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Page 1: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy
Page 2: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/about.html 1/1

International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)

About This Journal

The International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage is a high-quality, international, open access, online, double blind reviewed publication whichdeals with all aspects of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. The International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage (IJRTP) was founded in 2013 by aninternational group of researchers (the Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Expert Group). The journal is published by the Dublin Institute of Technology, CathalBrugha Campus, Dublin, Ireland. All articles in this journal are full text and available on open access.

The journal takes an interdisciplinary international approach and includes all aspects of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. It is inclusive of all denominations,religions, faiths and spiritual practices. The journal's online platform facilitates a truly integrative approach. While the main emphasis is on primary researcharticles, it also welcomes suitably relevant discussion papers, research / review pieces, industry focused case studies and evaluations, management guidesand reports, economic evaluations, book reviews, announcements of forthcoming meetings etc. Papers / articles should be relevant to both academics andpractitioners. All papers are subject to ‘double – blind – review’. Papers can include a variety of media elements including audio and visual files, a range ofimage formats and hyperlinks to websites and other online resources.

Page 3: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 Editorial Board | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

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International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)

Editors

Kevin Griffin, Technological University Dublin

Razaq Raj, Leeds Beckett University

Book Review Editor

Carlos Fernandes, Polytechnic Institute of Viana do Castelo, Portugal

Editorial Board

Abdus Sattar Abbasi, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Lahore, Pakistan

Vitor Ambrosio, Escola Superior de Hotelaria et Turismo do Estoril, Portugal

Silvia Aulet, Universitat de Girona, Spain

Ernest Azzopardi, Malta

Dino Bozonelos, Victor Valley College, USA

Stefania Cerutti, Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale, Italy

Page 4: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 Editorial Board | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

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Jaeyeon Choe, Bournemouth University, UK

Alan Clarke, University of Pannonia, Hungary

Noga Collin-Kreiner, University of Haifa, Israel

Michael A. Di Giovine, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, USA

Ruth Dowson, Leeds Beckett University, UK

Alexandra Drule (Tirca), Universitatea Babes-Bolyai din Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Tomasz Duda, University of Szczecin, Poland

John Eade, Roehampton University, UK

Jonathan Edwards, Bournemouth University, UK

Maureen Griffiths, Monash University, Australia

Muhsin Kar, Necmettin Erbakan University, Turkey

Darius Liutikas, Lithuanian Social Research Centre, Vilnius, Lithuania

Yoel Mansfeld, University of Haifa, Israel

Frances McGettigan, Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland

Page 5: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 Editorial Board | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/editorialboard.html 3/5

Alison McIntosh, University of Waikato, New Zealand

Ian S. McIntosh, Indiana University Purdue University at Indianapolis, USA

Nigel Morpeth, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK

Dane Munro, University of Malta, Malta

Daniel Olsen, Brigham Young University, USA

Danijel Pavlović, Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia

Elisa Piva, University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

Jahanzeeb Qurashi, University of Central Lancashire, UK

Tahir Rashid, University of Salford, UK

Ian Rotherham, Sheffield Hallam University, UK

Xose Santos, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Kiran Shinde, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deeemed University, India

Rana Singh, Banaras Hindu University, India

Dallen J. Timothy, Arizona State University, USA

Page 6: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 Editorial Board | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/editorialboard.html 4/5

Anna Trono, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy

Roger Vaughan, Bournemouth University, UK

Craig Webster, Ball State University, USA

Peter Wiltshier, University of Derby, Buxton, UK

Shin Yasuda, Takasaki City University of Economics, Japan

Vincent Zammit, Institute of Tourism Studies, Malta

Industry Advisory Board

Luc Durand, Ipsos Marketing, Canada

Tariq ElHadary, Scholarships Office, MOPA, Ministry of Education, UAE

Christos Petreas, Committee for Pilgrimage Tours and Development of Religious Tourism of the Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, Greece

John Winton, Churches Tourism Network, Wales

Kevin Wright, USA

Page 7: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 Editorial Board | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/editorialboard.html 5/5

Book Reviews

The journal welcomes books for review. The process will be managed by its dedicated Book Review Editor

Editorial BoardThe Editors and the Book Review Editor are supported in their work by an international Editorial Board. Members of the Board are responsible for two tasks.

1. Board members are ambassadors for the IJRTP. They will assist the Editors in disseminating awareness of the journal, identifying and inviting authors to submit material to IJRTP,and assist in the identification and co-ordination of reviewers.

2. IJRTP is an independent, online, flexible format journal, and the Board members are encouraged to identify strengths and weaknesses as it develops over time, and to introducenew and exciting ideas in its administration and management. Their job therefore, is to support and perhaps even challenge the status quo of the IJRTP.

Industry Advisory Board

An innovative development in the IJRTP is the inclusion of an Industry Advisory Board, which will include international practitioners whose expertise lies withinthe remit of the Journal. This group will have much the same role as the Editorial Committee, but in this instance they will have an industry focus. Their inputshould ensure that the IJRTP maintains a dual academic AND practice-based focus, remains relevant for industry, and thus, is more meaningful and relevantfor all interested parties.

Page 8: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 Aims & Scope | journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

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International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)

Aims & Scope

This journal aims to be the leading international journal for all those concerned with Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage.

The journal takes an interdisciplinary international approach and includes all aspects of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage. It is inclusive of all denominations,religions, faiths and spiritual practices. The journal's online platform facilitates a truly integrative approach. While the main emphasis is on primary researcharticles, it also welcomes suitably relevant discussion papers, research / review pieces, industry focused case studies and evaluations, management guidesand reports, economic evaluations, book reviews, announcements of forthcoming meetings etc. Papers / articles should be relevant to both academics andpractitioners

All papers are subject to ‘double – blind – review’. Papers can include a variety of media elements including audio and visual files, a range of image formatsand hyperlinks to websites and other online resources.

Page 9: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

02/06/2020 journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

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International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp)

Editors

Editor-in-Chief: Editor Name, Editor Institution

Editors:Editor Name, Editor Institution

Editor Name, Editor Institution

Follow (http://network.bepress.com/api/follow/subscribe?publication=MzM5ZmM3NDhkNDExMGZiMQ%3D%3D&format=html)

Editors

Dr. Kevin Griffin, Technological University Dublin

Dr. Razaq Raj, Leeds Beckett University

IJRTP is a member of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) (http://doaj.org/) . The journal is free for authors and the editorial staff comply with thecode of conduct (https://publicationethics.org/resources/code-conduct) of COPE: the Committee on Publication Ethics.

All materials are covered by Creative Commons Licences and authors can select which licence suits their purpose. Licences available are CC Attribution 4.0,CC Attribution–Share Alike 4.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0, CC Attribution 3.0, CC Attribution-NoDerivative Works 3.0, CC Attribution-Noncommerical 3.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0, CC Attribution-Noncommercial-No Dervative Works3.0.

'This journal has now been accepted into the Scopus Abstract and Citation database for indexing.

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Current Issue: Volume 8, Issue 4 (2020)

Editorial

IJRTP Title Page and Table of Contents Vol. 8(4) (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/1) Kevin A. Griffin, Razaq Raj, and Carlos Fernandes

Academic Papers

(Re)Inscribing Meaning: Embodied Religious-spiritual Practices at Croagh Patrick and Our Lady’s Island, Ireland (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/2) Richard Scriven and Eoin O'Mahony

Anchorite Sacred Caves in Serbia: Balancing Between Pilgrimage and Religious Tourism Development (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/3) Aleksandar Antić

Map data ©2020

The Effects of Terrorism on the Travel and Tourism IndustryDavid Mc. A Baker

Reader from: Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

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02/06/2020 journal about religious tourism and pilgrimage | Journals Published Through Arrow | Technological University Dublin

https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/ 3/3

Star Rating Factors for Umrah Services: The Perspectives of Umrah Operators and Consumers (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/4) Amran Harun, Aini Khalida Muslim, Dzunnur Dzail, and Bestoon Abdulmaged Othman

Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/5) Alfonso Vargas-Sanchez, Dina Hariani, and Ani Wijayanti

Branding the Sacral Landscape: Religious Content in Regional Tourism Marketing, Set in a Post-secular Society (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/6) Markus Hilpert

Case Study

Investigating the Potential of Ancient Religious Sites in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewhido Church for Religious Tourism Development: The Case of KirstosSemra (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/7) dagnachew nega

Improving the Economy of Local Communities Through Innovation of the Potential of Shariah-Based Natural Tourism in East Java(https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/8) Maula Fadhilata Rahmatika and Agus Suman

Pilgrimage Circuit of Osun Osogbo Sacred Grove and Shrine, Osun State, Nigeria (https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/9) Emeka E. Okonkwo and Afamefuna P. Eyisi

Page 12: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

International Journal of Religious Tourism and International Journal of Religious Tourism and

Pilgrimage Pilgrimage

Volume 8 Issue 4 Article 5

2020

Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and

Level of Support Level of Support

Alfonso Vargas-Sanchez University of Huelva, [email protected]

Dina Hariani Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bogor, [email protected]

Ani Wijayanti Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika, [email protected]

Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp

Part of the Tourism and Travel Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation Vargas-Sanchez, Alfonso; Hariani, Dina; and Wijayanti, Ani (2020) "Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support," International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage: Vol. 8: Iss. 4, Article 5. Available at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/vol8/iss4/5

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License.

Page 13: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support

Volume 8(iv) 2020

Introduction

Tourism is the second-largest sector and contributor to

foreign exchange in Indonesia, after Palm Oil,

according to the Ministry of Tourism (2016). In spite

of its current importance, it is broadly recognised that

one of the tourism potentials that can be further

developed in Indonesia is Halal tourism, which is one

of the fastest developing market segments in the world.

The number of Muslim travellers continues to increase

each year, pushing the need for Halal products and

services in tourist destinations.

As a country with a clear Muslim majority and the

largest Muslim population in the world, Halal tourism

has enormous potential in Indonesia. Even in non-OIC

countries, the Halal tourism industry needs to be

prepared to meet Muslims’ tourist needs when

travelling, such as Halal food (Vargas-Sánchez &

Moral-Moral, 2019a) and places of worship. But OIC

countries (Malaysia, Indonesia and others) already

provide a lot of Halal food, places of worship, etc.,

because these are normal habits and daily needs of

Muslims in their countries.

The Indonesian government has begun to develop the

country as a Halal tourist destination. Thus, based on

the Global Muslim Travel Index (elaborated by

MasterCard and CrescentRating) in 2016, 2017 and

2018, Indonesia's ranking within the top 10 Halal

destinations has continued to improve. Finally, in 2019

Indonesia reached the same score as Malaysia and

© International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage ISSN : 2009-7379 Available at: http://arrow.tudublin.ie/ijrtp/

Alfonso Vargas-Sanchez University of Huelva, Spain [email protected]

Dina Hariani Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Bogor, Indonesia [email protected]

Ani Wijayanti Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika, Indonseia [email protected]

Tourism is one of the leading sectors for the Indonesian government to increase foreign exchange. Indonesia has many tourist destinations that attract domestic and foreign tourists. In line with the development of Halal tourism trends, the Indonesian government has begun to develop several enclaves such as Lombok and Aceh as Halal destinations. Indonesia has the largest Muslim population of all countries in the world, and it is estimated that around 13 percent of the global Muslims live in the country. As a Muslim-majority country, it should be easier to implement Halal tourism than in other non-Muslim countries, but this is still a relatively new concept for Indonesians. In this vein, the main purpose of this research is to examine and contribute to understanding the Indonesian population's perception of Halal tourism. A structured questionnaire was employed to elicit responses from local people linked to tourism (namely tourism professionals, academics and students), concluding that extra training efforts are needed. The collective mental constructs about Halal tourism has been characterised (built around four axes: benefits, barriers, religiosity and attractiveness) and the main factors to be emphasised in order to gain people’ support have been identified (benefits and attractiveness, together with awareness about the spiritual dimensions of Halal tourism). Currently, support is clear, but moderate for the development of this type of tourism in Indonesia. With regard to appreciation of its spiritual dimension (that is, its focus on people’s inner wellbeing) compared with other dimensions (healthy and ecological), the spiritual imprint can be considered as the most necessary condition in gaining support for the positioning of Indonesia as a Halal tourism destination, while the others appear as optional. In addition to the above-mentioned conclusions, some recommendations have arisen, for instance, those related to the need for extra effort for the socialisation and promotion of Halalness in tourism. Finally, limitations of this research are recognised and some future research avenues are proposed.

Key Words: Halal tourism, Halal destination, Indonesia, perception

~ 37 ~

Page 14: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

Theoretical Framework

Halal tourism

As recognised by Haddad et al. (2019), a variety of

terms have been used to express the linkage between

Islamic law and tourism. In fact, the term ‘Halal

tourism’ has been used in the literature as

interchangeable (inaccurately to some extent) with

others such as ‘Shariah tourism’, ‘Islamic tourism’, or

‘Muslim-friendly tourism’, which has led to a certain

degree of confusion. Nevertheless, the most preferable

use is the term ‘Halal Tourism’, according to the

definitions of El-Gohary (2016).

Bearing in mind that, in all aspects of life, a Muslim is

expected to benefit from what is considered Halal

(permitted) and abstain from Haram (forbidden),

Duman (2011:6) makes clear that:

From this point of view, categorization of tourism-related goods and services that are designed, produced and presented to the markets according to Islamic rules (Shariah) can be considered under Halal tourism. Such use of the terminology about touristic goods and services is already common in daily usage.

Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support

~ 38 ~

ranked number 1 together with that country (Table 1).

For the first time since this index was launched,

Malaysia is sharing the top position with Indonesia.

The improvements in this ranking reflect successes in

efforts to educate the industry on the opportunities

presented by the Muslim travel market.

Considering the weight of Indonesia in the Muslim

world, the main purpose of this research is to examine

the perception of Halal tourism by Indonesian people

linked to tourism as professionals, academics and

students, particularly about its dimensions and

characteristics, trying to understand the collective

opinion on whether this country should seek to position

itself as a halal tourism destination and how it has been

formed. Our findings could help to focus private and,

especially, public authorities’ efforts in this regard.

After this introduction, a number of sections follow:

firstly, the theoretical framework of this research;

secondly, the methodology utilised in our empirical

work; thirdly, the results obtained; and fourthly, the

conclusions reached, including recommendations,

limitations and suggestions for future research avenues.

Table 1: Top 10 OIC Destinations

2016 Country Score 2017 Country Score 2018 Country Score 2018 Country Score

1 Malaysia 81.9 1 Malaysia 82.5 1 Malaysia 80.6 1 Malaysia 78

2 UAE 74.7 2 UAE 76.9 2 Indonesia 72.8 2 Indonesia 78

3 Turkey 73.9 3 Indonesia 72.6 3 UAE 72.8 3 Turkey 75

4 Indonesia 70.6 4 Turkey 72.4 4 Turkey 69.1 4 Saudi Ar. 72

5 Qatar 70.5 5 Saudi Ar. 71.4 5 Saudi Ar. 68.7 5 UAE 71

6 Saudi Ar. 70.4 6 Qatar 70.5 6 Qatar 66.2 6 Qatar 68

7 Oman 70.3 7 Morocco 68.1 7 Bahrain 65.9 7 Morocco 67

8 Morocco 68.3 8 Oman 67.9 8 Oman 65.1 8 Bahrain 66

9 Jordan 65.4 9 Bahrain 67.9 9 Morocco 61.7 9 Oman 66

10 Bahrain 63.3 10 Iran 66.8 10 Kuwait 60.5 10 Brunei 65

Source: Global Muslim Travel Index. Mastercard-CrescentRating (2016, 2017, 2018, 2019). Available at: https://www.crescentrating.com/Halal-muslim-travel-market-reports.html

Page 15: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020

~ 39 ~

background: religious and cultural peculiarities;

diversity of origin and need; Muslims as target

population; religious motivations; food and

catering services.

* Factors of social character that can promote

cultural integration to some extent: suitability of

experience for any type of public; the welcoming

character of the resident population; capacity for

integration in the host community; potential for

promoting mutual understanding.

The corresponding theoretical foundations, which have

served in the design of our questionnaire for primary

data collection, are detailed in table 2.

Halal tourism in Indonesia

The implementation of Halal tourism in Indonesia is

not universally interpreted by stakeholders. The Halal

concept is seen as a motivator to increase the number

of tourists, but is typically mixed with a variety of

factors that include value-added products and the

existence of non-Halal products, such as alcoholic

beverages. This has become a tough challenge for

businesses in their attempt to implement Halal tourism

without losing existing market segments (Laras &

Gunawijaya, 2017).

Nevertheless, the idea that Halal tourism does not limit

the market, but expands it, is gaining momentum, if the

concept of extended facilities and services is put into

practice. Under this approach, with no need to make

anything new, the requirements of Muslim tourists

could be met. Following Laras and Gunawijaya (2017),

Halal markets are grouped into three categories,

namely; conventional tourists, moderate Muslim

tourists, and conservative Muslim tourists.

Conventional markets that have been established must

be maintained, while the Muslim market segments

begin to be worked on.

The Halal tourism concept in Indonesia still has not

found stability, since stakeholders are still

experiencing confusion on the implementation of the

Halal concept. However, Yogyakarta has been able to

fulfil the criteria of the Halal tourism concept, as can

be seen from the results of a survey carried out in 2016

with tourists in that city: more than 80% of

respondents recognised the facilities adhering to the

Halal concept (including accommodation, restaurants,

and places of worship) and more than 90% stated that

there were services that fit the Halal concept (Pratiwi,

2016).

More specifically, for Akyol and Kilinc (2014), in their

characterisation of this market niche, Halal tourism

includes Halal hotels, Halal transport (Halal airlines),

Halal food / restaurants, Halal tour packages, and Halal

finance. Therefore, under this perspective, Halal

tourism is formed by different subsectors which are

related to each other. Similarly, Battour and Ismail

(2016:151) defined Halal tourism as

any tourism object or action which is permissible according to Islamic teachings to use or engage by Muslims in the tourism industry.

In a nutshell,

Halal tourism can be understood as offering tourist services designed to meet the needs of Muslim tourists in accordance with their religious obligations and practices. Thus, the Muslim tourist wants to be able to travel and to visit other places of the world maintaining their usual forms of daily life and behaviours according to Islamic law (Vargas-Sánchez & Perano, 2018).

Nevertheless, consdering the critical review of Halal

tourism carried out by Moufakkir et al. (2019), it has to

be recognised, as a starting point to fairly understand

this market segment, that the Muslim tourist cannot be

stereotyped and reduced to one single mould: the travel

motivation is multifaceted, and religion is just one of

the factors, among many others, to be taken into

account when trying to know more about Muslim

tourist preferences and behaviours. The heterogeneous

character of this market segment is an intrinsic part of

its complexity, even in Muslim people’s approach to

religion and religiosity, in general in their lives and in

particular when travelling.

A recent in-depth literature review - a ‘state of the art’

review published by Vargas-Sánchez and Moral-Moral

(2019b) - has allowed us to identify three key

dimensions in Halal tourism: spiritual, ecological and

health aspects, which reflect its complex nature as a

construct. In addition, to develop the profile of this

segment, a number of factors (fifteen in total) have

been identified, that can be organised in three

theoretical blocks:

* Factors of economic character, influencing level

of attractiveness directly: size and growth; the

level of expenditure; adaptations of offer and

certifications; level of knowledge; seasonality

mitigation; impact of global geopolitics.

* Factors of social character derived from religious

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Empirical Work: Methodology

Population and sample

Concerning the sample, from a total of 305

observations, only 249 were considered valid (81.6%),

that is, participants with a declared level of familiarity

with Halal tourism of at least 4 in a Likert-scale of 7

points. The breakdown follows: 59 professionals

(23.7%), 68 academics (27.3%) and 122 students

(49.0%). It has to be noted that this is a convenience

sample since the implementation of a random sampling

process was unworkable in this case, because of the

inexistence of well-defined populations.

Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support

~ 40 ~

One way to develop Halal tourism in Indonesia is the

Penta helix strategy involving academics, businesses,

local communities, government, and the media. The

government is the facilitator and policyholder, together

with other institutions managing the preparation and

development of Halal tourism. But in addition, there

are three important aspects in Halal tourism

development, namely the availability of Halal tourism

supporting industries, the willingness of districts or

cities to develop this type of tourism, and the existence

of business associations able to handle it (Pratiwi et al.,

2018).

Table 2: Theoretical Foundations of Items in the Questionnaire

Items Theoretical Foundations

Q5.01 - Spiritual dimension. Battour et al., 2010; Carboni & Janati, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Samori et al., 2016; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.

Q5.02 - Ecological dimension. Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.

Q5.03 - Health dimension. Henderson, 2010; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.

Q5.04 - Size and growth. Battour et al., 2011; Carboni & Janati, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Hamza et al., 2012; Henderson, 2010; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Mohsin et al., 2016; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Samori et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014; WTM, 2007; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.

Q5.05 - Level of expenditure. Battour & Ismail, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Stephenson, 2014; WTM, 2007.

Q5.06 - Religious and cultural similarities.

Henderson, 2010; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Sandikci, 2011; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.

Q5.07 - Diversity of origins and needs.

Henderson, 2010; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Mukhtar & Butt, 2012; Sandikci, 2011; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010; Zamani-Farahani & Musa, 2012.

Q5.08 - Adaptations of the offer and certifications.

Battour et al., 2010; Battour & Ismail, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Henderson, 2016; Moshin et al., 2016; Oktadiana et al., 2016.

Q5.09 - Level of information. Battour et al., 2011; Battour & Ismail, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Henderson, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Razzaq et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.

Q5.10 - Suitability of the experience for any type of public.

Jafari & Scott, 2014; Stephenson, 2014.

Q5.11 - Muslims as the target population.

Henderson, 2010; Scott & Jafari, 2010.

Q5.12 - Religious motivations. Battour et al., 2011; El-Gohary, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014.

Q5.13 - Particular food and catering services.

Battour et al., 2011; Battour & Ismail, 2016; Carboni & Janati, 2016; El-Gohary, 2016; Henderson, 2010; Razzaq et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.

Q5.14 - Welcoming character of the resident population.

Carboni et al., 2014; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Shakona et al., 2015; Stephenson, 2014.

Q5.15 - Seasonality mitigation. Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.

Q5.16 - Impact of the global geopolitical situation.

Battour & Ismail, 2016; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.

Q5.17 - Capacity of integration in the host community.

Carboni et al., 2014; Carboni & Janati, 2016; Hamza et al., 2012; Jafari & Scott, 2014; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Zamani-Farahani & Henderson, 2010.

Q5.18 - Potential for promoting mutual understanding.

Battour et al., 2010; Carboni & Janati, 2016; Moshin et al., 2016; Oktadiana et al., 2016; Stephenson, 2014.

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Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020

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as a halal tourism destination, in a 7-points Likert

scale (Q4 item).

* Section 5 is the most complex, with eighteen items

(anticipated above in the ‘Haal tourism’

subsection) to be assessed in Likert scales from 1

to 7. Their corresponding theoretical foundations

are summarised in the Table 2.

* The last section (6) describes the socio-

demographic profile of the sample, with three items

- gender (Q6.1), age (Q6.2) and nationality (Q6.3)-,

which could also be useful to identify potential

significant statistical differences in the responses

collected.

Techniques applied

Univariate, bivariate and multivariate techniques were

applied for data processing, as detailed in the next

section. SPSS 20.0, WarpPLS 6.0 and fsQCA 2.0 were

used.

Results

Univariate analysis: descriptive statistics

These analytical processes have been calculated on the

above-mentioned 249 observations. Table 3 (divided

into two parts, 3a and 3b) summarises the descriptive

statistics of variables in the questionnaire.

Professionals in this research are those who work in

hotels or restaurants, academics are those who teach on

campus, and students are those who study hospitality.

The sample comes from the cities of Jakarta,

Yogyakarta and Bogor, in Java Island. Specifically,

students and academics come from Gadjah Mada

University and Universitas Bina Sarana Informatika

(located in Yogyakarta), and Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata

Bogor (the biggest school of tourism in Bogor). It is

relevant to note that respondents are originally from all

over Indonesia.

Instrument of measurement

Data were collected via questionnaire, which was

structured in six sections:

* The first section investigates the level of familiarity

with the concept of Halal tourism (Q1). This is

important because only the answers coming from

informants who have been rated by themselves

with a level of at least 4 (out of 7) have been

considered.

* The second informs on whether (yes or no) some

specific training (course, seminar, workshop or

similar) has been attended by the respondents (Q2

item).

* The third asks for a personal definition of Halal

tourism (Q3 item).

* The fourth ascertains the informant’s opinions on

whether Indonesia should decisively position itself

Table 3a: Descriptive statistics (sections 2, 4 and 6 of the questionnaire)

Sample Variable Values

Total

(n=249)

Q6.1: Gender 49.4% male; 50.6% female

Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 21; Median 23; Mean 28.9, Standard Deviation 11.6

Q6.3: Nationality 100% Indonesian

Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 29.3% yes; 70.7% no

Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.7, Standard Deviation 1.4

Professionals

(n=59)

Q6.1: Gender 49.2% male; 50.8% female

Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 28; Median 28; Mean 32.0, Standard Deviation 10.9

Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 18,6% yes; 81,4% no

Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.6, Standard Deviation 1.4

Academics

(n=68)

Q6.1: Gender 51.5% male; 48.5% female

Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 39; Median 39; Mean 40.8, Standard Deviation 10.2

Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 41,2% yes; 58,8% no

Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.8, Standard Deviation 1.5

Students

(n=122)

Q6.1: Gender 48.4% male; 51.6% female

Q6.2: Age (years) Mode 21; Median 20; Mean 20.8, Standard Deviation 3.2

Q2: Specific training on Halal tourism 27,9% yes; 72,1% no

Q4: Indonesia as a Halal destination (1-7) Mode 7; Median 6; Mean 5.8, Standard Deviation 1.2

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Q5.11, that is:

* Academics appreciate more the size and growth

expectations of this market segment as a source of

attractiveness. Professionals, however, are more

cautious in this respect. Students are in between,

although closer to academics’ perception.

* Students value the diversity of tourists’ origins and

needs as a difficulty in managing this market

segment more than professionals and, particularly,

academics. The latter group appreciates this

potential barrier with less intensity.

* The group of students associate Halal tourism with

the Muslim population much more strongly than

professionals and, above all, academics. Academics

are not decisively inclined to make that association

of exclusivity between Halal tourism and Muslims.

Multivariate analysis: factor and cluster analysis

An exploratory factor analysis was carried out on the

data matrix composed of the 15 items in section 5 to

draw the profile of this market segment (Q5.04 to

Q5.18). Once checked its suitability was identified

with tests such as correlation matrix determinant,

Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support

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Bivariate analysis: statistically significant differences

The aim of this section is to find out if there are

statistically significant differences between the three

types of respondents (as outlined in Table 3a). The

Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for this purpose,

considering a p-value of 0.05.

About receiving specific training on Halal tourism, the

above-mentioned test showed the existence of

significant differences, clearly visible in the

corresponding contingency table: academics are, by

far, the group with the higher percentage of trained

people; at the opposite end of the scale are

professionals, where lack of training is more acute.

With regard to the question of whether Indonesia

should decisively position itself as a halal tourism

destination, no significant differences were found;

neither were differences identified concerning the level

of familiarity with this concept.

Once the test was administered to the 18 items in

section 5, significant differences were found in the

behaviour of the following items: Q5.04, Q5.07, and

Table 3b: Descriptive statistics (section 5 of the questionnaire)

Item (in a 7-points Likert scale) Mode Median Mean (St. Dev.)

Q5.01 - Spiritual dimension. 6 6 5.48 (1.32)

Q5.02 - Ecological dimension. 7 6 5.61 (1.32)

Q5.03 - Healthy dimension. 7 6 6.00 (1.21)

Q5.04 - Size and growth. 7 6 5.64 (1.37)

Q5.05 - Level of expenditure. 6 5 5.08 (1.49)

Q5.06 - Religious and cultural similarities. 6 6 5.36 (1.35)

Q5.07 - Diversity of origins and needs. 5 5 4.63 (1.67)

Q5.08 - Adaptations of the offer and certifications. 6 5 4.83 (1.59)

Q5.09 - Level of information. 5 5 5.17 (1.40)

Q5.10 - Suitability of the experience for any type of public. 6 6 5.38 (1.38)

Q5.11 - Muslims as target population. 6 5 4.98 (1.88)

Q5.12 - Religious motivations. 6 6 5.36 (1.51)

Q5.13 - Particular food and catering services. 6 6 5.63 (1.32)

Q5.14 - Welcoming character of the resident population. 6 6 5.63 (1.22)

Q5.15 - Seasonality mitigation. 5 5 5.05 (1.48)

Q5.16 - Impact of the global geopolitical situation. 6 5 5.06 (1.39)

Q5.17 - Capacity of integration in the host community. 5 5 4.61 (1.58)

Q5.18 - Potential for promoting mutual understanding. 6 6 5.75 (1.13)

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Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020

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Attractiveness (F4) - size and growth; together with

level of expenditure.

This exploratory factor analysis was complemented by

confirmatory factor analysis, reaffirming our results.

The latter was performed using WarpPLS 6.0 (Kock,

2017).

The rationale has been associated with various clusters

of informants. To do so, a hierarchical cluster analysis

has also been completed, using the Ward method and

the squared Euclidean distance. As a result, and based

on the dendrogram, seven clusters were identified, with

the following characteristics (a common feature is that

the healthy dimension of Halal tourism always scores

above the other two, ecological and spiritual):

* Cluster 1, the most numerous cluster by far

(composed of 106 observations, 42.6%), represents

moderate supporters of Indonesia as a Halal

tourism destination, with a balanced profile with

regard to the four factors under consideration,

slightly in favour of the appreciation of the

religious character and attractiveness of this market

segment.

* Cluster 2 (18 cases, 7.2%) is composed of the most

determined supporters of Indonesia positioning

itself as a halal tourism destination. They

Bartlett’s test of sphericity and the KMO (Kaiser-

Mayer-Olkin) index. Their outputs follow: Correlation

matrix determinant = 0.010; Bartlett’s test of

sphericity, Sig 0.000; KMO index = 0.802

As a data reduction technique, a Principal Component

Analysis was performed, using the Kaiser method for

component extraction and Varimax method for their

rotation. The ‘rotated components matrix’ which was

obtained as a result (with a proportion of variance

explained of 60.276%) is displayed in Table 4.

According to this output, the collective Mental

Construct of Halal tourism can be built around four

factors, which we have termed as follows:

Benefits (F1) - cultural similarities; suitable

experience for any type of public; tourists welcome

by resident population; seasonality mitigation; and

promotion of mutual understanding;

Barriers (F2) - diversity of origins and needs;

adaptations of the offer and certifications; lack of

information; the global geopolitical situation; and

potential difficulties of integration in host

communities;

Religiosity (F3) - Muslims population as exclusive

target; religious motivations; and diet requirements;

Table 4: Rotated Components Matrix

Item Components

F1 F2 F3 F4

Q5.04 - Size and growth. 0.515 -0.075 -0.016 0.564

Q5.05 - Level of expenditure. 0.285 -0.027 0.120 0.806

Q5.06 - Religious and cultural similarities. 0.581 -0.012 0.298 0.145

Q5.07 - Diversity of origins and needs. -0.192 0.512 0.268 0.498

Q5.08 - Adaptations of the offer and certifications. -0.140 0.532 0.245 0.466

Q5.09 - Level of information. 0.236 0.682 0.026 -0.120

Q5.10 - Suitability of the experience for any type of public. 0.713 0.092 -0.062 0.165

Q5.11 - Muslims as target population. -0.177 0.218 0.778 0.147

Q5.12 - Religious motivations. 0.196 0.106 0.784 -0.005

Q5.13 - Particular food and catering services. 0.391 0.095 0.594 0.247

Q5.14 - Welcoming character of the resident population. 0.797 0.074 0.144 -0.052

Q5.15 - Seasonality mitigation. 0.497 0.457 0.266 0.021

Q5.16 - Impact of the global geopolitical situation. 0.105 0.737 -0.013 0.065

Q5.17 - Capacity of integration in the host community. 0.021 0.676 0.411 0.025

Q5.18 - Potential for promoting mutual understanding. 0.786 0.175 -0.046 0.026

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* Cluster 7 (30 cases, 12.0%) is formed of the least

determined supporters of Halal tourism. The vast

majority of them are males, who play down the

benefits and attractiveness of this market segment.

Consistently, the scores given to the three

dimensions of Halal tourism (spiritual, ecological

and healthy) are the lowest.

In sum, the three largest clusters (1, 5 & 7, in this

order) comprise more than two-thirds of the

observations, which represent, respectively, the

following profiles: balanced and moderated supporters

(Cluster 1), the youngest and most trained supporters

(Cluster 5), and the least determined supporters

(Cluster 7).

As a summary, Table 5 displays the features of these

seven clusters.

After the application of the Kruskal-Wallis H test to

the four identified factors, only in the case of F3

(religiosity), were significant differences found

between the three types of respondents. Specifically,

academics are those who appreciate this factor with

less intensity; on the opposite side are students; finally,

professionals are in an intermediate position.

As a final methodological step, a discriminant analysis

was executed in order to confirm this clustering,

resulting in the finding that 87.1% of the original

clustered cases were correctly classified.

Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support

~ 44 ~

particularly value the benefits of this market

segment and play down its religious profile. This

cluster also presents the highest scores of the three

considered dimensions of Halal tourism (spiritual,

ecological and healthy).

* Cluster 3 (19 cases, 7.6%) is composed of the

oldest and least trained supporters of Halal tourism.

Above all, they play down the barriers to deal with

this market segment, at the same time that gives

some importance to its attractiveness; as a result,

the level of support is moderate.

* Cluster 4 is the smallest (16 observations, 6.4%),

mostly formed by academics and professionals

with strong support for the idea of turning

Indonesia into a Halal destination. They mainly

value the benefits of this market segment, although

their perception of its attractiveness is not so

optimistic.

* Cluster 5 (35 cases, 14.1%), the second in size,

contains the youngest and most trained supporters,

mostly students. The support of this group is also

strong, rooted in appreciation of the attractiveness

of this market, although the perception of barriers

to its development is even more remarkable.

* Cluster 6 (25 cases, 10.0%) is mainly formed of

male academics, trained above average, who offer

moderate support for Halal tourism in Indonesia.

Firstly, they don't particularly underscore the

religious profile of this segment but, secondly, they

pay special attention to the barriers to be overcome.

Table 5: Clusters Characteristics

Cluster

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Q5.01 (mean) 5.47 6.17 5.32 5.94 6.03 5.04 4.67

Q5.02 (mean) 5.38 6.44 5.47 6.31 6.2 5.76 4.8

Q5.03 (mean) 6 6.82 5.74 6.27 6.31 6.2 5

F1 (mean) -0.08 1.41 -0.27 0.81 0.38 -0.09 -1.19

F2 (mean) -0.1 -0.5 -2 0.49 1.02 0.69 -0.12

F3 (mean) 0.4 -0.88 -0.35 0.74 0.44 -1,95 0.06

F4 (mean) 0.28 0.16 0.58 -1,96 0.6 0.17 -1.25

Prof. (%) 23.6 33.3 21.1 37.5 11.4 12 36.7

Acad. (%) 25.5 27.8 36.8 43.8 2.9 60 20

Stud. (%) 50.9 38.9 42.1 18.8 85.7 28 43.3

Males (%) 44.3 44.4 52.6 43.8 42.9 60 70

Age (mean) 28.39 34.28 34.72 31.88 21.2 34 27.5

Training (%) 23.6 38.9 5.3 31.3 48.6 44 23.3

Indon. as H.T.D. (mean) 5.89 6.5 5.11 6.19 6.14 5.6 4.67

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Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020

~ 45 ~

Figure 2: Model 2

The next step integrates the four factors under which

attributes describing the profile of Halal tourism have

been grouped with the three key dimensions - the result

is displayed in Model 3 (Figure 3).

Figure 3: Model 3

As a result of the intersections between the variables in

the model, R2 of the dependent variable has risen to

38%, with the same influencing significant factors (F1

and F4) and the same relative importance (‘Benefits’

and ‘Attractiveness’, in this order). However, from the

dimensions’ point of view, the spiritual one becomes

the only influential one, while ecological awareness

vanishes.

In an attempt to understand this last finding, the fsQCA

(fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis) tool was

used, specifically its 2.0 version. This is a software that

uses combinatorial logic, fuzzy set theory and Boolean

minimisation to work out what combinations of case

Structural Equation Models (SEM) models

As anticipated in the introduction, getting an insight

into the influencing factors on the collective opinion

about whether Indonesia should position itself as a

halal tourism destination is our final aim. With it in

mind, several models have been tested, taking this

variable (INDON_HD) as the dependent one and using

the PLS technique (WarpPLS 6.0).

In the first test (Model 1), the four above-mentioned

factors have been taken as explanatory variables,

producing the following output (Figure 1):

Figure 1: Model 1

Only two factors have a significant effect on the

variable to be explained: being F1 (‘Benefits’) and F4

(‘Attractiveness’), with the first one the most

influential. Therefore, the more the respondents

appreciate the potential benefits of this market segment

and its attractiveness, the more they are to favour the

positioning of Indonesia as a Halal tourism destination.

Nevertheless, the level of R2 is quite low, which

indicates that other variables are still needed to explain

better the dependent variable.

In an attempt to find out ways to raise the explanatory

capacity of the model, we have tested the impact of the

three dimensions (spiritual, ecological and healthy) of

Halal tourism, leading to Model 2 (Figure 2)

Only the spiritual and ecological dimensions of Halal

tourism have significant effects on the dependent

variable, the former being the most influential,

considering the corresponding path coefficients.

Consequently, the more Halal tourism is perceived as

related to the search for inner wellbeing and ecological

awareness, the more favourable the opinion relative to

positioning Indonesia as a Halal destination.

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From the eight possible configurations, only three of

them (with a raw consistency above 0.8) were

considered sufficient, as display in Table 6a.

Once the standard analysis of that table was performed,

the three solutions provided by the program (complex,

parsimonious and intermediate) were coincident. The

output obtained is summarised in Table 6b.

As a result, appreciation for the spiritual dimension of

Halal tourism, that is, its focus on people’s inner

wellbeing, can be considered the necessary condition

for support of positioning Indonesia as a Halal tourism

destination, while the other two dimensions are

interchangeable [Spiritual * (Healthy + Ecological)].

This finding helps to explain the previous one.

Vargas-Sanchez, Hariani & Wijayanti Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support

~ 46 ~

characteristics may be necessary or sufficient to

produce an outcome (Ragin, 2008). In this research, the

outcome is our dependent variable (the opinion about

Indonesia as a Halal tourism destination) and the

characteristics or causal conditions are the three

independent variables corresponding to the three

dimensions (spiritual, ecological and healthy) of Halal

tourism.

For the application of this technique, crisp sets were

created for the four variables involved, with binary

values for each observation. As the original scores

were allocated in 7-point Likert scales, the conversion

was done as follows: a record of 0 (non-membership)

was allocated to those values below 5 (1, 2, 3 and 4)

and a record of 1 (membership) to those values over 4

(5, 6 and 7).

Table 6a: True Table

Spiritual Ecological Healthy Number Halal Destination Raw Consistency

1 1 1 191 1 0.942408

1 0 1 17 1 0.882353

1 1 0 6 1 0.833333

Table 6b: True Table Analysis

Sufficient Configuration Raw coverage Unique Coverage Consistency

Spiritual * Ecological 0.780591 0.021097 0.939086

Spiritual * Healthy 0.822785 0.063291 0.937500

Solution coverage: 0.843882; Solution consistency: 0.934579

Table 7: Model Fit and Quality Indices

Parameter Model 1 Model 2 Model 3

Average path coefficient (APC) 0.153,

P=0.003

0.202,

P<0.001

0.129,

P=0.009

Average R-squared (ARS) 0.260,

P<0.001

0.273,

P<0.001

0.384,

P<0.001

Average adjusted R-squared (AARS) 0.248,

P<0.001

0.264,

P<0.001

0.366,

P<0.001

Average block VIF (AVIF) 1.233 1.563 1.491

Average full collinearity VIF (AFVIF) 1.399 1.532 1.580

Tenenhaus GoF (GoF) 0.416 0.522 0.551

Sympson's paradox ratio (SPR) 1.000 1.000 1.000

R-squared contribution ratio (RSCR) 1.000 1.000 1.000

Statistical suppression ratio (SSR) 1.000 1.000 1.000

Nonlinear bivariate causality direction ratio (NLBCDR) 1.000 1.000 1.000

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Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs and Level of Support International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage Volume 8(iv) 2020

~ 47 ~

condition (while the other two dimensions appear as

interchangeable). Therefore, for gaining people'

support, the inner-wellbeing that this type of tourism

can offer, together with its benefits (not of economic

nature only, but social as well) and its level of

attractiveness (because of its size, growth, and level of

expenditure) should be emphasised by public

authorities.

In line with the above-mentioned conclusions, some

recommendations follow, as practical implications of

this study:

Intensify the acceptance of Halal tourism with actions

(including training) aimed at tourism professionals,

academics and students in Indonesia.

Maximise sales promotion through various channels

to push Halal tourism, which still sounds foreign to

tourists in general

Develop this market segment in potential destinations

in Indonesia through the improvement and addition

of Halal tourism attributes, particularly those more

influential on people's' support.

Enhance the role of businesses in marketing Halal

tourism packages to spread this distinctive offer.

This study is not without limitations. Specifically,

respondents' data are limited to the people who live in

Java Island, while Indonesia has other (and large)

islands that could be targeted to get more responses.

Thus, the size and scope of the sample should be

enlarged.

Consequently, in future pieces of research on Halal

tourism in Indonesia, primary data should also be

collected on islands such as Sumatra, Bali or Lombok,

which have many tourist attractions that reinforce the

potential of Indonesian Halal destinations. Extra efforts

should also be made to understand the role of

dimensions and factors that have emerged in this

research as influential in the explanation of the

dependent variable in our model.

Finally, the generalisation of findings is certainly an

issue in case-based pieces of research. To advance this

process, the same methodology is being replicated in

other countries, and such research has already been

partially undertaken in the UAE (Vargas-Sánchez and

Fotiadis, 2019).

Concerning constructs’ reliability and validity, their

Composite Reliabilities (CR) and Average Variances

Extracted (AVE) follow.

CR: F1, 0.834; F2, 0.817; F3, 0.820; F4, 0.855.

AVE: F1, 0.506; F2, 0.473 (slightly below the

threshold of 0.5, but very close to it); F3, 0.604;

F4, 0.747.

In addition, all the correlations among latent variables

are lower than the corresponding square root of AVE.

As a result, it can be asserted that the requirements for

reliability and validity (both convergent and

discriminant) are fulfilled.

Finally, model fit and quality indices of our three

models (all of them reflective) are summarised above

in Table 7.

Conclusions, Recommendations, Limitations and Future Research

In general, training on Halal Tourism needs to be

reinforced, particularly among tourism professionals.

Perhaps, the more acute lack of training in this group

helps to understand participants’ more cautious

appraisal of the attractiveness of this market segment in

terms of size and growth, supported by official figures.

The significant differences found in the perceptions of

some attributes of Halal tourism allow an

understanding of the existence of certain levels of

disparity, or even confusion, in their interpretation.

This relative unclarity feeds back the need for an extra

training effort on this subject.

The collective mental construct in Indonesia about

Halal tourism is currently built around four axes:

benefits, barriers, religiosity and attractiveness. To this

respect, most of the people show a balanced profile,

with relatively moderate support, although clear, for

the development of Halal tourism in this country. This

finding is consistent with the study on Indonesian

Generation Z carried out by Vargas-Sánchez and

Perano (2018).

Appreciation for the benefits and attractiveness of this

market segment, in this order, are the two factors

(among the four mentioned in the previous paragraph)

with a significant influence over support for the idea of

positioning Indonesia as a Halal destination. In

addition, the importance given to spiritual dimensions

also influences positively that support, as a necessary

Page 24: 02/06/2020 About This Journal | journal about religious tourism … · Danijel Pavlović , Singidunum University, Belgrade, Serbia Elisa Piva , University of Piemonte Orientale, Italy

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Perceptions of Halal Tourism inIndonesia: Mental Constructs

and Perceptions of Halal Tourismin Indonesia: Mental Constructs

and Level of Supportby Ani Wijayanti

Submission date: 02-Jun-2020 04:54AM (UTC+0300)Submission ID: 1336233870File name: Perceptions_of_Halal_Tourism_in_Indonesi.pdf (718.66K)Word count: 7400Character count: 39399

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18%SIMILARITY INDEX

14%INTERNET SOURCES

10%PUBLICATIONS

10%STUDENT PAPERS

1 3%

2 2%

3 1%

4 1%

5 1%

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7 1%

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Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andPerceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andLevel of SupportORIGINALITY REPORT

PRIMARY SOURCES

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arrow.tudublin.ieInternet Source

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9 <1%

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view", Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2019Publication

www.cmi.manchester.ac.ukInternet Source

ccsenet.orgInternet Source

Heesup Han, Amr Al-Ansi, Hossein G.T. Olya,Wansoo Kim. "Exploring halal-friendlydestination attributes in South Korea:Perceptions and behaviors of Muslim travelerstoward a non-Muslim destination", TourismManagement, 2019Publication

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17 <1%

18 <1%

19 <1%

20 <1%

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22 <1%

Erhan Boğan, Bekir Bora Dedeoğlu, OrhanBatman, Recep Yıldırgan. "Exploring thepredictors of prospective employees' job pursuitintention in Muslim-friendly hotels", TourismManagement Perspectives, 2020Publication

Submitted to Canterbury Christ ChurchUniversity TurnitinStudent Paper

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31

newsroom.mastercard.comInternet Source

stpbogor.ac.idInternet Source

www.emeraldinsight.comInternet Source

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<1%

32 <1%

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Student Paper

www.mdpi.comInternet Source

studylib.netInternet Source

mafiadoc.comInternet Source

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41 <1%

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Roko Patria Jati (Editor), Zakiyuddin (Editor),Noor Malihah (Editor). "ICONIS Book Two",ATTARBIYAH, 2018Publication

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Submitted to International Islamic UniversityMalaysiaStudent Paper

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48 <1%

49 <1%

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Exclude quotes Off

Exclude bibliography On

Exclude matches Off

Quality of the Muslim Friendly Hotels in Englandand its Impact on Behavioural Intention",International Journal of Customer RelationshipMarketing and Management, 2015Publication

Salman Yousaf, Fan Xiucheng. "Halal culinaryand tourism marketing strategies on governmentwebsites: A preliminary analysis", TourismManagement, 2018Publication

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Hera Oktadiana, Philip L. Pearce, Jing Li. "Let'stravel: Voices from the millennial female Muslimtravellers", International Journal of TourismResearch, 2020Publication

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FINAL GRADE

/100

Perceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andPerceptions of Halal Tourism in Indonesia: Mental Constructs andLevel of SupportGRADEMARK REPORT

GENERAL COMMENTS

Instructor

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02/06/2020 International Journal of Religious Tourism and Pilgrimage

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International Journal of Religious Tourism andPilgrimage

Country Ireland  -  SIR Ranking of Ireland 2H Index

Subject Area andCategory

Arts and HumanitiesReligious Studies

Business, Management and AccountingTourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management

Publisher Dublin Institute of Technology

Publication type Journals

ISSN 20097379

Coverage 2017-ongoing

Scope This journal aims to be the leading international journal for all those concerned with Religious Tourism and

Enter Journal Title, ISSN or Publisher Name

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Pilgrimage. The journal takes an interdisciplinary international approach and includes all aspects of ReligiousTourism and Pilgrimage. It is inclusive of all denominations, religions, faiths and spiritual practices. The journal'sonline platform facilitates a truly integrative approach. While the main emphasis is on primary research articles, italso welcomes suitably relevant discussion papers, research / review pieces, industry focused case studies andevaluations, management guides and reports, economic evaluations, book reviews, announcements offorthcoming meetings etc. Papers / articles should be relevant to both academics and practitioners All papers aresubject to ‘double – blind – review’. Papers can include a variety of media elements including audio and visual�les, a range of image formats and hyperlinks to websites and other online resources.

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Quartiles

The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green)comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the thirdhighest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

Category Year QuartileReligious Studies 2018 Q2Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management 2018 Q4

SJR Citations per document

2018

Religious Studies

Tourism, Leisure and Hospitality Management

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The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator thatranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It isbased on the idea that 'all citations are not createdequal'. SJR is a measure of scienti�c in�uence ofjournals that accounts for both the number of citationsreceived by a journal and the importance or prestige ofthe journals where such citations come from Itmeasures the scienti�c in�uence of the average articlein a journal it expresses how central to the global

This indicator counts the number of citations received bydocuments from a journal and divides them by the totalnumber of documents published in that journal. The chartshows the evolution of the average number of timesdocuments published in a journal in the past two, three andfour years have been cited in the current year. The twoyears line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™(Thomson Reuters) metric.

Cites per document Year ValueCites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 0.000Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.269Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2017 0.000Cites / Doc. (3 years) 2018 0.269Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2017 0.000Cites / Doc. (2 years) 2018 0.269

Total Cites Self-Cites

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal'sself-citations received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years.Journal Self-citation is de�ned as the number of citationfrom a journal citing article to articles published by thesame journal.

Cites Year ValueS lf Cit 2017 0

External Cites per Doc Cites per Doc

Evolution of the number of total citation per documentand external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's publisheddocuments during the three previous years. Externalcitations are calculated by subtracting the number ofself-citations from the total number of citations receivedby the journal’s documents.

% International Collaboration

International Collaboration accounts for the articles thathave been produced by researchers from severalcountries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal'sdocuments signed by researchers from more than onecountry; that is including more than one country address.

2018

0.15

Cites / Doc. (4 years)Cites / Doc. (3 years)Cites / Doc. (2 years)

2017 2018

0

0.07

0.14

0.21

0.28

0.35

2017 2018

0

4

8

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Cites Year ValueYear International CollaborationYear International Collaboration2017 26 92

Citable documents Non-citable documents

Not every article in a journal is considered primaryresearch and therefore "citable", this chart shows theratio of a journal's articles including substantial research(research articles, conference papers and reviews) inthree year windows vs. those documents other thanresearch articles, reviews and conference papers.

Documents Year ValueN it bl d t 2017 0

Cited documents Uncited documents

Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three yearswindows, that have been cited at least once vs. thosenot cited during the following year.

Documents Year ValueUncited documents 2017 0Uncited documents 2018 20Cited documents 2017 0Cited documents 2018 6

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0.4 40

2017 2018

0

20

40

2017 2018

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40

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