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02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin
https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/about.html 1/1
International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)
About This Journal
The International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage is a high-quality, international, open access, online, double blind reviewed publication whichdeals with all aspects of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. The International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage (IJRTP) was founded in 2013 by aninternational group of researchers (the Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Expert Group). The journal is published by the Dublin Institute of Technology, CathalBrugha Campus, Dublin, Ireland. All articles in this journal are full text and available on open access.
The journal takes an interdisciplinary international approach and includes all aspects of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. It is inclusive of all denominations,religions, faiths and spiritual practices. The journal's online platform facilitates a truly integrative approach. While the main emphasis is on primary researcharticles, it also welcomes suitably relevant discussion papers, research / review pieces, industry focused case studies and evaluations, management guidesand reports, economic evaluations, book reviews, announcements of forthcoming meetings etc. Papers / articles should be relevant to both academics andpractitioners. All papers are subject to ‘double – blind – review’. Papers can include a variety of media elements including audio and visual files, a range ofimage formats and hyperlinks to websites and other online resources.
02/06/2020 Editorial Board | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin
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International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)
Editors
Kevin Griffin, Technological University Dublin
Razaq Raj, Leeds Beckett University
Book Review Editor
Carlos Fernandes, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal
Editorial Board
Abdus Sattar Abbasi, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
Vitor Ambrosio, Escola Superior de Hotelaria et Turismo do Estoril, Portugal
Silvia Aulet, Universitat de Girona, Spain
Ernest Azzopardi, Malta
Dino Bozonelos, Victor Valley College, USA
Stefania Cerutti, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Italy
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Jaeyeon Choe, Bournemouth University, UK
Alan Clarke, University of Pannonia, Hungary
Noga Collin-Kreiner, University of Haifa, Israel
Michael A. Di Giovine, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, USA
Ruth Dowson, Leeds Beckett University, UK
Alexandra Drule (Tirca), Universitatea Babes-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Tomasz Duda, University of Szczecin, Poland
John Eade, Roehampton University, UK
Jonathan Edwards, Bournemouth University, UK
Maureen Griffiths, Monash University, Australia
Muhsin Kar, Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey
Darius Liutikas, Lithuanian Social Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania
Yoel Mansfeld, University of Haifa, Israel
Frances McGettigan, Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
02/06/2020 Editorial Board | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin
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Alison McIntosh, University of Waikato, New Zealand
Ian S. McIntosh, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, USA
Nigel Morpeth, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK
Dane Munro, University of Malta, Malta
Daniel Olsen, Brigham Young University, USA
Danijel Pavlović, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia
Elisa Piva, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
Jahanzeeb Qurashi, University of Central Lancashire, UK
Tahir Rashid, University of Salford, UK
Ian Rotherham, Sheffield Hallam University, UK
Xose Santos, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain
Kiran Shinde, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deeemed University, India
Rana Singh, Banaras Hindu University, India
Dallen J. Timothy, Arizona State University, USA
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Anna Trono, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
Roger Vaughan, Bournemouth University, UK
Craig Webster, Ball State University, USA
Peter Wiltshier, University of Derby, Buxton, UK
Shin Yasuda, Takasaki City University of Economics, Japan
Vincent Zammit, Institute of Tourism Studies, Malta
Industry Advisory Board
Luc Durand, Ipsos Marketing, Canada
Tariq ElHadary, Scholarships Office, MOPA, Ministry of Education, UAE
Christos Petreas, Committee for Pilgrimage Tours and Development of Religious Tourism of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, Greece
John Winton, Churches Tourism Network, Wales
Kevin Wright, USA
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Book Reviews
The journal welcomes books for review. The process will be managed by its dedicated Book Review Editor
Editorial BoardThe Editors and the Book Review Editor are supported in their work by an international Editorial Board. Members of the Board are responsible for two tasks.
1. Board members are ambassadors for the IJRTP. They will assist the Editors in disseminating awareness of the journal, identifying and inviting authors to submit material to IJRTP,and assist in the identification and co-ordination of reviewers.
2. IJRTP is an independent, online, flexible format journal, and the Board members are encouraged to identify strengths and weaknesses as it develops over time, and to introducenew and exciting ideas in its administration and management. Their job therefore, is to support and perhaps even challenge the status quo of the IJRTP.
Industry Advisory Board
An innovative development in the IJRTP is the inclusion of an Industry Advisory Board, which will include international practitioners whose expertise lies withinthe remit of the Journal. This group will have much the same role as the Editorial Committee, but in this instance they will have an industry focus. Their inputshould ensure that the IJRTP maintains a dual academic AND practice-based focus, remains relevant for industry, and thus, is more meaningful and relevantfor all interested parties.
02/06/2020 Aims & Scope | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin
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International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)
Aims & Scope
This journal aims to be the leading international journal for all those concerned with Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage.
The journal takes an interdisciplinary international approach and includes all aspects of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. It is inclusive of all denominations,religions, faiths and spiritual practices. The journal's online platform facilitates a truly integrative approach. While the main emphasis is on primary researcharticles, it also welcomes suitably relevant discussion papers, research / review pieces, industry focused case studies and evaluations, management guidesand reports, economic evaluations, book reviews, announcements of forthcoming meetings etc. Papers / articles should be relevant to both academics andpractitioners
All papers are subject to ‘double – blind – review’. Papers can include a variety of media elements including audio and visual files, a range of image formatsand hyperlinks to websites and other online resources.
02/06/2020 journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin
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International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)
Editors
Editor-in-Chief: Editor Name, Editor Institution
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Editors
Dr. Kevin Griffin, Technological University Dublin
Dr. Razaq Raj, Leeds Beckett University
IJRTP is a member of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) (http://doaj.org/) . The journal is free for authors and the editorial staff comply with thecode of conduct (https://publicationethics.org/resources/code-conduct) of COPE: the Committee on Publication Ethics.
All materials are covered by Creative Commons Licences and authors can select which licence suits their purpose. Licences available are CC Attribution 4.0,CC Attribution–Share Alike 4.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0, CC Attribution 3.0, CC Attribution-NoDerivative Works 3.0, CC Attribution-Noncommerical 3.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial-No Dervative Works3.0.
'This journal has now been accepted into the Scopus Abstract and Citation database for indexing.
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Current Issue: Volume 8, Issue 4 (2020)
Editorial
IJRTP Title Page and Table of Contents Vol. 8(4) (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/1) Kevin A. Griffin, Razaq Raj, and Carlos Fernandes
Academic Papers
(Re)Inscribing Meaning: Embodied Religious-spiritual Practices at Croagh Patrick and Our Lady’s Island, Ireland (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/2) Richard Scriven and Eoin O'Mahony
Anchorite Sacred Caves in Serbia: Balancing Between Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism Development (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/3) Aleksandar Antić
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The Effects of Terrorism on the Travel and Tourism IndustryDavid Mc. A Baker
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Star Rating Factors for Umrah Services: The Perspectives of Umrah Operators and Consumers (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/4) Amran Harun, Aini Khalida Muslim, Dzunnur Dzail, and Bestoon Abdulmaged Othman
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/5) Alfonso Vargas-Sanchez, Dina Hariani, and Ani Wijayanti
Branding the Sacral Landscape: Religious Content in Regional Tourism Marketing, Set in a Post-secular Society (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/6) Markus Hilpert
Case Study
Investigating the Potential of Ancient Religious Sites in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewhido Church for Religious Tourism Development: The Case of KirstosSemra (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/7) dagnachew nega
Improving the Economy of Local Communities Through Innovation of the Potential of Shariah-Based Natural Tourism in East Java(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/8) Maula Fadhilata Rahmatika and Agus Suman
Pilgrimage Circuit of Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove and Shrine, Osun State, Nigeria (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/9) Emeka E. Okonkwo and Afamefuna P. Eyisi
International Journal of Religious Tourism and International Journal of Religious Tourism and
Pilgrimage Pilgrimage
Volume 8 Issue 4 Article 5
2020
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and
Level of Support Level of Support
Alfonso Vargas-Sanchez University of Huelva, [email protected]
Dina Hariani Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bogor, [email protected]
Ani Wijayanti Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika, [email protected]
Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp
Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons
Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Vargas-Sanchez, Alfonso; Hariani, Dina; and Wijayanti, Ani (2020) "Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support," International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol. 8: Iss. 4, Article 5. Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/5
Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License.
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support
Volume 8(iv) 2020
Introduction
Tourism is the second-largest sector and contributor to
foreign exchange in Indonesia, after Palm Oil,
according to the Ministry of Tourism (2016). In spite
of its current importance, it is broadly recognised that
one of the tourism potentials that can be further
developed in Indonesia is Halal tourism, which is one
of the fastest developing market segments in the world.
The number of Muslim travellers continues to increase
each year, pushing the need for Halal products and
services in tourist destinations.
As a country with a clear Muslim majority and the
largest Muslim population in the world, Halal tourism
has enormous potential in Indonesia. Even in non-OIC
countries, the Halal tourism industry needs to be
prepared to meet Muslims’ tourist needs when
travelling, such as Halal food (Vargas-Sánchez &
Moral-Moral, 2019a) and places of worship. But OIC
countries (Malaysia, Indonesia and others) already
provide a lot of Halal food, places of worship, etc.,
because these are normal habits and daily needs of
Muslims in their countries.
The Indonesian government has begun to develop the
country as a Halal tourist destination. Thus, based on
the Global Muslim Travel Index (elaborated by
MasterCard and CrescentRating) in 2016, 2017 and
2018, Indonesia's ranking within the top 10 Halal
destinations has continued to improve. Finally, in 2019
Indonesia reached the same score as Malaysia and
© International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN : 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/
Alfonso Vargas-Sanchez University of Huelva, Spain [email protected]
Dina Hariani Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bogor, Indonesia [email protected]
Ani Wijayanti Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika, Indonseia [email protected]
Tourism is one of the leading sectors for the Indonesian government to increase foreign exchange. Indonesia has many tourist destinations that attract domestic and foreign tourists. In line with the development of Halal tourism trends, the Indonesian government has begun to develop several enclaves such as Lombok and Aceh as Halal destinations. Indonesia has the largest Muslim population of all countries in the world, and it is estimated that around 13 percent of the global Muslims live in the country. As a Muslim-majority country, it should be easier to implement Halal tourism than in other non-Muslim countries, but this is still a relatively new concept for Indonesians. In this vein, the main purpose of this research is to examine and contribute to understanding the Indonesian population's perception of Halal tourism. A structured questionnaire was employed to elicit responses from local people linked to tourism (namely tourism professionals, academics and students), concluding that extra training efforts are needed. The collective mental constructs about Halal tourism has been characterised (built around four axes: benefits, barriers, religiosity and attractiveness) and the main factors to be emphasised in order to gain people’ support have been identified (benefits and attractiveness, together with awareness about the spiritual dimensions of Halal tourism). Currently, support is clear, but moderate for the development of this type of tourism in Indonesia. With regard to appreciation of its spiritual dimension (that is, its focus on people’s inner wellbeing) compared with other dimensions (healthy and ecological), the spiritual imprint can be considered as the most necessary condition in gaining support for the positioning of Indonesia as a Halal tourism destination, while the others appear as optional. In addition to the above-mentioned conclusions, some recommendations have arisen, for instance, those related to the need for extra effort for the socialisation and promotion of Halalness in tourism. Finally, limitations of this research are recognised and some future research avenues are proposed.
Key Words: Halal tourism, Halal destination, Indonesia, perception
~ 37 ~
Theoretical Framework
Halal tourism
As recognised by Haddad et al. (2019), a variety of
terms have been used to express the linkage between
Islamic law and tourism. In fact, the term ‘Halal
tourism’ has been used in the literature as
interchangeable (inaccurately to some extent) with
others such as ‘Shariah tourism’, ‘Islamic tourism’, or
‘Muslim-friendly tourism’, which has led to a certain
degree of confusion. Nevertheless, the most preferable
use is the term ‘Halal Tourism’, according to the
definitions of El-Gohary (2016).
Bearing in mind that, in all aspects of life, a Muslim is
expected to benefit from what is considered Halal
(permitted) and abstain from Haram (forbidden),
Duman (2011:6) makes clear that:
From this point of view, categorization of tourism-related goods and services that are designed, produced and presented to the markets according to Islamic rules (Shariah) can be considered under Halal tourism. Such use of the terminology about touristic goods and services is already common in daily usage.
Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support
~ 38 ~
ranked number 1 together with that country (Table 1).
For the first time since this index was launched,
Malaysia is sharing the top position with Indonesia.
The improvements in this ranking reflect successes in
efforts to educate the industry on the opportunities
presented by the Muslim travel market.
Considering the weight of Indonesia in the Muslim
world, the main purpose of this research is to examine
the perception of Halal tourism by Indonesian people
linked to tourism as professionals, academics and
students, particularly about its dimensions and
characteristics, trying to understand the collective
opinion on whether this country should seek to position
itself as a halal tourism destination and how it has been
formed. Our findings could help to focus private and,
especially, public authorities’ efforts in this regard.
After this introduction, a number of sections follow:
firstly, the theoretical framework of this research;
secondly, the methodology utilised in our empirical
work; thirdly, the results obtained; and fourthly, the
conclusions reached, including recommendations,
limitations and suggestions for future research avenues.
Table 1: Top 10 OIC Destinations
2016 Country Score 2017 Country Score 2018 Country Score 2018 Country Score
1 Malaysia 81.9 1 Malaysia 82.5 1 Malaysia 80.6 1 Malaysia 78
2 UAE 74.7 2 UAE 76.9 2 Indonesia 72.8 2 Indonesia 78
3 Turkey 73.9 3 Indonesia 72.6 3 UAE 72.8 3 Turkey 75
4 Indonesia 70.6 4 Turkey 72.4 4 Turkey 69.1 4 Saudi Ar. 72
5 Qatar 70.5 5 Saudi Ar. 71.4 5 Saudi Ar. 68.7 5 UAE 71
6 Saudi Ar. 70.4 6 Qatar 70.5 6 Qatar 66.2 6 Qatar 68
7 Oman 70.3 7 Morocco 68.1 7 Bahrain 65.9 7 Morocco 67
8 Morocco 68.3 8 Oman 67.9 8 Oman 65.1 8 Bahrain 66
9 Jordan 65.4 9 Bahrain 67.9 9 Morocco 61.7 9 Oman 66
10 Bahrain 63.3 10 Iran 66.8 10 Kuwait 60.5 10 Brunei 65
Source: Global Muslim Travel Index. Mastercard-CrescentRating (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019). Available at: https://www.crescentrating.com/Halal-muslim-travel-market-reports.html
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020
~ 39 ~
background: religious and cultural peculiarities;
diversity of origin and need; Muslims as target
population; religious motivations; food and
catering services.
* Factors of social character that can promote
cultural integration to some extent: suitability of
experience for any type of public; the welcoming
character of the resident population; capacity for
integration in the host community; potential for
promoting mutual understanding.
The corresponding theoretical foundations, which have
served in the design of our questionnaire for primary
data collection, are detailed in table 2.
Halal tourism in Indonesia
The implementation of Halal tourism in Indonesia is
not universally interpreted by stakeholders. The Halal
concept is seen as a motivator to increase the number
of tourists, but is typically mixed with a variety of
factors that include value-added products and the
existence of non-Halal products, such as alcoholic
beverages. This has become a tough challenge for
businesses in their attempt to implement Halal tourism
without losing existing market segments (Laras &
Gunawijaya, 2017).
Nevertheless, the idea that Halal tourism does not limit
the market, but expands it, is gaining momentum, if the
concept of extended facilities and services is put into
practice. Under this approach, with no need to make
anything new, the requirements of Muslim tourists
could be met. Following Laras and Gunawijaya (2017),
Halal markets are grouped into three categories,
namely; conventional tourists, moderate Muslim
tourists, and conservative Muslim tourists.
Conventional markets that have been established must
be maintained, while the Muslim market segments
begin to be worked on.
The Halal tourism concept in Indonesia still has not
found stability, since stakeholders are still
experiencing confusion on the implementation of the
Halal concept. However, Yogyakarta has been able to
fulfil the criteria of the Halal tourism concept, as can
be seen from the results of a survey carried out in 2016
with tourists in that city: more than 80% of
respondents recognised the facilities adhering to the
Halal concept (including accommodation, restaurants,
and places of worship) and more than 90% stated that
there were services that fit the Halal concept (Pratiwi,
2016).
More specifically, for Akyol and Kilinc (2014), in their
characterisation of this market niche, Halal tourism
includes Halal hotels, Halal transport (Halal airlines),
Halal food / restaurants, Halal tour packages, and Halal
finance. Therefore, under this perspective, Halal
tourism is formed by different subsectors which are
related to each other. Similarly, Battour and Ismail
(2016:151) defined Halal tourism as
any tourism object or action which is permissible according to Islamic teachings to use or engage by Muslims in the tourism industry.
In a nutshell,
Halal tourism can be understood as offering tourist services designed to meet the needs of Muslim tourists in accordance with their religious obligations and practices. Thus, the Muslim tourist wants to be able to travel and to visit other places of the world maintaining their usual forms of daily life and behaviours according to Islamic law (Vargas-Sánchez & Perano, 2018).
Nevertheless, consdering the critical review of Halal
tourism carried out by Moufakkir et al. (2019), it has to
be recognised, as a starting point to fairly understand
this market segment, that the Muslim tourist cannot be
stereotyped and reduced to one single mould: the travel
motivation is multifaceted, and religion is just one of
the factors, among many others, to be taken into
account when trying to know more about Muslim
tourist preferences and behaviours. The heterogeneous
character of this market segment is an intrinsic part of
its complexity, even in Muslim people’s approach to
religion and religiosity, in general in their lives and in
particular when travelling.
A recent in-depth literature review - a ‘state of the art’
review published by Vargas-Sánchez and Moral-Moral
(2019b) - has allowed us to identify three key
dimensions in Halal tourism: spiritual, ecological and
health aspects, which reflect its complex nature as a
construct. In addition, to develop the profile of this
segment, a number of factors (fifteen in total) have
been identified, that can be organised in three
theoretical blocks:
* Factors of economic character, influencing level
of attractiveness directly: size and growth; the
level of expenditure; adaptations of offer and
certifications; level of knowledge; seasonality
mitigation; impact of global geopolitics.
* Factors of social character derived from religious
Empirical Work: Methodology
Population and sample
Concerning the sample, from a total of 305
observations, only 249 were considered valid (81.6%),
that is, participants with a declared level of familiarity
with Halal tourism of at least 4 in a Likert-scale of 7
points. The breakdown follows: 59 professionals
(23.7%), 68 academics (27.3%) and 122 students
(49.0%). It has to be noted that this is a convenience
sample since the implementation of a random sampling
process was unworkable in this case, because of the
inexistence of well-defined populations.
Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support
~ 40 ~
One way to develop Halal tourism in Indonesia is the
Penta helix strategy involving academics, businesses,
local communities, government, and the media. The
government is the facilitator and policyholder, together
with other institutions managing the preparation and
development of Halal tourism. But in addition, there
are three important aspects in Halal tourism
development, namely the availability of Halal tourism
supporting industries, the willingness of districts or
cities to develop this type of tourism, and the existence
of business associations able to handle it (Pratiwi et al.,
2018).
Table 2: Theoretical Foundations of Items in the Questionnaire
Items Theoretical Foundations
Q5.01 - Spiritual dimension. Battour et al., 2010; Carboni & Janati, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Samori et al., 2016; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.
Q5.02 - Ecological dimension. Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.
Q5.03 - Health dimension. Henderson, 2010; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.
Q5.04 - Size and growth. Battour et al., 2011; Carboni & Janati, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Hamza et al., 2012; Henderson, 2010; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Mohsin et al., 2016; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Samori et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014; WTM, 2007; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.
Q5.05 - Level of expenditure. Battour & Ismail, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Stephenson, 2014; WTM, 2007.
Q5.06 - Religious and cultural similarities.
Henderson, 2010; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Sandikci, 2011; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.
Q5.07 - Diversity of origins and needs.
Henderson, 2010; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Mukhtar & Butt, 2012; Sandikci, 2011; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010; Zamani-Farahani & Musa, 2012.
Q5.08 - Adaptations of the offer and certifications.
Battour et al., 2010; Battour & Ismail, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Henderson, 2016; Moshin et al., 2016; Oktadiana et al., 2016.
Q5.09 - Level of information. Battour et al., 2011; Battour & Ismail, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Henderson, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Razzaq et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.
Q5.10 - Suitability of the experience for any type of public.
Jafari & Scott, 2014; Stephenson, 2014.
Q5.11 - Muslims as the target population.
Henderson, 2010; Scott & Jafari, 2010.
Q5.12 - Religious motivations. Battour et al., 2011; El-Gohary, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014.
Q5.13 - Particular food and catering services.
Battour et al., 2011; Battour & Ismail, 2016; Carboni & Janati, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Razzaq et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.
Q5.14 - Welcoming character of the resident population.
Carboni et al., 2014; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Shakona et al., 2015; Stephenson, 2014.
Q5.15 - Seasonality mitigation. Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.
Q5.16 - Impact of the global geopolitical situation.
Battour & Ismail, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.
Q5.17 - Capacity of integration in the host community.
Carboni et al., 2014; Carboni & Janati, 2016; Hamza et al., 2012; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.
Q5.18 - Potential for promoting mutual understanding.
Battour et al., 2010; Carboni & Janati, 2016; Moshin et al., 2016; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020
~ 41 ~
as a halal tourism destination, in a 7-points Likert
scale (Q4 item).
* Section 5 is the most complex, with eighteen items
(anticipated above in the ‘Haal tourism’
subsection) to be assessed in Likert scales from 1
to 7. Their corresponding theoretical foundations
are summarised in the Table 2.
* The last section (6) describes the socio-
demographic profile of the sample, with three items
- gender (Q6.1), age (Q6.2) and nationality (Q6.3)-,
which could also be useful to identify potential
significant statistical differences in the responses
collected.
Techniques applied
Univariate, bivariate and multivariate techniques were
applied for data processing, as detailed in the next
section. SPSS 20.0, WarpPLS 6.0 and fsQCA 2.0 were
used.
Results
Univariate analysis: descriptive statistics
These analytical processes have been calculated on the
above-mentioned 249 observations. Table 3 (divided
into two parts, 3a and 3b) summarises the descriptive
statistics of variables in the questionnaire.
Professionals in this research are those who work in
hotels or restaurants, academics are those who teach on
campus, and students are those who study hospitality.
The sample comes from the cities of Jakarta,
Yogyakarta and Bogor, in Java Island. Specifically,
students and academics come from Gadjah Mada
University and Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika
(located in Yogyakarta), and Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata
Bogor (the biggest school of tourism in Bogor). It is
relevant to note that respondents are originally from all
over Indonesia.
Instrument of measurement
Data were collected via questionnaire, which was
structured in six sections:
* The first section investigates the level of familiarity
with the concept of Halal tourism (Q1). This is
important because only the answers coming from
informants who have been rated by themselves
with a level of at least 4 (out of 7) have been
considered.
* The second informs on whether (yes or no) some
specific training (course, seminar, workshop or
similar) has been attended by the respondents (Q2
item).
* The third asks for a personal definition of Halal
tourism (Q3 item).
* The fourth ascertains the informant’s opinions on
whether Indonesia should decisively position itself
Table 3a: Descriptive statistics (sections 2, 4 and 6 of the questionnaire)
Sample Variable Values
Total
(n=249)
Q6.1: Gender 49.4% male; 50.6% female
Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 21; Median 23; Mean 28.9, Standard Deviation 11.6
Q6.3: Nationality 100% Indonesian
Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 29.3% yes; 70.7% no
Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.7, Standard Deviation 1.4
Professionals
(n=59)
Q6.1: Gender 49.2% male; 50.8% female
Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 28; Median 28; Mean 32.0, Standard Deviation 10.9
Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 18,6% yes; 81,4% no
Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.6, Standard Deviation 1.4
Academics
(n=68)
Q6.1: Gender 51.5% male; 48.5% female
Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 39; Median 39; Mean 40.8, Standard Deviation 10.2
Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 41,2% yes; 58,8% no
Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.8, Standard Deviation 1.5
Students
(n=122)
Q6.1: Gender 48.4% male; 51.6% female
Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 21; Median 20; Mean 20.8, Standard Deviation 3.2
Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 27,9% yes; 72,1% no
Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.8, Standard Deviation 1.2
Q5.11, that is:
* Academics appreciate more the size and growth
expectations of this market segment as a source of
attractiveness. Professionals, however, are more
cautious in this respect. Students are in between,
although closer to academics’ perception.
* Students value the diversity of tourists’ origins and
needs as a difficulty in managing this market
segment more than professionals and, particularly,
academics. The latter group appreciates this
potential barrier with less intensity.
* The group of students associate Halal tourism with
the Muslim population much more strongly than
professionals and, above all, academics. Academics
are not decisively inclined to make that association
of exclusivity between Halal tourism and Muslims.
Multivariate analysis: factor and cluster analysis
An exploratory factor analysis was carried out on the
data matrix composed of the 15 items in section 5 to
draw the profile of this market segment (Q5.04 to
Q5.18). Once checked its suitability was identified
with tests such as correlation matrix determinant,
Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support
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Bivariate analysis: statistically significant differences
The aim of this section is to find out if there are
statistically significant differences between the three
types of respondents (as outlined in Table 3a). The
Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for this purpose,
considering a p-value of 0.05.
About receiving specific training on Halal tourism, the
above-mentioned test showed the existence of
significant differences, clearly visible in the
corresponding contingency table: academics are, by
far, the group with the higher percentage of trained
people; at the opposite end of the scale are
professionals, where lack of training is more acute.
With regard to the question of whether Indonesia
should decisively position itself as a halal tourism
destination, no significant differences were found;
neither were differences identified concerning the level
of familiarity with this concept.
Once the test was administered to the 18 items in
section 5, significant differences were found in the
behaviour of the following items: Q5.04, Q5.07, and
Table 3b: Descriptive statistics (section 5 of the questionnaire)
Item (in a 7-points Likert scale) Mode Median Mean (St. Dev.)
Q5.01 - Spiritual dimension. 6 6 5.48 (1.32)
Q5.02 - Ecological dimension. 7 6 5.61 (1.32)
Q5.03 - Healthy dimension. 7 6 6.00 (1.21)
Q5.04 - Size and growth. 7 6 5.64 (1.37)
Q5.05 - Level of expenditure. 6 5 5.08 (1.49)
Q5.06 - Religious and cultural similarities. 6 6 5.36 (1.35)
Q5.07 - Diversity of origins and needs. 5 5 4.63 (1.67)
Q5.08 - Adaptations of the offer and certifications. 6 5 4.83 (1.59)
Q5.09 - Level of information. 5 5 5.17 (1.40)
Q5.10 - Suitability of the experience for any type of public. 6 6 5.38 (1.38)
Q5.11 - Muslims as target population. 6 5 4.98 (1.88)
Q5.12 - Religious motivations. 6 6 5.36 (1.51)
Q5.13 - Particular food and catering services. 6 6 5.63 (1.32)
Q5.14 - Welcoming character of the resident population. 6 6 5.63 (1.22)
Q5.15 - Seasonality mitigation. 5 5 5.05 (1.48)
Q5.16 - Impact of the global geopolitical situation. 6 5 5.06 (1.39)
Q5.17 - Capacity of integration in the host community. 5 5 4.61 (1.58)
Q5.18 - Potential for promoting mutual understanding. 6 6 5.75 (1.13)
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020
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Attractiveness (F4) - size and growth; together with
level of expenditure.
This exploratory factor analysis was complemented by
confirmatory factor analysis, reaffirming our results.
The latter was performed using WarpPLS 6.0 (Kock,
2017).
The rationale has been associated with various clusters
of informants. To do so, a hierarchical cluster analysis
has also been completed, using the Ward method and
the squared Euclidean distance. As a result, and based
on the dendrogram, seven clusters were identified, with
the following characteristics (a common feature is that
the healthy dimension of Halal tourism always scores
above the other two, ecological and spiritual):
* Cluster 1, the most numerous cluster by far
(composed of 106 observations, 42.6%), represents
moderate supporters of Indonesia as a Halal
tourism destination, with a balanced profile with
regard to the four factors under consideration,
slightly in favour of the appreciation of the
religious character and attractiveness of this market
segment.
* Cluster 2 (18 cases, 7.2%) is composed of the most
determined supporters of Indonesia positioning
itself as a halal tourism destination. They
Bartlett’s test of sphericity and the KMO (Kaiser-
Mayer-Olkin) index. Their outputs follow: Correlation
matrix determinant = 0.010; Bartlett’s test of
sphericity, Sig 0.000; KMO index = 0.802
As a data reduction technique, a Principal Component
Analysis was performed, using the Kaiser method for
component extraction and Varimax method for their
rotation. The ‘rotated components matrix’ which was
obtained as a result (with a proportion of variance
explained of 60.276%) is displayed in Table 4.
According to this output, the collective Mental
Construct of Halal tourism can be built around four
factors, which we have termed as follows:
Benefits (F1) - cultural similarities; suitable
experience for any type of public; tourists welcome
by resident population; seasonality mitigation; and
promotion of mutual understanding;
Barriers (F2) - diversity of origins and needs;
adaptations of the offer and certifications; lack of
information; the global geopolitical situation; and
potential difficulties of integration in host
communities;
Religiosity (F3) - Muslims population as exclusive
target; religious motivations; and diet requirements;
Table 4: Rotated Components Matrix
Item Components
F1 F2 F3 F4
Q5.04 - Size and growth. 0.515 -0.075 -0.016 0.564
Q5.05 - Level of expenditure. 0.285 -0.027 0.120 0.806
Q5.06 - Religious and cultural similarities. 0.581 -0.012 0.298 0.145
Q5.07 - Diversity of origins and needs. -0.192 0.512 0.268 0.498
Q5.08 - Adaptations of the offer and certifications. -0.140 0.532 0.245 0.466
Q5.09 - Level of information. 0.236 0.682 0.026 -0.120
Q5.10 - Suitability of the experience for any type of public. 0.713 0.092 -0.062 0.165
Q5.11 - Muslims as target population. -0.177 0.218 0.778 0.147
Q5.12 - Religious motivations. 0.196 0.106 0.784 -0.005
Q5.13 - Particular food and catering services. 0.391 0.095 0.594 0.247
Q5.14 - Welcoming character of the resident population. 0.797 0.074 0.144 -0.052
Q5.15 - Seasonality mitigation. 0.497 0.457 0.266 0.021
Q5.16 - Impact of the global geopolitical situation. 0.105 0.737 -0.013 0.065
Q5.17 - Capacity of integration in the host community. 0.021 0.676 0.411 0.025
Q5.18 - Potential for promoting mutual understanding. 0.786 0.175 -0.046 0.026
* Cluster 7 (30 cases, 12.0%) is formed of the least
determined supporters of Halal tourism. The vast
majority of them are males, who play down the
benefits and attractiveness of this market segment.
Consistently, the scores given to the three
dimensions of Halal tourism (spiritual, ecological
and healthy) are the lowest.
In sum, the three largest clusters (1, 5 & 7, in this
order) comprise more than two-thirds of the
observations, which represent, respectively, the
following profiles: balanced and moderated supporters
(Cluster 1), the youngest and most trained supporters
(Cluster 5), and the least determined supporters
(Cluster 7).
As a summary, Table 5 displays the features of these
seven clusters.
After the application of the Kruskal-Wallis H test to
the four identified factors, only in the case of F3
(religiosity), were significant differences found
between the three types of respondents. Specifically,
academics are those who appreciate this factor with
less intensity; on the opposite side are students; finally,
professionals are in an intermediate position.
As a final methodological step, a discriminant analysis
was executed in order to confirm this clustering,
resulting in the finding that 87.1% of the original
clustered cases were correctly classified.
Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support
~ 44 ~
particularly value the benefits of this market
segment and play down its religious profile. This
cluster also presents the highest scores of the three
considered dimensions of Halal tourism (spiritual,
ecological and healthy).
* Cluster 3 (19 cases, 7.6%) is composed of the
oldest and least trained supporters of Halal tourism.
Above all, they play down the barriers to deal with
this market segment, at the same time that gives
some importance to its attractiveness; as a result,
the level of support is moderate.
* Cluster 4 is the smallest (16 observations, 6.4%),
mostly formed by academics and professionals
with strong support for the idea of turning
Indonesia into a Halal destination. They mainly
value the benefits of this market segment, although
their perception of its attractiveness is not so
optimistic.
* Cluster 5 (35 cases, 14.1%), the second in size,
contains the youngest and most trained supporters,
mostly students. The support of this group is also
strong, rooted in appreciation of the attractiveness
of this market, although the perception of barriers
to its development is even more remarkable.
* Cluster 6 (25 cases, 10.0%) is mainly formed of
male academics, trained above average, who offer
moderate support for Halal tourism in Indonesia.
Firstly, they don't particularly underscore the
religious profile of this segment but, secondly, they
pay special attention to the barriers to be overcome.
Table 5: Clusters Characteristics
Cluster
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Q5.01 (mean) 5.47 6.17 5.32 5.94 6.03 5.04 4.67
Q5.02 (mean) 5.38 6.44 5.47 6.31 6.2 5.76 4.8
Q5.03 (mean) 6 6.82 5.74 6.27 6.31 6.2 5
F1 (mean) -0.08 1.41 -0.27 0.81 0.38 -0.09 -1.19
F2 (mean) -0.1 -0.5 -2 0.49 1.02 0.69 -0.12
F3 (mean) 0.4 -0.88 -0.35 0.74 0.44 -1,95 0.06
F4 (mean) 0.28 0.16 0.58 -1,96 0.6 0.17 -1.25
Prof. (%) 23.6 33.3 21.1 37.5 11.4 12 36.7
Acad. (%) 25.5 27.8 36.8 43.8 2.9 60 20
Stud. (%) 50.9 38.9 42.1 18.8 85.7 28 43.3
Males (%) 44.3 44.4 52.6 43.8 42.9 60 70
Age (mean) 28.39 34.28 34.72 31.88 21.2 34 27.5
Training (%) 23.6 38.9 5.3 31.3 48.6 44 23.3
Indon. as H.T.D. (mean) 5.89 6.5 5.11 6.19 6.14 5.6 4.67
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020
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Figure 2: Model 2
The next step integrates the four factors under which
attributes describing the profile of Halal tourism have
been grouped with the three key dimensions - the result
is displayed in Model 3 (Figure 3).
Figure 3: Model 3
As a result of the intersections between the variables in
the model, R2 of the dependent variable has risen to
38%, with the same influencing significant factors (F1
and F4) and the same relative importance (‘Benefits’
and ‘Attractiveness’, in this order). However, from the
dimensions’ point of view, the spiritual one becomes
the only influential one, while ecological awareness
vanishes.
In an attempt to understand this last finding, the fsQCA
(fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis) tool was
used, specifically its 2.0 version. This is a software that
uses combinatorial logic, fuzzy set theory and Boolean
minimisation to work out what combinations of case
Structural Equation Models (SEM) models
As anticipated in the introduction, getting an insight
into the influencing factors on the collective opinion
about whether Indonesia should position itself as a
halal tourism destination is our final aim. With it in
mind, several models have been tested, taking this
variable (INDON_HD) as the dependent one and using
the PLS technique (WarpPLS 6.0).
In the first test (Model 1), the four above-mentioned
factors have been taken as explanatory variables,
producing the following output (Figure 1):
Figure 1: Model 1
Only two factors have a significant effect on the
variable to be explained: being F1 (‘Benefits’) and F4
(‘Attractiveness’), with the first one the most
influential. Therefore, the more the respondents
appreciate the potential benefits of this market segment
and its attractiveness, the more they are to favour the
positioning of Indonesia as a Halal tourism destination.
Nevertheless, the level of R2 is quite low, which
indicates that other variables are still needed to explain
better the dependent variable.
In an attempt to find out ways to raise the explanatory
capacity of the model, we have tested the impact of the
three dimensions (spiritual, ecological and healthy) of
Halal tourism, leading to Model 2 (Figure 2)
Only the spiritual and ecological dimensions of Halal
tourism have significant effects on the dependent
variable, the former being the most influential,
considering the corresponding path coefficients.
Consequently, the more Halal tourism is perceived as
related to the search for inner wellbeing and ecological
awareness, the more favourable the opinion relative to
positioning Indonesia as a Halal destination.
From the eight possible configurations, only three of
them (with a raw consistency above 0.8) were
considered sufficient, as display in Table 6a.
Once the standard analysis of that table was performed,
the three solutions provided by the program (complex,
parsimonious and intermediate) were coincident. The
output obtained is summarised in Table 6b.
As a result, appreciation for the spiritual dimension of
Halal tourism, that is, its focus on people’s inner
wellbeing, can be considered the necessary condition
for support of positioning Indonesia as a Halal tourism
destination, while the other two dimensions are
interchangeable [Spiritual * (Healthy + Ecological)].
This finding helps to explain the previous one.
Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support
~ 46 ~
characteristics may be necessary or sufficient to
produce an outcome (Ragin, 2008). In this research, the
outcome is our dependent variable (the opinion about
Indonesia as a Halal tourism destination) and the
characteristics or causal conditions are the three
independent variables corresponding to the three
dimensions (spiritual, ecological and healthy) of Halal
tourism.
For the application of this technique, crisp sets were
created for the four variables involved, with binary
values for each observation. As the original scores
were allocated in 7-point Likert scales, the conversion
was done as follows: a record of 0 (non-membership)
was allocated to those values below 5 (1, 2, 3 and 4)
and a record of 1 (membership) to those values over 4
(5, 6 and 7).
Table 6a: True Table
Spiritual Ecological Healthy Number Halal Destination Raw Consistency
1 1 1 191 1 0.942408
1 0 1 17 1 0.882353
1 1 0 6 1 0.833333
Table 6b: True Table Analysis
Sufficient Configuration Raw coverage Unique Coverage Consistency
Spiritual * Ecological 0.780591 0.021097 0.939086
Spiritual * Healthy 0.822785 0.063291 0.937500
Solution coverage: 0.843882; Solution consistency: 0.934579
Table 7: Model Fit and Quality Indices
Parameter Model 1 Model 2 Model 3
Average path coefficient (APC) 0.153,
P=0.003
0.202,
P<0.001
0.129,
P=0.009
Average R-squared (ARS) 0.260,
P<0.001
0.273,
P<0.001
0.384,
P<0.001
Average adjusted R-squared (AARS) 0.248,
P<0.001
0.264,
P<0.001
0.366,
P<0.001
Average block VIF (AVIF) 1.233 1.563 1.491
Average full collinearity VIF (AFVIF) 1.399 1.532 1.580
Tenenhaus GoF (GoF) 0.416 0.522 0.551
Sympson's paradox ratio (SPR) 1.000 1.000 1.000
R-squared contribution ratio (RSCR) 1.000 1.000 1.000
Statistical suppression ratio (SSR) 1.000 1.000 1.000
Nonlinear bivariate causality direction ratio (NLBCDR) 1.000 1.000 1.000
Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020
~ 47 ~
condition (while the other two dimensions appear as
interchangeable). Therefore, for gaining people'
support, the inner-wellbeing that this type of tourism
can offer, together with its benefits (not of economic
nature only, but social as well) and its level of
attractiveness (because of its size, growth, and level of
expenditure) should be emphasised by public
authorities.
In line with the above-mentioned conclusions, some
recommendations follow, as practical implications of
this study:
Intensify the acceptance of Halal tourism with actions
(including training) aimed at tourism professionals,
academics and students in Indonesia.
Maximise sales promotion through various channels
to push Halal tourism, which still sounds foreign to
tourists in general
Develop this market segment in potential destinations
in Indonesia through the improvement and addition
of Halal tourism attributes, particularly those more
influential on people's' support.
Enhance the role of businesses in marketing Halal
tourism packages to spread this distinctive offer.
This study is not without limitations. Specifically,
respondents' data are limited to the people who live in
Java Island, while Indonesia has other (and large)
islands that could be targeted to get more responses.
Thus, the size and scope of the sample should be
enlarged.
Consequently, in future pieces of research on Halal
tourism in Indonesia, primary data should also be
collected on islands such as Sumatra, Bali or Lombok,
which have many tourist attractions that reinforce the
potential of Indonesian Halal destinations. Extra efforts
should also be made to understand the role of
dimensions and factors that have emerged in this
research as influential in the explanation of the
dependent variable in our model.
Finally, the generalisation of findings is certainly an
issue in case-based pieces of research. To advance this
process, the same methodology is being replicated in
other countries, and such research has already been
partially undertaken in the UAE (Vargas-Sánchez and
Fotiadis, 2019).
Concerning constructs’ reliability and validity, their
Composite Reliabilities (CR) and Average Variances
Extracted (AVE) follow.
CR: F1, 0.834; F2, 0.817; F3, 0.820; F4, 0.855.
AVE: F1, 0.506; F2, 0.473 (slightly below the
threshold of 0.5, but very close to it); F3, 0.604;
F4, 0.747.
In addition, all the correlations among latent variables
are lower than the corresponding square root of AVE.
As a result, it can be asserted that the requirements for
reliability and validity (both convergent and
discriminant) are fulfilled.
Finally, model fit and quality indices of our three
models (all of them reflective) are summarised above
in Table 7.
Conclusions, Recommendations, Limitations and Future Research
In general, training on Halal Tourism needs to be
reinforced, particularly among tourism professionals.
Perhaps, the more acute lack of training in this group
helps to understand participants’ more cautious
appraisal of the attractiveness of this market segment in
terms of size and growth, supported by official figures.
The significant differences found in the perceptions of
some attributes of Halal tourism allow an
understanding of the existence of certain levels of
disparity, or even confusion, in their interpretation.
This relative unclarity feeds back the need for an extra
training effort on this subject.
The collective mental construct in Indonesia about
Halal tourism is currently built around four axes:
benefits, barriers, religiosity and attractiveness. To this
respect, most of the people show a balanced profile,
with relatively moderate support, although clear, for
the development of Halal tourism in this country. This
finding is consistent with the study on Indonesian
Generation Z carried out by Vargas-Sánchez and
Perano (2018).
Appreciation for the benefits and attractiveness of this
market segment, in this order, are the two factors
(among the four mentioned in the previous paragraph)
with a significant influence over support for the idea of
positioning Indonesia as a Halal destination. In
addition, the importance given to spiritual dimensions
also influences positively that support, as a necessary
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Perceptions of Halal Tourism inIndonesia: Mental Constructs
and Perceptions of Halal Tourismin Indonesia: Mental Constructs
and Level of Supportby Ani Wijayanti
Submission date: 02-Jun-2020 04:54AM (UTC+0300)Submission ID: 1336233870File name: Perceptions_of_Halal_Tourism_in_Indonesi.pdf (718.66K)Word count: 7400Character count: 39399
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Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andPerceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andLevel of SupportORIGINALITY REPORT
PRIMARY SOURCES
network.bepress.comInternet Source
arrow.tudublin.ieInternet Source
www.tandfonline.comInternet Source
Submitted to Pusan National University LibraryStudent Paper
www.iais.org.myInternet Source
ictdt.netInternet Source
fe.unj.ac.idInternet Source
Alfonso Vargas-Sánchez, María Moral-Moral."Halal tourism: literature review and experts’
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view", Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2019Publication
www.cmi.manchester.ac.ukInternet Source
ccsenet.orgInternet Source
Heesup Han, Amr Al-Ansi, Hossein G.T. Olya,Wansoo Kim. "Exploring halal-friendlydestination attributes in South Korea:Perceptions and behaviors of Muslim travelerstoward a non-Muslim destination", TourismManagement, 2019Publication
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propertibazar.comInternet Source
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Erhan Boğan, Bekir Bora Dedeoğlu, OrhanBatman, Recep Yıldırgan. "Exploring thepredictors of prospective employees' job pursuitintention in Muslim-friendly hotels", TourismManagement Perspectives, 2020Publication
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Janthorn Sinthupundaja, Navee Chiadamrong,Youji Kohda. "Knowledge acquisition from intra-and inter-organisational relationships, CSR andfinancial performance", International Journal ofKnowledge Management Studies, 2020Publication
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newsroom.mastercard.comInternet Source
stpbogor.ac.idInternet Source
www.emeraldinsight.comInternet Source
Yvette Reisinger, Omar Moufakkir. "Culturalissues in tourism, hospitality and leisure in theArab/Muslim world", International Journal ofCulture, Tourism and Hospitality Research,2015Publication
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Amr Al-Ansi, Heesup Han. "Role of halal-friendlydestination performances, value, satisfaction,and trust in generating destination image andloyalty", Journal of Destination Marketing &Management, 2019Publication
Submitted to Indian Institute of Management
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Student Paper
www.mdpi.comInternet Source
studylib.netInternet Source
mafiadoc.comInternet Source
vuir.vu.edu.auInternet Source
hkn.eecs.berkeley.eduInternet Source
Submitted to Buckinghamshire ChilternsUniversity CollegeStudent Paper
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Kuan-Huei Lee, Amelia Binte Mohd Iesham."Muslim Travelers' Food Sensitivity, Travel, andAccommodation Choices", Journal ofGastronomy and Tourism, 2019Publication
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Roko Patria Jati (Editor), Zakiyuddin (Editor),Noor Malihah (Editor). "ICONIS Book Two",ATTARBIYAH, 2018Publication
hrcak.srce.hrInternet Source
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Ali Ahmed Abdelkader. "Measuring Service
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Exclude quotes Off
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Quality of the Muslim Friendly Hotels in Englandand its Impact on Behavioural Intention",International Journal of Customer RelationshipMarketing and Management, 2015Publication
Salman Yousaf, Fan Xiucheng. "Halal culinaryand tourism marketing strategies on governmentwebsites: A preliminary analysis", TourismManagement, 2018Publication
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FINAL GRADE
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Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andPerceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andLevel of SupportGRADEMARK REPORT
GENERAL COMMENTS
Instructor
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02/06/2020 International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
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International Journal of Religious Tourism andPilgrimage
Country Ireland - SIR Ranking of Ireland 2H Index
Subject Area andCategory
Arts and HumanitiesReligious Studies
Business, Management and AccountingTourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management
Publisher Dublin Institute of Technology
Publication type Journals
ISSN 20097379
Coverage 2017-ongoing
Scope This journal aims to be the leading international journal for all those concerned with Religious Tourism and
Enter Journal Title, ISSN or Publisher Name
02/06/2020 International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage
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Pilgrimage. The journal takes an interdisciplinary international approach and includes all aspects of ReligiousTourism and Pilgrimage. It is inclusive of all denominations, religions, faiths and spiritual practices. The journal'sonline platform facilitates a truly integrative approach. While the main emphasis is on primary research articles, italso welcomes suitably relevant discussion papers, research / review pieces, industry focused case studies andevaluations, management guides and reports, economic evaluations, book reviews, announcements offorthcoming meetings etc. Papers / articles should be relevant to both academics and practitioners All papers aresubject to ‘double – blind – review’. Papers can include a variety of media elements including audio and visual�les, a range of image formats and hyperlinks to websites and other online resources.
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Quartiles
The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green)comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the thirdhighest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.
Category Year QuartileReligious Studies 2018 Q2Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management 2018 Q4
SJR Citations per document
2018
Religious Studies
Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management
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The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator thatranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It isbased on the idea that 'all citations are not createdequal'. SJR is a measure of scienti�c in�uence ofjournals that accounts for both the number of citationsreceived by a journal and the importance or prestige ofthe journals where such citations come from Itmeasures the scienti�c in�uence of the average articlein a journal it expresses how central to the global
This indicator counts the number of citations received bydocuments from a journal and divides them by the totalnumber of documents published in that journal. The chartshows the evolution of the average number of timesdocuments published in a journal in the past two, three andfour years have been cited in the current year. The twoyears line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™(Thomson Reuters) metric.
Cites per document Year ValueCites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 0.000Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.269Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2017 0.000Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2018 0.269Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2017 0.000Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2018 0.269
Total Cites Self-Cites
Evolution of the total number of citations and journal'sself-citations received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years.Journal Self-citation is de�ned as the number of citationfrom a journal citing article to articles published by thesame journal.
Cites Year ValueS lf Cit 2017 0
External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc
Evolution of the number of total citation per documentand external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years. Externalcitations are calculated by subtracting the number ofself-citations from the total number of citations receivedby the journal’s documents.
% International Collaboration
International Collaboration accounts for the articles thathave been produced by researchers from severalcountries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal'sdocuments signed by researchers from more than onecountry; that is including more than one country address.
2018
0.15
Cites / Doc. (4 years)Cites / Doc. (3 years)Cites / Doc. (2 years)
2017 2018
0
0.07
0.14
0.21
0.28
0.35
2017 2018
0
4
8
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Cites Year ValueYear International CollaborationYear International Collaboration2017 26 92
Citable documents Non-citable documents
Not every article in a journal is considered primaryresearch and therefore "citable", this chart shows theratio of a journal's articles including substantial research(research articles, conference papers and reviews) inthree year windows vs. those documents other thanresearch articles, reviews and conference papers.
Documents Year ValueN it bl d t 2017 0
Cited documents Uncited documents
Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three yearswindows, that have been cited at least once vs. thosenot cited during the following year.
Documents Year ValueUncited documents 2017 0Uncited documents 2018 20Cited documents 2017 0Cited documents 2018 6
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0.4 40
2017 2018
0
20
40
2017 2018
0
20
40