01 Listening

Listening

FromFundamentalsofJazzImprovisation:WhatEverybodyThinksYouAlreadyKnow

Dr.MarkWatkins

DirectorofJazzStudiesBrighamYoungUniversity–Idaho

©2010byMarkWatkinsMaterials herein are provided for personal use. No part may be reproduced without

written permission from the author.

ActiveListening

Jazzisnotbackgroundmusic.Jazzisartmusicandartmusicrequiresattentiontobeappreciated.Onewaytogetinsidethemusic,togetsomethingofvalueoutoftheexperience,andtofeelthebeautyofitistolistenforsomething.That“something”mightincludeelementsassimpleasinstrumentation,dynamics,ortempo;or,itmightincludesomethingmorechallengingsuchasharmonicmotion,subdivision,orarticulation.Whatevertheemphasisorreasonforlistening,jazzpromisesarewardingenterprisetothosewhoapplysufficienteffort.

1. Subdivision,Straight:MapleLeafRag(ScottJoplin)

2. Subdivision,Swing:MapleLeafRag(JellyRollMorton)

3. Beatemphasis,down:TheManILove(ColemanHawkins)

4. Beatemphasis,up:Jordu(CliffordBrown)

5. Beatemphasis,laid‐back:AprilinParis(CountBasie)

6. Beatemphasis,flatfour:WestEndBlues(LouisArmstrong)

7. Beatemphasis,2and4:Jump,Jive,andWail(BrianSetzer)

8. Articulation,bebop:YardbirdSuite(CharlieParker)

9. Articulation,fusion:Snakes(DavidSanborn)

10. Interpretation,jazz:WhatIsThisThingCalledLove(JoeHenderson)

11. Interpretation,classical:WhatIsThisThingCalledLove(EllyAmeling)

12. Tempo/pulse,fast:Koko(CharlieParker,DizzyGillespie)

13. Tempo/pulse,slow:LoverMan(CharlieParker)

14. Instrumentation:ItsbynneReel(MichaelBrecker)

15. Rhythmsection,mainstream:Blue7(SonnyRollins)

16. Rhythmsection,Latin(bossa):SongforMyFather(HoraceSilver)

17. Rhythmsection,fusion:Gotcha(TomScott)

18. Form(blues):EmptyBedBlues(BessieSmith)

19. Motivicdevelopment:Bag’sGroove(TheloniousMonk)

20. Continuousimprovisation:Shaw‘Nuff(CharlieParker)

21. Harmonicmotion–slow:MaidenVoyage(HerbieHancock)

22. Harmonicmotion–fast:GiantSteps(JohnColtrane)

23. Harmony,simple:EinekleineNachtmusik(WolfgangAmadeusMozart)

24. Harmony,complex:“RoundMidnight(BillEvans)

Who’sWhoinJazzListsarenotall‐inclusive.Addnotableperformersasdesired.

SopranoSaxophone AltoSaxophone TenorSaxophoneEarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicago

SidneyBichet FrankieTrumbauer(Cmelody)

Swing Swing Swing JohnnyHodges ColemanHawkins

LesterYoungBenWebsterDonByas

Bebop Bebop Bebop CharlieParker SonnyStitt DexterGordon

JamesMoodyFrankFoster

Cool Cool Cool PaulDesmond

LeeKonitzArtPepper StanBetz

ZootSimsAlCohn

HardBop HardBop HardBop CannonballAdderley

PhilWoodsOliverNelson

JackieMcLeanLousDonaldson

SonnyRollinsJohnColtraneSonnyStittStanleyTurrentine

HankMobleyJohnnyGriffinBennyGolson

Modal Modal ModalJohnColtrane CannonballAdderley JohnColtrane

FreeJazz FreeJazz FreeJazzJohnColtrane OrnetteColeman

EricDolphyAnthonyBraxton JohnColtrane

ArchieSheppAlbertAylerDeweyRedman

Fusion Fusion FusionWayneShorter DickOats

DavidSanbornBrandonFields

JayBeckenstienMarcRusso

WayneShorterMichaelBrecker

TomScottEdCalle

Contemporary Contemporary ContemporaryDavidLiebmanBranfordMarsalis

WayneShorter DickOattsRichieColeAnthonyBraxton

KennyGarrettBobbyWatson

JoeHendersonWayneShorterJoeFarrellJanGarbarekLewTabackinMichaelBreckerDaveLiebman

BranfordMarsalisBobBergJoeLovanoBobMintzerEdCalleIgorButtmanJashuaRedman

Latin Latin Latin PiquitoD’Rivera

BaritoneSaxophone Flute ClarinetEarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicago

Swing Swing SwingHarryCarney BennyGoodman

Artieshaw

Bebop Bebop BebopSergeChaloff JamesMoody FrankWess BuddyDeFranco

Cool Cool CoolGerryMulligan JimmyGiuffre

HardBop HardBop HardBopPepperAdams NickBrignola BudShank

YusefLateefHerbieMann

RolfKuhnTonyScott

Modal Modal Modal EricDolphy

FreeJazz FreeJazz FreeJazz EricDolphy

Fusion Fusion Fusion

Contemporary Contemporary ContemporaryDenisDiblasio HubertLaws

JoeFarrellRolandKirkPaulHornGeorgeAdamsSteveSlagleKentJordan

JamesNewtonLewTabackinRobinKenyattaDwightAndrewsJerryDodgtonSteveKujala

EricDolphyBobbyJonesDickJohnsonBillEasley

RichardStolzmanPutteWickmanEddieDaniels

Latin Latin Latin

Trumpet Trombone Piano

EarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicagoKingOliverLouisArmstrong

BixBeiderbecke KidOry JellyRollMortonLil’Hardin

(Armstrong)

FatsWaller

Swing Swing SwingRoyEldridge

CootieWilliams TommyDorseyDickieWellsJackTeagarden

“TrickieSam”Nanton

EarlHinesArtTatumCountBasie

DukeEllingtonTeddyWilsonMaryLouwilliams

Bebop Bebop BebopDizzyGillespieMilesDavis

FatsNavarroRedRodney

J.J.JohnsonKaiWinding

BudPowellAlHaig

TheloniousMonk

Cool Cool CoolChetBaker LennieTristano

BillEvansDaveBrubeckJohnLewis

HardBop HardBop HardBopCliffordBrownLeeMorganFreddieHubbardWoodyShaw

BlueMitchellKennyDurhamArtFarmerClarkTerry

J.J.JohnsonKaiWindingCurtisFullerBobBrookmeyerFrankRosolino

CarlFontanaSlideHamptonJimmyKnepperKaiWindingUrbieGreen

TommyFlanaganCedarWaltonRedGarlandBarryHarris

WyntonKellyHoraceSilverBobbyTimmonsOscarPeterson

Modal Modal ModalMilesDavis

FreeJazz FreeJazz FreeJazzDonCherryMarvinPerterson

LesterBowieDonEllis

Fusion Fusion FusionRandyBrecker HerbieHancock

ChickCoreaJoeZawinulKeithJarrett

Contemporary Contemporary ContemporaryRandyBreckerLewSoloffTomHarrellWoodyShaw

WyntonMarsalisTimHaggansTerenceBlanchardRoyHargrove

BillWatrousJimPughWycliffeGordon

BillReichenbachSteveTurreRobinEubanks

HerbieHancockKeithJarrettChickCoreaMcCoyTyner

JoeZawinulKennyKirklandCedarWaltonCyrusChestnut

Latin Latin LatinClaudioRoditi

Bass Drums Guitar

EarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicago EarlyJazzandChicago BabyDodds ZuttySingleton EddieLang JohnnySt.Cyr

Swing Swing SwingJimmyBlantonSlamStuart

WalterPage JoeJonesChickWebb

GeneKrupa CharlieChristianFreddieGreen

DjangoReinhardt

Bebop Bebop BebopOscarPettifordRayBrown

CharlesMingusMiltHinton

KennyClarkeMaxRoach

BuddyRich BarneyKesselChuckWayneBillyBauer

CharlieChristianJimmyRainey

Cool Cool CoolPercyHeathScottLaFaro

JoeMorello ShelleyManne JimHallHerbEllis

HowardRoberts

HardBop HardBop HardBopPaulChambersSamJonesArtDavisReggieWorkmanRonCarter

BusterWilliamsJimmyGarrisonRichardDavisEddieGomezMiltHinton

MelLewisArtBlakeyElvinJonesPhillyJoeJonesBuddyRich

LouisHayesRoyHaynesAlbertHeathBillyHigginsBillyCobham

WesMontgomeryJoePass

KennyBurrellTalFarlow

Modal Modal Modal

FreeJazz FreeJazz FreeJazzDaveHolland CharlieHaden PaulMolian

CharlesNoffettEdBlackwell

Fusion Fusion FusionJacoPastorius MarcusMiller SteveHoughton

PeterErskineDaveWeckleSteveGadd

MikeSternPatMethenyJimmyHendrix

JohnMcLaughlinJohnScofield

Contemporary Contemporary ContemporaryStanleyClarkeMiroslavVitousNielsHenningOrstedPedersenBrianBromberg

JacoPastoriusMarkJohnsonRufusReidRichardDavisSteveSwallow

SteveHoughtonPeterErskineBillyCobhamAlMouzonLennyWhiteSteveGaddJackDeJohnette

BillyHartEricGravattEddieGladdenTonyWilliamsEdSophMelLewisLouisBellson

PatMartinoJoeBeckGeorgeBensonAlDemiolaRalphTownerLarryCoryellPatMethenyJohnStowell

PatMathenyJohnScofieldMikeSternJohnAbercrombieJohnMcLaughlinStanleyJordanKevinEubanks

Latin Latin Latin

MaleVoice FemaleVoiceEarlyBlues EarlyBlues

BlindLemonJefferson

HuddieLeadbetterRobertJohnson

BigBillBroonzySonHouse

Nocounterparts

ChicagoBlues ClassicBlues(‘20s,North,Urban)MuddyWatersLittleBrotherMontgomery

SunnylandSlimSonnyBoyWilliamson

St.LouisJimmy

LittleWalterMemphisSlimHowlin’Wolf

MaRaineyBessieSmithAlbertaHunter

Birtha“Chippie”Hill VictoriaSpiveySippieWallaceAdelaideHall

LaterBlues LaterBlues“Lightnin’”HopkinsBuddyGuyAlbertKingAlbertCollins

OtisRushTajMahalOtisSpann

RobertPeteWilliams

B.B.KingLeonThomas

HelenHumesDinahWashingtonBettyCarter

RuthBrownLaVernBakerEttaJonesKokoTaylor

Swing,Blues,Boogie(‘30s) Swing,Blues(‘30s)JimmyRushingJimmyWitherspoonBigMillerJoeWilliams

BigJoeTurner“Champion”JackDupree

Fatsdomino

ProfessorLonghairRooseveltSykesMemphisSlimOtisSpann

EthelWatersIvieAnderson

MildredBaileyBillieHoliday

EllaFitzgerald

EarlySongLine BebopandHardBop(‘40s,‘50s)LouisArmstrongHotLipsPage

JackTeagardenWoodyHerman

EllaFitzgeraldSarahVaughnAnitaO’DayJuneChristyCarmenMcCraeBettyCarterHelenMerril

ChrisConnorJackieCainDakotaStatonErnestineAndersonAbbeyLincoln

CarolSloaneNinaSimoneNancyWilsonSheilaJordanKayDavisBettyRoché

Commercial(jazzroots) Gospel(‘60s)BingCrosbyFrankieLaine

PerryComoMattDennis

MelTorméNat“King”Cole

MahaliaJacksonMarionWilliams

DorothyLoveCoates ClaraWardBessieGriffin

InstrumentalistSingers BluesandRock(‘60s)LouisArmstrongHotLipsPageJackTeagardenWoodyHerman

GradyTateRichardBooneNatKingColeDizzyGillespie

GeorgeAdamsGeorgeBensonChetBakerClarkTerry

JaniceJoplin

Bebop(‘40s) Soul(‘60s‐‘70s)BillyEckstineBabsGonzalesEarlColemanJoeCarroll

Kenneth“Pancho”Hagood

DizzyGillespieJackieParis

JohnnyHartmanBillHendersonMarkMurphyMoseAllison

TinaTurnerDianaRoss

ChakaKahn ArethaFranklin

Cool(‘50s) FuisonChetBaker JackieParis PhoebeSnow

DeeDeeBridgewater

RickyLeeJones

BonnieHermanMarlenaShawAnnBurtonJeanCarn

LorraineFeatherGaleMoranJanisSiegel

HardBop(‘50s) FolkJonHendricksDaveLambert

EddieJeffersonKingPleasure

JoniMitchell JudiCollins

ModernSongLine LatinMarkMurphyBobDoroughJoeLeeWilson

LouRawlsBenSidran

TonyMiddletonGilScott‐Heron

FloraPurim TaniaMaria

Latin ContemporaryAntonioCarlosJobim

JoãoGilberto

GilbertoGilEduLôbo

CaetanoVelosoMiltonNascimeto

CassandraWilsonDianneReevesDianeSchuurDeeDeeBridgewater

CarmenLundyMicheleHendricksDianaKrahl

TizianaGhiglioniGabrieleHaslerMariaJoaoRobertaGamborini

Contemporary VocalGroupsAlJarreau BobbyMcFarrin KevinMahagony

SoulRayCharlesOtisReddingJamesBrown

MarvinGayeStevieWonder

Hendricks,Lambert,andRossHi‐LowsSingersUnlimitedManhattanTransfer

LAVoicesTakeSixNewYorkVoicesTheRealGroup

100+MostHistoricallySignificantRecordings

Artist Title Artist TitleAdderley,Cannonball Somethin’Else Davis,Miles Cookin’Adderley,Cannonball &Coltrane Davis,Miles Steamin’withMilesDavisAdderley,Cannonball KnowWhatIMean? Davis,Miles BirthoftheCoolAdderley,Cannonball InSanFrancisco Davis,Miles SomedayMyPrinceWillComeAkiyoshi,Toshiko LewTabackinBigBand Davis,Miles Workin’Ammons,Gene BossTenor Davis,Miles SevenStepstoHeavenAmmons,Gene BossTenors Davis,Miles MyFunnyValentine/+4andMoreBaker,Chet InMilan Davis,Miles PorgyandBessBaker,Chet Chet’sChoice Davis,Miles SketchesofSpainBasie,Count TheEssentialVol.1 Davis,Miles NefertitiBasie,Count AprilinParis Davis,Miles ’58Sessions:“StellabyStarlight”Basie,Count KansasCity7 Davis,Miles Bag’sGrooveBlakey,Art ANightatBirdlandVol.1 Desmond,Paul PureDesmondBlakey,Art Moanin’ Dolphy,Eric OuttoLunchBlakey,Art Ugetsu Dorham,Kenny Afro‐CubanBlakey,Art ANightatBirdlandVol.2 Ellington,Duke MoneyJungleBlakey,Art Moanin’/Remastered Ellington,Duke Duke&JohnColtraneBlakey,Art FreeforAll Ellington,Duke TheIntimacyoftheBluesBlakey,Art Mosaic Evans,Bill UndercurrentBlakey,Art Africaine Evans,Bill SundayatVillageVanguardBlakey,Art ThreeBlindMiceVol.1 Evans,Bill WaltzforDebbyBreckerBrothers TheCollectionVol.1 Evans,Bill IntermodulationBrown,Clifford StudyinBrown Evans,Bill PortraitinJazzBrown,Clifford Brown/RoachInc. Evans,Bill EverybodyDigsBillEvansBrown,Clifford MoreStudyinBrown Evans,Bill ExplorationsBrown,Clifford BrownandMaxRoach Evans,Bill BillEvans/TonyBennettAlbumBrubeck,Dave TimeOut Evans,Bill InterplayBrubeck,Dave JazzatOberlin Farmer,Art ModernArtBurrell,Kenny &JohnColtrane Fedchock,John OntheEdgeBurrell,Kenny MidnightBlue/Remastered Fitzgerald,Ella AttheOperaHouseBurrell,Kenny GuitarForms Fitzgerald,Ella AttheOperaHouseBurrell,Kenny TheBestofKennyBurrell Fontana,Carl TheGreatFontanaChambers,Paul GO Garland,Red GroovyChambers,Paul WhimsofChambers Garland,Red AGarlandofRedChristian,Charlie GeniusoftheElectricGuitar Garland,Red SoulJunctionChristy,June SomethingCool Garland,Red DigItChristy,June TheMistyMissChristy Garland,Red RedGarland’sPianoClark,Sonny Leapin’andLopin’ Garner,Erroll ConcertbytheSeaClark,Sonny SonnyClarkTrio Garrett,Kenny IntroducingKGarrettClark,Sonny Sonny’sCrib Getz,Stan ForMusician’sOnlyClark,Sonny CoolStruttin’ Getz,Stan StanGetz&BillEvansColtrane,John BlueTrain Getz,Stan andtheOscarPetersonTrioColtrane,John GiantSteps Gillespie,Dizzy SonnySideUpColtrane,John Mainstream1958 Gillespie,Dizzy JazzatMasseyHallColtrane,John ALoveSupreme Gillespie,Dizzy DuetsColtrane,John &JohnnyHartman Golson,Benny NewYorkSceneColtrane,John Ballads Gordon,Dexter BalladsColtrane,John MyFavoriteThings Gordon,Dexter GOColtrane,John Coltrane’sSound Gordon,Dexter DexterCallingCorea,Chick NowheSings,NowHeSobs Gordon,Dexter ‘RoundMidnight(SoundTrack)Corea,Chick LightasaFeather Green,Grant Feelin’theSpiritDavis,Miles KindofBlue Green,Grant BorntobeBlueDavis,Miles Milestones Green,Grant IdleMomentsDavis,Miles ‘RoundAboutMidnight Green,Grant CompleteQuar.withSonnyClarkDavis,Miles Relaxin’withMiles Griffin,Johnny ABlowin’Session

Griffin,Johnny ABlowin’Session Powell,Bud TheGeniusofHall,Jim Concerto Powell,Bud TheAmazing,Vol.1Hancock,Herbie MaidenVoyage Rawls,Lou StormyMondayHancock,Herbie ThePrisoner Rich,Buddy ThisOne’sForBasieHancock,Herbie EmpyreanIsles Rollins,Sonny SaxophoneColossusHancock,Herbie SpeakLikeaChild Rollins,Sonny TenorMadnessHancock,Herbie CantaloupeIsland Rollins,Sonny PlusFourHancock,Herbie MaidenVoyage Rollins,Sonny Newk’sTimeHancock,Herbie EmpyreanIsles Rollins,Sonny Volume2/RemasteredHartman,Johnny IJustDroppedbytoSayHello Rosolino,Frank FreeforAllHenderson,Joe PageOne Rosolino,Frank FondMemoriesofHenderson,Joe LushLife,StrayhornMusic Rosolino,Frank FrankTalks!Henderson,Joe In‘NOut Sandoval,Arturo IRememberCliffordHenderson,Joe InnerUrge Shorter,Wayne SpeakNoEvilHenderson,Joe ModeforJoe Shorter,Wayne Adam’sAppleHenderson,Joe PageOne/Remastered Silver,Horace SongforMyFatherHerman,Woody KeeperoftheFlame Silver,Horace Blowin’theBluesAwayHerwig,Conrad LatinSideofColtrane Silver,Horace Blowin’theBluesAwayHill,Andrew PointofDeparture Silver,Horace TheCapeVerdeanBluesHodges,Johnny VerveJazzMasters35 Silver,Horace TheBestofHoraceSilverHolman,Bill WestCoastJazz Silver,Horace AndtheJazzMessengersHubbard,Freddie HubTones Silver,Horace SongsforMyFatherHubbard,Freddie HubTones/Remastered Silver,Horace HoracescopeJackson,Milt BagsMeetsWes Smith,Jimmy BackandtheChickenShackJarrett,Keith StandardsVol.2 Smith,Jimmy MidnightSpecialJim,Hall AloneTogether Smith,Johnny MoonlightinVermontJohnson,J.J. TheEminentVol.1 Stitt,Sonny Stitt/Powell/JohnsonJohnson,J.J. TheEminentJ.J.Vol.2 Stitt,Sonny SoulPeopleJohnson,J.J. Standards Tyner,McCoy TheRealMcCoyKelly,Wynton KellyBlue Watrous,Bill Bone‐ifiedKelly,Wynton Piano Williams,Tony LifeTime/RemasteredKenton,Stan Duet Wilson,Nancy withCannonballAdderleyKenton,Stan CubanFire Young,Lester PresidentPlays/PetersonTrioKonitz,Lee MeetsMulligan Konitz,Lee Subconscious‐Lee Krall,Diana AllforYou Marsalis,Wynton StandardTime Mehldau,Brad Song:ArtoftheTrioVol.3 Mingus,Charles MingusAhUm Mobley,Hank SoulStation Mobley,Hank RollCall Mobley,Hank ThirdSeason Mobley,Hank TenorConclave Monk,Thelonious withJohnColtrane Montgomery,Wes SmokinattheHalfNote Montgomery,Wes IncredibleJazzGuitar Montgomery,Wes FullHouse Morgan,Lee TheSidewinder Morgan,Lee Cornbread Morgan,Lee SearchfortheNewLand Morgan,Lee Candy Morgan,Lee Rumproller Morgan,Lee Infinity Nelson,Oliver Blues&theAbstractTruth Parker,Charlie Now’stheTime Parker,Charlie Bird&Diz Parker,Charlie Comp.SavoyLivePerf. Pastorius,Jaco JacoPastorius Peterson,Oscar NightTrain

StylePeriodDescriptions

EARLYJAZZ

c.1900‐1920Location:NewOrleansRoots:ragtime,marchingbands,WesternEuropeanartmusic,creoles,CongoSquareandAfrica,

Latinmusic,spirituals,gospelmusic,minstrelshows,ruralbluesAmericanpopularsongInstrumentationandRoles:

FrontLine(referstomarchingbandplacement):Cornet/Trumpet:melodyTrombone:countermelody,importantharmonictones(3rds,7ths)Clarinet:technicalpassages,crossedrangesfromtrumpettotrombone

Backline(marchingbandplacement,becomes“rhythmsection”):Banjo:chords/harmonyTuba:foundation/bassnotesDrums:bassdrum,snare(multipleplayers)

Venue:Oftenportable:streetcorners,flatbedtrucks,marching(instrumentationasabove)Clubs:useofpianoandstringbass

Composition:notcommon,improvisatory,compositionbeginningwithJellyRollMortonHarmony:triads,dominant7thchords,diminishedImprovisation:group,collective,polyphonicRhythmicFeel:flatfour(fourfairlyequalbeatspermeasure)Personnel:

Joe“King”OliverNewOrleansRhythmKingsOriginalDixielandJazzBandSidneyBichetKidOryJellyRollMorton

c.1915‐1930Location:

ChicagoNewYork

Influences:ragtime,urbanblues,immergenceofstrideandboogie‐woogiepianostyles,clubsetting

Instrumentation:TrumpetandTrombonecontinueSaxophonebeginstoreplaceClarinetGuitarPianomorecommon(clubs,nolongerportableensemble)

StringBassreplacesTubaDrumSet

Venue:clubsComposition:becomesmoreimportant,writtenbackgroundsandotherpre‐plannedmaterialHarmony:triads,dominant7thchords,diminishedImprovisation:riseofthesoloist(LouisArmstronginfluence)RhythmicFeel:flatfourstillcommon,2/4emphasisPersonnel:

LouisArmstrongBixBeiderbeckeFrankieTrumbauerJackTeagardenRedNicholsandtheFivePenniesWolverinesHotFive,HotSix,HotSeven

SWING

1925‐1955Location:

KansasCity:BennyMoten,earlyCountBasieNewYorkCity:FletcherHenderson,DukeEllington

Influences:danceInstrumentation:largeensemble

Horn/WindSections:SaxophoneSection:developedintostandardfive(alto1,alto2,tenor1,tenor2,baritone)

fairlyearly,somegroupswithotherwoodwindcombinationsTrumpetSection:onlytwoorthreeatfirst,developedintostandardoffourTrombone:onlyoneortwoatfirst,developedintostandardoffour

RhythmSection:AcousticGuitar(amplificationbylate1930’s)PianoStringBassDrumSet

Venue:dancehalls,largeclubsComposition:

MorewritingduetosectioninstrumentationBalancebetweenwrittenelementsandimprovisation

GlennMillermorewritten,lessimprovisationCountBasiemoreimprovised(early)DukeEllingtonmostbalanced

DistinctionbetweencommercialbandsandjazzheritagebandsimportanttodayLatinstylesbeginningtobeincorporatedinrelationtopopulardancestepsLimitedlengthduetodanceandrecordinglengthKansasCityveryriff(repeatingmelodicmotif)andbluesinfluenced

Shoutchorus(fullband,louderdynamic,dramaticclimaxusuallyaftersolosectionandbeforereiterationofmelody/head)

Harmony:triads,dominant7thchords,diminished,experimentationwithotherchordqualitiesImprovisation:

LimitedsolospaceinmostbandsLyricalinnature,vocallyconceived,singable,usuallynotangularLimitedrangesometimesVertical(chord)orhorizontal(scale)linesVerymelodicDiatonic,notalotofchromaticism

Articulation:Downbeatorientation,occasionallymorearticulationofdownbeatsthanupbeatsandlouder

dynamicondownbeatsSlurring,notconsistentwitharticulationofupbeatnotesSomeplayersand/orpartsofsolostendingtowardsbeboparticulationsyle

Rhythm/Feel/Tempo:Swingeighthnotes(tripletsubdivision)FlatfourmostcommonOccasionalshuffle(heavy2/4influence,strongswingfromboogie‐woogiepiano)Temposmustbedanceable(nottoofast,nottooslow)

RepresentativePersonnel:Soloists: Bands: LesterYoung(LesterLeapsIn) FletcherHenderson(arr.Goodman)

ColemanHawkins(BodyandSoul) CountBasieJohnnyHodges DukeEllington BenWebster BennyGoodman BubberMiley HarryJames CootieWilliams ArtieShaw RoyEldridge GlennMillerArtTatum TommyDorsey

RepresentativeLiterature:MotenSwing(Basie) Stompin’attheSavoy(Goodman)OneO’clockJump(Basie) Sing,Sing,Sing(Goodman)ShinyStockings(Basie) OpusOne(Dorsey)Takethe“A”Train(Ellington) Woodchopper’sBall(Herman)Caravan(Ellington) BegintheBeguine(Shaw)NeverNoLament(Ellington) IntheMood(Miller)

BEBOP

c.1942‐1955Location:

NewYorkCityInfluences:

WWII:draft,gasandtirerationing(newdevelopmentsnotbroughttothepublic)

Musician’s:harmonic/melodicexperimentation,desireforlongersolosOther:CabaretTax(taxondancehalls,lessdancemoreconcert,leadtosmallerensemblesand

un‐danceablemusic),musician’sban(newdevelopmentsnotplayedontheradio,publicnotbroughtalongwithmusic)

Result:concert(club)musicdesignedforanelitelisteningaudience,musicbecomesmorecomplicated/artisticandvirtuosic

Instrumentation:small/chamberensemble(combo)AltoSaxophoneTrumpetPianoStringBassDrums(Otherinstrumentation:trombone,tenororbaritonesaxophone,guitar,vibes)

Venue:smallclubsComposition:

Newmelodiesbasedonpre‐existingchordprogressionsfromknowntunesBebopTune ChordProgressionSourceDonnaLee BackHomeAgaininIndianaHotHouse WhatisthisThingCalledLoveScrapplefromtheApple HoneysuckleRoseLullabyofBirdland LoveMeorLeaveMe

Melodieslikewrittenimprovisations

Ornithology,m.1:

MelodyplayedinunisonStructure:melody,solos,melody

Harmony:Altereddominants(raisedorlowered5ths,raisedorlowered9ths)

Dominant7,sharp5 Dominant7,flat9

Extendedchords(9ths,11ths,13ths)Otheralterations(#11ondominantandmajor)

Major9,sharp11

Modalborrowing(1/2diminishedfromminorsupertonicusedinmajor)1/2dim(fromminormode),V7flat‐9(fromminormode),majortonic

Newscalestomatchnewchords

Dominant7,sharp5 Dominant7,flat9

Chromaticism(additional½stepsbetweendiatonicpitches),bebopscales

Dominant Major

iiVIcommonExperimentswithchordsubstitutions(i.e.thetritonesubstitution,theuseofachordwhose

rootisatritoneawayfromtheoriginalchord,usuallywithdominantchordqualities)

Improvisation:ExpandedsolospaceExtendedrangeInstrumentallyconceived(notsingable)Virtuosityasarequirement(virtuosicplayersintheswingidiombutthemusicdidn’trequire

it)Angularity

Articulation:Standardtoarticulateupbeat,slurtodownbeat

Excerpt:CharlieParker

Accentsamidstlegatoarticulationbasedonmelodiccontour


Bebopphraseendings(beginningandendoflastnotearticulated) be‐bop be‐bop


Rhythm/Tempo:EighthnotebasisTripletsubdivision(canvaryfromhardswingdotted1/8th16thtotriplettomorestraight

divisionbetween8thandtriplet)FasterandslowertemposFlatfourmostcommonSignificantcombinationsofjazzandLatin(ANightinTunisia,Manteca)

RepresentativePersonnel:CharlieParkerDizzyGillespieJ.J.JohnsonCharlieChristianBudPowellOscarPettifordKennyClarke

RepresentativeLiterature:DonnaLeeScrapplefromtheAppleOrnithologyShaw‘NuffThrivingfromaRiffBluesforAliceHotHouse

COOL

c.1949‐1960’sLocation:

EastCoast(NewYork)WestCoast(LosAngeles)

Influences:WWII:GIbillprovidesopportunitiesineducation,includingmusicClassicalinfluencesInfluxof“white”musiciansExperimentationsinbebopfrommusicianssuchasClaudeThornhill

Instrumentation:small/chamberensemble(combo)Additionoflesscommonornon‐standardinstruments,including:

FluteFlugelHornTubaFrenchHorn

TromboneBaritoneSaxophone

Timbre(tonequality):ClassicallyinfluencedUseofmutes(especiallyMilesDavistrumpet)


OrchestrationArrangementsincludeintroductions,backgrounds,interludes,countermelodies,tagsorcodasIrregularphraselengthsLessuseoftheblues

Harmony:RetentionofharmonicconceptsfrombebopFurtherexperimentation(LennieTristano)Polytonality

Improvisation:ContinuationofexpandedsololengthSomeimprovisedcounterpointMorerestrained,introvertedapproach

Articulation:sameprinciplesasbebopbutmoreconstrained,smoother,lessdramaticor“soulful”Rhythm/Feel/Tempo:

GenerallythesameasbebopSomeplayersuseamorestraightapproachtoswingsubdivisionUseofoddmeters:5/4,9/8grouped2+2+2+3,etc.PolymetersBossanovaembracedbysomecoolplayers(StanGetz)

RepresentativePersonnel:MilesDavisLennieTristanoGerryMulliganStanGetzLeeKonitz

PaulDesmondDaveBrubeckChetBakerModernJazzQuartet

RepresentativeLiterature:Lennie’sPenniesTakeFiveBlueRondoalaTurkBoplicityDjangoSubconsciousLee

HARDBOP

c.1954‐mid/late1960’sLocation:

NewYorkCityPhiladelphiaDetroitSanFrancisco

Influences:DesiretobringjazzbacktoitsAfrican‐Americanheritage(HoraceSilver)Twotypes:

Mainstream:bebopandcoolFunky:gospel,blues,jazz

Instrumentation:small/chamberensemble(combo)Trumpet/FlugelHornTenorSaxophoneTrombone(sometimes)PianoStringBassDrums

Timbre(tonequality):moreexpressive,fatter,moreroughandlessrefinedthanCool,emphasisonindividualitybutstillwithpracticedfocus


Arrangementsaretightandincludeintroductions,backgrounds,interludes,countermelodies,tagsorcodas

IrregularphraselengthsMoreuseofthebluesCombinationofbebopandcool

Harmony:RetentionofharmonicconceptsfrombebopandcoolFurtherexperimentationBluesqualities(flat3insoloormelodylineoverchardwithmajor3rd,samewithflat‐5and

perfect5thinchord)Gospelinfluencein“funkyJazz”typeofHardBop(aswellasblues)

Improvisation:ImprovisedsolostillmostimportantLengthsometimesgreaterthanCoolMoreexpressivethanCool“Funky”veryexpressiveand“soulful”

Articulation:likebebop,lessconstrainedthancool,morepronouncedRhythm/Feel/Tempo:

GenerallythesameasbebopHeavierswingthancoolUseofoddmeters:5/4,9/8grouped2+2+2+3,etc.,asinCool

PolymetersSomemixingwithLatin(Nica’sDream,sambainbridge)

RepresentativePersonnel:HoraceSilverArtBlakeySonnyRollinsJohnColtraneCliffordBrown

MaxRoachCharlesMingusMilesDavisJulian“Cannonball”Adderly

RepresentativeLiterature:StableMatesBlue7WorkSong(Funky)Sacko’Woe(Funky)ThePreacher(Funky)

FourPent‐upHouseGiantStepsNica’sDreamEcaroh

MODAL

c.1959‐mid1960’sLocation:

NewYorkCityInfluences:

CoolandHardBopInstrumentation:small/chamberensemble(combo)

Trumpet/FlugelHornTenorand/orAltoSaxophonePianoStringBassDrums

Timbre(tonequality):couldhaveexpressionofHardBopbutcommontocontainrestraintofCoolVenue:smallclubsComposition:

SameconceptsasCoolandHardBopUseofcounterpoint(bridgetoMaidenVoyage)

Harmony:MostsignificantdefiningelementsFewchordsLongdurationoneachchord

Improvisation:ImprovisedsolostillmostimportantLengthsometimesgreaterthanCoolMoreexpressivethanCoolExperimentswithcreativitywithinachord/scaleconstraintExperimentswithsideslippingorplayingoutsidewhereatonalityisestablishedandthesoloist

playsoutsidethetonalitythenreturnsArticulation:sometimeslikeHardBop,sometimeslikeCooldependingoncomposition

Rhythm/Feel/Tempo:SimilartoCoolbutcouldbemorelikeHardBopHeavierswingthancoolwithplayerslikeCannonballAdderlyTemposnotextremelyfast,fasterversionsinlaterrenditionsofstandardmodaltunes4/4,6/8,somefreeoroddmeters

RepresentativePersonnel:MilesDavisJohnColtraneHerbieHancock

RepresentativeLiterature:MaidenVoyageAllBluesSoWhatAlabamaALoveSupremeImpressions

AVANTGARDE/FREEJAZZ

c.1960‐1980’sLocation:

LosAngelesthenNewYorkCityChicago

Influences:CulminationofjazzimprovisationphilosophyFreedomof1960’ssocialmovement

Venue:smallclubsInstrumentation:small/chamberensemble(combo)

VariouscombinationsofTrumpet,AltoandTenorSaxophonePianoStringBassDrumsAcoustic(OrnetteColeman)orcombinedelectricandacoustic(MilesDavis)

Timbre(tonequality):PhilosophyofnolimitationsUnlimitedchoices:focused,unfocused,constrained,emotional,pleasant,unpleasant,loud,soft,

smooth,harshNewtonalcolors

Visualeffects:usedbysomegroups,notrequiredComposition:couldhavevariationsofthefollowingguidingprinciples

GeneralroadmapPhilosophicalprincipleMelodiclineMotifChordProgressionFormand/ororderingofmaterials

Harmony:GenerallywhatthecombinedplayersareinspiredtouseatthetimeCouldhaveageneralchordprogresswithotherfreeelementsMaybeconsonantordissonant

Improvisation:MostimportantprincipleMusicalmostentirelyimprovisedFree,collective

Articulation:bebopstandardmosttypicalbutmaybeanythingRhythm/Feel/Tempo:

Playerscanplaymultipletemposand/ormetersOftentheavoidanceofagrooveisparamount

RepresentativePersonnel:OrnetteColemanJohnColtraneMilesDavisEricDolphyCecilTaylorCharlieHaydenSunRaAssociationfortheAdvancementofCreativeMusic(AACM)WorldSaxophoneQuartet

RepresentativeLiterature:FreeJazz(Coleman)FacesandPlaces(Coleman)EnterEvening(Taylor)ALoveSupreme(Coltrane)Steppin’(WorldSaxophoneQuartet)

FUSION

c.1969‐PresentLocation:

NewYorkCityLosAngeles(primecenter)SanFrancisco

Influences:RockandRoll(1960’sversionatfirst)Mainstreamjazz

Venue:VolumeisthedeterminingfactorLargerconcertsitesRecordingstudio

Instrumentation:variouscombinationsofthefollowingTrumpet,Soprano,Alto,orTenorSaxophoneElectronicWindInstruments(simulatedaftersaxophoneortrumpet)ElectricGuitar(s)Keyboard(s)(synthesizers,samplers,electricpianos,controllers)Acousticpiano(sometimes)ElectricBass(horizontalorupright)Drums(acoustic,electric,ormachine)AuxiliaryPercussion

InstrumentRoles:Horns:melody,occasionalcounterpoint,improvisationGuitar:rhythmicfirst,harmonicsecondKeyboards:harmonicfirst,melodicsecond,rhythmicpunctuationthird;whenguitarpresent

pianooftenlayssustainedharmonicpadsallowingtheguitartodeveloprhythmicinterestBass:harmonicfoundation,achievedinamoremelodicmannerthanjazzwalkingbass,

interactivewithdrumsDrums:groovecreatedinconjunctionwithbass

Jazz:groovecarriedinhi‐hatandrideFusion:groovecarriedinbassdrumandsnare(volumeconsideration/impetus)

Timbre(tonequality):AmplifiedSampledSynthesized

Composition:UnisonlinescommonAnythingfrompreviousstylesispossibleArrangementsandwritten/pre‐determinedelementsarecommon

Harmony:Oftenmodal‐like,slow‐movingchordprogressionsRapidchordprogressionspossible;ifused,usuallyperiodicratherthanconstantSimpletocomplexharmoniesdependingonproximitytorockorjazz

Improvisation:VariesfromminimalincommercialusestoextensiveinmorejazzinfluencedfusionOftenmelodicallybased,horizontalSeeminglynon‐complexuntilonetriestoplayit

Articulation:BebopstandardmosttypicalbutmaybeanythingOftenarticulationprinciplesarereversed

Rhythm/Feel/Tempo:Straight8thsSomestereotypicalrockrhythmsRockdrumbeatsoftentakentohighlevelsofcomplexityConstant,unwaveringtempo

RepresentativePersonnel:MilesDavisHerbieHancockChickCoreaTomScottDavidSanbornMichaelBreckerDaveWeckleJacoPastorius

MikeSternJohnMcLaughlinEricMarienthalPatMathenyJoeZawinulKeithJarrettWeatherReportHeadhunters

ReturntoForeverStepsAheadMahavishnuOrchestraBreckerBrothersJeffLorberGroupYellowjacketsElectricBand(ChickCorea)

RepresentativeLiterature:BitchesBrew(MilesDavis)Chameleon(HerbieHancock)WatermelonMan(HerbieHancock)Birdland(WeatherReport)SomeSkunkFunk(BreckerBrothers)Snakes(DavidSanborn)Pools(StepsAhead)

SMOOTHJAZZ/CONTEMPORARY


NewYorkCityLosAngeles(primecenter)International

Influences:Blues,jazzGospelR&B,pop,rockHiphopandrap

Venue:volumeisthedeterminingfactorbutislessintensethanfusionLargerconcertsitesSomesmallervenuesRecordingstudio

Instrumentation:sameasfusion,variouscombinationsofthefollowingTrumpet,Soprano,Alto,orTenorSaxophoneElectronicWindInstruments(simulatedaftersaxophoneortrumpet)ElectricGuitar(s)Keyboard(s)(synthesizers,samplers,electricpianos,controllers)Acousticpiano(sometimes)ElectricBass(horizontalorupright)Drums(acoustic,electric,ormachine)AuxiliaryPercussion

InstrumentRoles:Horns:melody,occasionalcounterpoint,improvisationGuitar:rhythmicfirst,harmonicsecondKeyboards:harmonicfirst,melodicsecond,rhythmicpunctuationthird;whenguitarpresent

pianooftenlayssustainedharmonicpadsallowingtheguitartodeveloprhythmicinterestBass:harmonicfoundation,achievedinamoremelodicmannerthanjazzwalkingbass,

interactivewithdrumsDrums:groovecreatedinconjunctionwithbass

Jazz:groovecarriedinhi‐hatandrideFusion:groovecarriedinbassdrumandsnare(volumeconsideration/impetus)

Timbre(tonequality):moremellow/constrainedthanfusionAmplifiedSampledSynthesizedSmooth,easylistening

Composition:Morecomposed/arrangedthanfusion(furtherfromjazz)Commercialapproach

Harmony:Oftenmodal‐like,slow‐movingchordprogressionsSomecomplexharmoniesbutnotobviouslysoDesiretoappealtotheuntrainedear

Improvisation:ShortersolospaceMoresimple(butnotnecessarilyeasy)

Articulation:sameasfusionbutrestrainedlikeCoolistoBebopBebopstandardmosttypicalbutmaybeanythingOftenarticulationprinciplesarereversed

Rhythm/Feel/Tempo:Straight8thsSomestereotypicalrockrhythmsRockdrumbeatsoftentakentohighlevelsofcomplexitybutnotoverpoweringConstant,unwaveringtempo

RepresentativePersonnel:GroverWashingtonJr.GeorgeBensonDaveGrusinKennyG

BobJamesEarlKlughJoeSampleDavidSanborn

GeorgeWinstonGatoBabieriDaveKozEricMarienthal

CrusadersHiroshimaRippingtonsSpyroGrya

RepresentativeLiterature:StraighttotheHeart(DavidSanborn)MorningDance(SpyroGyra)Songbird(KennyG)

MAINSTREAM/ECLECTIC


NewYorkCityLosAngelesWashingtonDCSanFrancisco

Influences:ContinuationofBebopandHardBopHardeningbacktoAfrican‐AmericanrootsAllavailablejazztypesfromEarlyJazztopresent

Venue:SmallclubConcerthall

Instrumentation:Anycombinationofwinds:trumpet,saxophone,trombone,orotherGuitar(sometimes)PianoStringBassDrumsCurrentbigbandsmaybeplacedinthiscategory

Timbre(tonequality):HardBopmixedwithmoderninstrumentmanufacturetechnology(abilitytoproducegreatervolume,betterintonation,morefocusedtone,moreresponsivetoneproduction)

Composition:SimilartoHardBop(intros,backgrounds,interludes,tags,countermelodies,etc.)AlljazzstylesavailablefromEarlyNewOrleanstopresentPossibilitiesfromoutsideinfluencessuchasclassicalinnovationswithsometypesavoided

suchasFusion,sometimesCool,andthemorecommercialSwingperiodbigbandperformancepractices

Harmony:complexImprovisation:emphasisonArticulation:BebopinfluencedRhythm/Feel/Tempo:

Swungeighths(tripletsubdivision)Generallyflat4butmayuse2/4shuffleorothergroovesExtremesintempo

RepresentativePersonnel:WyntonMarsalisJoshuaRedmanRoyHargroveMichaelBreckerRandyBrecker

KennyGarrettDaveLiebmanJoeLavanoBranfordMarsalis

ErnieWattsTerranceBlanchardNicholasPaytonBobMintzer

RepresentativeLiterature:Reinterpretationofstandards4in1(WyntonMarsalis)Runferyerlife(BobMintzer)IstbynneReel(MichaelBrecker)Invitation(RoyHargrove)

LATINc.1940‐Present(rootsearlier)Location:

NewYorkCityLosAngelesMiami

Influences:WesternAfricaCubaandBrazilAmericanjazz

Venue:SmallclubConcerthallDancehall

Instrumentation:Anycombinationofwinds:trumpet,saxophone,trombone,orother;somestylesemphasize

orchestralinstrumentssuchasviolinsandfluteGuitarandtres(threesetsofthreesstringsorthreesetsoftwo)PianoAcousticorElectricBass(uprightelectricbecomingfavored)DrumSetPERCUSSION:congas,bongos,timbale,maracas,guiro,cowbell,woodblocks,clave,cymbals

andmanyotherinstrumentsTimbre(tonequality):

ContemporaryhornsoundsLayeredpercussionfoundation

Composition:SectionswithevennumberedmeasuresaccordingtoclavepatternBreaksbetweensections,oddorevenmeasuresOddmeasuredbreaksbetweensectionstoreverseclaveFormexample:Intro.,A(verse),B(bridge),C(coro[chorus]),D(montuno/solos),C(coro)

and/orA(verse),F(coda)Characteristicsectionslikecoro,montunoandmambo

Clave(aspecificrhythm)functionstoLatinmusicasmeterfunctionstoWesternEuropeanartmusic2+3Clave 3+2Clave

Useofotherstandardrhythmsaspointsofdeparturesuchascascara,tumbaoandmartilloin

CubaandpartitoaltoinBrazilLayeringofrhythmsismostsignificantcompositionalelement;notusuallywrittenbut

understoodbytheperformers2+3SonMontuno

Harmony:

CanusesamecomplexharmoniesasjazzSectionsmayuseonechordorachordprogressinatraditionalmanner

Improvisation:Rhythmicroles,suchasthebongomartilloorthecongatumbao,areusedasafoundationfor

variationaccordingtotheexperienceoftheperformerCanhavesolosonanyinstrument,solosectionsinsertedbetweenwrittensections

Articulation:BebopinfluencedRhythm/Feel/Tempo:

Straighteighthsmostcommon,canhavetripletsubdivisionMostcommonmetersare2/4,4/4,and6/8AnytempodependingonLatinsongtypeDancemusicRhythmiclayering

RepresentativePersonnel:MarioBauzaPaquitoD’RiveraDizzyGillespieMachitoTitoPuente

ArturoSandovalMongoSantamariaCalTjaderChicoValdezPonchoSanchez

AntonioCarlosJobimEddiePalmieriBuenaVistaSocialClubIrakere

RepresentativeLiterature:CorcovadoDesafinadoTheGirlFromIpanemaHowInsensitiveMahadeCarnaval

MantecaMeditationOneNoteSambaOyeComoVa

ParalosRumberosSambadeOrfeuTristeWave

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