order, and the components restored tothe original condition and packings . Caution :Before the arming wire is removed, the safetycotter pin must be installed in the fuze .

Installation of the Arming Wire-Thread astandard single Arming Wire Ml. 1 through theafter suspension lug, and insert it through thehole in the fuze flange and one of the holes inthe vane until it extends 2 to 3 inches beyond .

104 RESTRICTED

Install one safety (Fahnestock) clip on thearming wire . The safety cotter pin should beleft in place until after the bomb (with armingwire installed) is in place in the aircraft ; thesafety cotter pin must then be removed to per-mit the fuze to function when the bomb isdropped .

Operation-Upon release of the bomb fromthe aircraft, the arming wire is withdrawnfrom the fuze and the arming vane is free to berotated by the air stream . This rotation screwsthe arming shaft out of the firing pin and al-lows the arming vane and shaft to fall off. Thefiring pin is then held back from the caliber .38blank cartridge only by a conical spring. Thearming distance is from 65 to 240 feet of airtravel, depending upon the individual fuze andlaunching conditions. Upon impact of thebomb, the firing pin overcomes the force of thespring and is driven against the primer of thecaliber .38 blank cartridge, which, in turn,ignites the black powder charge. A visible flashand light grey smoke are produced by the blackpowder charge.

Safety Precautions-In addition to the safetyprecautions outlined in Chapter 2, the followingspecial precautions should be observed

The safety cotter pin must not be removedfrom the fuze until after the arming wire is inplace . On disassembly of the complete round,the safety cotter pin must be installed beforethe arming wire is removed .

Packing--Each Practice Bomb Signal :1Ik 7Mod 0 is packed in a corrugated cardboard car-ton, assembled with a Fuze Mk 247 Mod 0 . The20-mm Ammunition Box Mk 3 Mod 1 will ac-comodate 12 cartons . The vane of the Fuze Mk247 Mod 0 is not attached when shipped, but isplaced beside the fuze in the carton. The cotterpin for securing the arming vane to the fuzeand a caliber .38 blank cartridge are providedin an envelope in the carton .

Storage--Practice Bomb Signals i1Ik 7 Mod0 should be stowed in a dry, well ventilated lo-cation out of the direct rays of the sun .

1gN1,axa 1 n1w-QWa-nn" iH n ,nnnu sF

In addition to the general safety precautionsoutlined in Chapter 2 (Handling and Stowage),the following special precautions should be ob-served in connection with the items listed

Aircraft Parachute Flares Mk 4, Mk 8, andMods

These flares should not be released frombomb bays, because the parachute is pulled outof the flare case by the static line and may foulthe airplane structure .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 8 Mod 0should not be launched at a speed in excess of150 knots .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk 5 and ModsAircraft Parachute Flares Mk 5 Mod 0 to

Mk 5 Mod 7 must not be released from bombbays .The flare case of Aircraft Parachute Flare

Mk 5 Mod 8 falls as a missile hazard .

Aircraft Parachute Flare Mk I 1 Mod 0This flare should not be launched from bomb

bays .

Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 and AN-M26Aircraft parachute flares should not be

launched manually except in case of emergency .Parachutes of flares launched manually maybecome fouled on the tail surfaces of theairplane.

Make sure that the flare is stowed securelyin the airplane, as ignition of a flare stowedloose in the cockpit of an airplane, particularlyif it is catapulted, may cause a serious accident .

Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 should notbe released at a speed in excess of 130 knots .

APPENDIX

RESTRICTED

SPECIAL SAFETY PRECAUTIONS

Flare, Aircraft, Parachute, AN-M26 shouldnot be released at a speed in excess of 240 knots .

Aircraft Flare Container Mk I Mod 0The operating mechanism of the container

should be kept clean . No oil or grease shouldbe used anywhere on the container except onthe safety rod .

Attach the flare firing lanyards to the afterend of the container with respect to the air-plane, and use the cocking lever "safety" toprevent accidental releases on the ground . Cor-rectly loaded flares are a fire hazard, since theyare always "armed."

Before the airplane takes off, the cockinglever must be put in the "operating" or latchedposition, because this cannot be done while theairplane is in flight .

When the flare container is cocked, hands orfingers should be kept out of the operatingmechanism made visible by removal of theinspection covers at top of the container .

Electrical connections should be checked byconducting the test described above .

When removing flares from the container,the ripcord may become fouled in the containerand ignite the flare . Therefore, before FlaresM1:6 and Mk 10 Types are removed from theflare container, the container should be de-tached from the aircraft and taken to a cleararea . Flares are removed from the containerby reversing the steps outlined for their in-stallation .

High Altitude Parachute FlareA suitable barrier _should be erected to shield

the firing personnel .

105

X51X17.XtX r aXtrf+,XuannX rH nx+nnnX+aau


The mortar should be fastened securely tothe deck before being fired .

In case the flare misfires or hangs fire, it isnecessary to wait at least three minutes beforeapproaching the mortar.

Misfires are sometimes caused by a defectiveprimer or a weak impact of the primer on thefiring pin . The weak impact may be caused bysluggishness in the fall of the flare down thebarrel . To correct this, the barrel should beunscrewed from the base and cleaned by swab-bing it with a cloth dipped in acetone or otherapproved solvent . Misfires are also caused bychips of the copper base cups from previousrounds which remain in the bottom of the bar-rel and prevent the next round from strikingthe firing pin in the normal way.

After each operation, the mortar must bedisassembled with the tools furnished for thatpurpose, and cleaned .

Aircraft Parachute Flare 11/2-Minute and 3MinuteTest the circuit before installing a flare in

the bracket .Do not attempt to test the - circuit while the

flare is in the bracket .Do not attempt to pass any current through

the flare igniter, because this will dischargewith a current of less than one ampere .Do not attempt to solder at the flare termi-

nals . Soldered terminals should be used on theends of the wire .

Over friendly territory, do not release the 3-minute flare at an altitude of less than 1,750feet, or the 11/2-minute flare at an altitude ofless than 850 feet, because there is danger ofstarting a fire on the ground, since the flarewill still be ignited when it reaches the ground .

These flares should be removed from an air-craft in which installed before the aircraft isplaced in the hangar for servicing or stowage .

Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46These bombs are loaded with a pyrotechnic

composition which is easily ignited by sparks

106 RESTRICTED

OP 998 (SECOND REV.

or friction . When ignited, these bombs explodewith extreme violence and intense heat . There-fore, they must be handled with the same careas black powder, and with even greater carethan ordinary pyrotechnic materials and con-ventional bombs.The bomb cases should not be hammered or

cut .Do not attempt to disassemble a photoflash

bomb, as it is extremely dangerous .No work should be done on these bombs ex-

cept unpacking, fuzing, and installing them onaircraft .

Because of the brilliance of the flash pro-duced by this bomb, it is detrimental to thevision to watch the explosion of photoflashbombs .

Modified Bomb, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46No modifications to the trail plate of the

photoflash bomb should be attempted withoutfirst removing the trail plate from the bombbody .

Machining or welding operations on the tailsmust be carried out at a safe distance awayfrom the bomb bodies to prevent damage to thebodies and the consequent danger of detona-tion .

Fuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, MI 11, MI I IAIand M I I I A2, and Fuze, Bomb, MechanicalTime, M146

Extreme care should be exercised in select-ing targets in friendly territory when tacticsrequire the use of bombs or flares equippedwith this fuze, since the fuze body is crushedby impact.

Demolition or disposal of flares or bombsequipped with this fuze should be carried outonly by experts trained in this type of work.

All partially armed fuzes should be carefullydisposed of as soon as possible by dumping,burning, or exploding . See page 7 .

Safety blocks will be missing from fuzeswhich are armed . An armed fuze should not

X4NM Av7 ttJZW

Xnnn irf nX^Xnnnu.+X

be handled by personnel other than those spe-cially trained in disposal work.No attempt should be made to disassemble

these fuzes . Fuzes which have become dam-aged, corroded, or otherwise unserviceableshould be disposed of as soon as possible . Seepage 7.When Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46

and Flares, Aircraft, Parachute, M26 andAN-M26 are used in carrier-based operations,Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time M146 must beused for safety reasons . Fuzes, Flare, Mechan-ical Time, M111, M111A1, and M111A2 mustnot be used for shipboard operations, because,they are not detonator safe . Fuzes M111,M111A1, and M111A2 may be used in land-based operations if no Fuzes, Bomb, Mechani-cal Time, M146 are available .

Bom6 (Target Identification, Smoke) Mk 72Mod i

This bomb must never be stood on its para-chute end .

Depth Charge Marker, Day, Mk I and ModsAfter removing the safety cotter pin, the

release lever can move away from the bodyof the marker and release the striker ; there-fore, it is extremely important to hold the re-lease lever securely against the body of themarker until the marker is launched . Only asmall movement of the reverse lever is re-quired to free the striker .Do not remove the safety cotter pin from

the firing mechanism unless the marker isheld properly (as described above) and isready for launching .Do not replace the safety cotter pin after

it has been removed .After the safety cotter pin is removed, do

not release the grip on the release lever untilthe signal is launched .Do not remove the firing mechanism from

the marker under any circumstances .

Depth Charge Marker, Night, Mk 2Do not stow depth charge markers in a com-

RESTRICTED

partment equipped with sprinklers, because themarkers are ignited by chemical reactions be-tween water and the chemicals within themarker.Do not handle the marker or remove it from

its container by grasping the tear strip pull-ring.The tear strips must not be removed until

just prior to use .Periodic inspections should be made to in-

sure that one or both tear strips have not beenaccidentally removed, and that no leaks existin the seams.Markers in which the water-tight integrity

has been broken may evolve acetylene andphosphine, gradually and without ignition .This gas may collect in enclosed places to pro-duce hazardous concentration that can explodeif ignited .

Signals, Drift, Night, AN-Mk 4 and Mods andAN-Mk 5 and Mods

Drift signals should be stowed in pyrotech-nic lockers above decks, because burning of thepyrotechnic mixture in drift signals createslarge quantities of smoke, making fighting ofsuch fires difficult .

Aircraft Float Light Mk 6 and Mods

APPENDIX

Do not remove the square pieces of adhe-sive tape from the wooden body before launch-ing the float light .The float light must be launched immedi-

ately after the igniter has been actuated .

Pistol, Pyrotechnic, AN-M8Pyrotechnic pistols should never be used for

firing shotgun cartridges or any ammunitionexcept that prescribed for use in them.When loading and firing any pyrotechnic

pistol, care should be taken never to point ittoward other personnel or vessels .

Recoil of the pistol will be encountered whenfiring signal cartridges or aircraft signals,particularly with rocket signals . Therefore,to absorb the recoil shock when fired by hand,

107

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the pistol should be held with the elbow slightlybent .

Aircraft Emergency Identification Signals Mk band Mk 7

After removing the safety cotter pin, therelease lever can move away from the bodyof the signal and release the striker . Only asmall movement of the release lever is requiredto free the striker. Therefore, it is extremelyimportant to hold the release lever securelyagainst the case of the signal until the signalis launched .Do not remove the safety cotter pin from

the firing mechanism unless the signal is heldproperly (as described above) and is readyfor launching .Do not replace the safety cotter pin after it

has been removed .Do not release the grip on the release lever

while the safety cotter pin is removed, or untilthe signal is launched .Do not examine the signal while it is in the

plane, except for identification .Do not remove the firing mechanism .

Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red M75 (T49) andAN-M75

Signals should not be handled roughly .The ignition end of the signal should be

aimed upward, to leward, and away from thebody and face . Do not look into the top of thesignal .

When the release fork is disengaged fromthe striker, the primer is ignited and thisthrows the igniter holder about 10 feet awayfrom the signal .

Hand Projector Mk 3 and Mk 4Hand projectors should never be used for

firing shotgun cartridges or any ammunitionexcept that prescribed for use in them .When loading and firing any hand projector,

care should be taken never to point it in thedirection of other personnel or vessels .

108 RESTRICTED


If the projector has been exposed to saltwater, it should be broken down and cleaned, assalt crystals may have jammed the firing pin .

Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk I Mod 0 andSignal, Distress, Smoke, Hand, AN-Mk I Mod I

Signals should not be handled roughly.To prevent the possibility of hot drippings or

discharge falling on the hand, the signal shouldbe held to leeward at arm's length at an angleof about 30 degrees upward from the hori-zontal .

Signal, (Distress, Day and Night) Mk 13 Mod 0In addition to the special precautions outlined

above for distress smoke hand signals, observealso the following

Never attempt to ignite both ends of the sig-nal at the same time .

If possible, after using one end, the signalshould immediately be doused in water beforeusing the other end .

Grenade, White Smoke, (H.C.), AN-M8After removing the safety cotter pin, the re-

lease lever can move away from the body of thesignal . Only a small movement of the releaselever is required to release the striker . There-fore, it is extremely important to hold the re-lease lever securely against the case of the sig-nal until the signal is launched .

While burning, ' the signal should be held toleeward . If thrown, the grenade should bethrown with a full arm swing as prescribed forhand grenades . If fire is to be avoided, itshould not be thrown or placed within five feetof dry grass or other inflammable material .

Personnel should remain at least five feetaway from a burning grenade. The smoke isnormally harmless, in concentrations encoun-tered in the open . It burns with vigor andthrows out hot particles .Do not remove the safety cotter pin of We

firing mechanism unless the signal is held prop-erly (as described above) and is ready forlaunching.

Do not replace the safety cotter pin after ithas been removed, unless the area is clear ofpersonnel, planes, and buildings .

Do not grip on the release lever while thesafety cotter pin is removed, or until the signalis launched.

Do not remove the firing mechanism .

Do not use the grenade in confined spaceswithout wearing gas masks or rescue breathingapparatus.

RESTRICTED

APPENDIX

Do not attempt disassembly of these signals .

Practice Bom6 Signal Mk 6 Mod 0 and Mk 7Mod 0The cotter pin must not be removed from the

jump-out pin in the practice signal until thearming wire is in place . On disassembly of thecomplete round, the cotter pin must be installedbefore the arming wire is removed .

109

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sue-.

Float Flares (Aircraft) :Mk 17 Mod 0Mk 17 Mod 1

v,\J

1 v UJ Bombs, Photoflash M46 and

AN-M46

" / Fuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time,Mlll, M111A1, and M111A2


Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time,M146

Target Identification SmokeBomb Mk 72 Mod 1

Depth Charge Markers :

TECHNICAL DATA

RESTRICTED

3 1/2 lb .2 %

lb.

OP 998 ISECOND REV.)

te

88 lb .88 lb .

52 lb .

1 lb .

45 lb .

4 oz .

2 lb.4 lb .

16 lb .

5 oz .6 oz .

4 1/2 oz .

4 oz .

4 oz .5 oz .

1 1/s oz.

1

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Pyrotechnic Item EffectApproximate

BurningTime

Approximate ApproximateDelay Before Dimensions

Ignition (inches)ApproximaWeight

Aircraft Parachute Flares : illuminationv Mk 4 and Mods 300,000 cp 3 min . none 27%x43/4 dia. 18 lb .",,a Mk 5 and Mods 600,000 cp 3 min . variable 27x43/4 dia . 18 lb .

Mk 11 Mod 0 1,000,000 cp 3 min . variable 35 3/4x5% dia . 30 lb .-Mk 8 Mods 0 and 1 500,000 cp 3 min. 90 sec . 25%x43/4 dia . 18 lb.\ Mk 8 Mod 2 500,000 cp 3 min . 120 sec . 25 1/sx4% dia . 18 lb.

Mk 10 Mod 0 750,000 cp 41/2 min . variable 35 3/4x5% dia. 30 lb.V Mk 6 and Mods 1,000,000 cp 3 min . selective 35 3/4x5% dia. 30 lb.X, M26 and AN-A126 ' 800,000 cp 3 min. variable 50 (fuzed)x8% dia . 53 lb .'High Altitude 85,000 ep 1 min. 5 sec . 103/4x2 1/2 dia . 4 lb .

.1 -1% minute 110,000 cp 1 1,2 min . 11/2 sec. 183/4xM; dia . 4 1/4 lb .3 minute 200,000 cp 3 min. 1 1/2 sec . 28x4 1/2 dia . 22 lb .

Day, Mk 1 and ModsNight, Mk 2

Cartridge, Slick Marker,AN-Mk 1 Mod 0,

slickflame

slick

-55 min.

15 sec .80 sec .

11 sec.

11 7/s x3 1/2 dia .7x5 dia .

3Vsx1 1/2 dia .

Signals, Drift, NightAN-Mk 4 and Mods flame, smoke 31/2 min . 11 sec . 13x3 dia . (4 1/4 at fins)AN-Mk 5 Mod 1 flame, smoke 12 min . 11 sec . 19x3 dia . (4 1/4 at fins)

\ Aircraft Float Light, Mk 6 andMods "flame, smoke 40 min. 90 sec . 20 1/4 x5 1/s x5 1/s

Aircraft Signals (Army) 7 recognition,communicationsA

N-M28to AX1 double stars 7 sec . none 3x11/2 dia .---XAN-M37 to AN-M42 double stars 7 sec. none 3%x11/2 dia .AN-M43 to AN-M45 double stars 7 sec. none 3 %x11/2 dia .

----_XXAN-M53 to AN-M58 tracer,double stars 4 sec . none 3 7/8x1% dia .

Signal Cartridges : recognition,communications

Mk 3 Mod double stars 7 sec . none 3?1sxlt/ dia .Mk 4 tracer, double stars 5 sec . none 3?/sxlt/ dia .

,-Very Signal Lights Mk II star 6 sec . none 2%x?'a dia .

illumination1,000,000 cp 4 1/2 min. 1 min . 60%x9 Y2 dia .1,000,000 cp 4 1/2 min. 5 1/2 min. 60 3/4x9 1/2 dia .

illumination500,000,000 cp sec . variable 48% (fuzed) x8 dia .

variable delay 4V1sx1 : 4 (3 at vane)

variable delay 5 % x1 '/s dia . (3 at vane)

orange smoke 5 min . 8 sec . 36x8 3/4 dia .

TECHNICAL DATA (Cont'd )

APPENDIX

RESTRICTED

III

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1

Pyrotechnic Item

4 Signal, Distress, Two-Star,Red, M75 (T49) and AIN--M75

Effect

two stars

ApproximateBurningTime

5 sec .

ApproximateDelay Before

Ignition

3 sec .

ApproximateDimensions(inches)

5x1 ?,s dia .

ApproximateWeight

5!X oz .e (each star)

Aircraft Emergencyn Identification Signals :

Mk 6 colored star 25 sec . 3 sec . 6x21/2 dia . 1 %s lb .\' Mk 7 colored smoke 25 sec . 3 sec . 10x21/2 dia . 2V2 lb .Distress Smoke Hand SignalMk 1 Mod 0, and Signal,Distress, Smoke, Hand, AN-

i Mk 1 Mod 1 orange smoke 18 sec . none 3 ?R xl 5;,4 dia . 6 oz .,,Signal (Distress, Day and red flame,

3 Night), Mk 13 Mod 0 orange smoke 18 sec . none 5 1/s x1 ss dia . 6 1/2 oz .Grenade Smoke, White(H .C .), AN-M8 white smoke 3 1/2 min . 3 sec . 5%x21/2 dia . l% lb .

Signal, Aircraft, Parachute,v Red Star, Mil red star 30 sec. 2.1/2 sec . 7 !4xllia dia . 9 1/2 oz .Signals, Miniature PracticeBomb :AN-Mk 4 smoke puff burst none 5 3/4x?'s dia . 2 oz .

- (Fluorescein) AN-Mk 5 green slick none - 1 3/,}x''/s dia . 1/2 oz.

Practice Bomb Signals :Mk 6 Mod 0 smoke puff burst none 11x3 dia . 2 1/2 lb.Mk 7 Mod 0 smoke puff burst none 11x2 dia . 3 3/4 lb .


SHIPPING DATA

RESTRICTED


et

XSNX.{XX il N7WNXZJXf1Xl IH r1Y1f1f1X1

Pyrotechnic ItemNumber

perShippingBox

ApproximateWeight ofBox Filled(pounds)

ApproximateDimensions

of Box(inches)

ApproximaDisplacemenof

Box(cubic feet)

Aircraft Parachute Flares :Mk 4 and Mods 6 170 33 1/s x20 1/ x14 5.50Mk 5 and Mods 6 170 33 1/s x20 ?a x14 5.50Mk 6 and Mod- 4 176 4114 x1534 x14?(. 5 .75Mk 8 and Mods 6 161 311"hx201>x14 5.15Mk 10 Mod 0 4 176 41 1/4 x15 3/4 x1414 5.75Mk 11 Mod 0 4 176 41 14 x15 3/4 x141!1 5.75M26 and AN M26 1 98 5012x12%sx11 3/4 4.21High Altitude 25 118 17x15Y,x12 1/2 2 .04I'/_', minute 6 41 17 %xllx5 1/2 1.333 minute 1 31 351/2 x514 x5'.4 0.79

Float Flares (Aircraft), Mk 17 and Mods 1 130 59x12 1/ x12 5.56

Bombs, Photoflash, M46 and AN-M46 1 76 48 7/s x10 5,,1s x9s 2.93

Fuzes, Flare, Mechanical Time, Mlll, M111A1,and M111A2 50 74 16'/4 x15 1/ xl 1 -X,4 1 .70

Fuze, Bomb, Mechanical Time, M146 15 47 20-%x12%x9 1 .32

Target Identification Smoke Bomb Mk 72 Mod 1 1

Depth Charge Markers :Day, Mk 1 and Mods 10 68 29%x12%x121;v 2.82Night, Mk 2 10 36 21x16%x81 1.28

Cartridge, Slick Marker, AN- Mk 1 Mod 0 200 39 22%x191zx10 3/4 2.72

Signals, Drift, Night :AN-Mk 4 and Mods 25 65 19xi6 1/2x14 2.55AN-Mk 5 and Mods 25 125 21x20 3/4 x171 4.42

Aircraft Float Light, Mk 6 and Mods 6 125 21 1,4x21%x12? 3.27

Aircraft Signals (Army)AN-M28 to AN-11133 144 75 to 79 26 %x12 Ts x107/s 2.1All Other Si-nals 14=1 73 to 98 23 1/s x13 5 x12 5'a 2.8

Signal Cartridges :Ml; 3 Mod 3 200 88 223isx19 1/2 x10 3/1 2.72111k 4 200 100 22 3a x1912 x10 3/4 2.72

Aircraft Emergency Identification Signals :Mk 6 12 27 13 5's x9 3/4

x71/2 0.56Mk 7 12 36 13 x9 %x10 T's 0.84

Signal, Distress, Two-Star, Red, M75 (T49)and AN--M75 100 60 l3 x141'n x9% 1 .63

Very Signal Light Mlc 11 1000 100 24xl5?4 x 1214 - 2.60

Distress Smoke Hand Signal Mk 1 Mod 0, andSignal, Distress, Smoke, Hand, AN- -Mk 1 Mod 1 100 50 21x20x6 1 .46

Signal (Distress, Day and Night), 114k 1., Mod 0 100 70

Grenade, Smoke, White (H .C .), AN MS 25 62 13 :`.ix17%x8 11 1 .59

r-

SHIPPING DATA (Cont'd)

APPENDIX

1X U . 5. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1947 - 747705

acrVX .fY7- i+uwX'u''innn 1H nXXnrln' -tom

Pyrotechnic ItemNumber

perShippingBox

ApproximateWeight ofBox F.Iled(pounds)

ApproximateDimensions

of Box(inches)

ApproximateDisplacement

of Box(cubic feet)

Signal, Aircraft, Parachute, Red Star, M11 60 61 24 s x14 1/4 x11?4 2.3

Signals, Miniature Practice Bomb : -AN-Mk 5 500 50 24 : ,' s x13 3/4 x10 ;X 2.10

(Fluorescein) AN-Mk 5 1000 67 317;x12'/4x11 1/:11 2.6

Practice Bomb Signals :Ilk 6 Mod 0 8Mk 7 Mod 0 12

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Standard Navy Distribution List No. ,47 (Part 1) and Edition No. 5(Part 2) to Catalog of Activities of the Navy .

2 Copies unless otherwise indicated .

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aSNX.XXX

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Documents

000367 OP 998 Aircraft Pyrotechnics and Accessories