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Abstract1

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Hydrologic Processes within Landscapes2

snobear.colorado.edu/IntroHydro/hydro.gif

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Flint Hills DemoFlint Hills DemoThe F l int Hil l sThe F l int Hil l s

FlintHills

10,000 mi2

KansasKansasCityCity

KonzaLTER

* *

Kilometers

Kansas Ecoregions

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Kings Creek Watershed, Konza Prairie (11 km2)SSURGO soil map, superimposed on orthophoto

USGS Stream Gauge

USGS Stream Gauge

5

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6GT Hydrologic Model Simulation,

Flint Hills Ecoregion, Kansas

100 km2

Precip recordDischarge at

Stream network (right)DEM (left)

Kings CreekWatershed,

11 km2

6

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Dynamic simulations of stream discharge & soil moisture distribution

Driest WettestSoil Moisture

7

Soil Moisture (right)DEM (left)

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Dynamic simulations of stream discharge & soil moisture distribution

Driest WettestSoil Moisture

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MODES: a MODular Ecosystem Services model for assessing human impacts on land, air & water resources

Bob McKane, Project Coordinator (EPA-WED)

Marc Stieglitz & Feifei Pan (Georgia Institute of Technology)

Ed Rastetter & Bonnie Kwiatkowski (Marine Biological Laboratory)

Nathan Schumaker (EPA-WED), Brad McRae (NCEA), Allen Solomon (USFS), Richard Busing (USGS)

Water Quality & Quantity

Forest Ecosystem Services

Habitat Quality

Wildlife Populations

Air Quality & Greenhouse Gases

Agricultural Ecosystem Services

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1010The Problem:

Human actions affect multiple ecosystem services

No single model can capture all stressor effects & ES trade-offs

Ecosystem services are “bundled”increased use of one service involves trade-offs with others

•Water Quality & Quantity • Agricultural Products • Forest Products• Urban Demands & Outputs

• Terrestrial Habitats & Wildlife• Aquatic Habitats & Wildlife

• Air Quality & DepositionCO2, NO3, NH4, O3, CH4, N2O, Particulates…

Forest Products

Crops

Water Quality & Quantity

Wildlife

AquaticLife

Human Well-Being

Human Well-Being

The Problem:

Human actions affect multiple ecosystem services

No single model can capture all stressor effects & ES trade-offs

Forest Products

Greenhouse Gases

Ag Products

Water Quality & Quantity

Wildlife

AquaticLife

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EffectsEffects

Multi-Model ApproachMulti-Model Approach

MODES Models

Wildlife Populations

Plant Communities

Biogeochemistry

Hydrology

StressorsStressors

Stressors Land Use• Urban• Agriculture• Forestry

Global Change• Climate• CO2

• N deposition Chemicals• Fertilizers• Pesticides• Toxics

Terrestrial Services Ag products Forest products C sequestration Nutrient regulation GHG regulation

Wildlife

Aquatic Services Drinking water Flood mitigation Aquatic life

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LANDLAND

AIRAIR

WATERWATER

QslopeQmax fQ (s /sm )

CI SkCCv eIGU 10

23,min CONOwfpsdenit FFFL

RCm *DC (1 C )

NC

MODESMODES

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MODESMODES PhilosophyPhilosophy

Modular: different models for different suites of eco servicesModular: different models for different suites of eco services Process-Based: link effects to stressors (GCC, land use…)Process-Based: link effects to stressors (GCC, land use…) Simple: few parameters & drivers Simple: few parameters & drivers Broad Applicability: ag, forest, grassland, tundra…Broad Applicability: ag, forest, grassland, tundra… Flexible Scales: plots Flexible Scales: plots watersheds, days watersheds, days centuries centuries

Regulatory & Planning GoalsRegulatory & Planning Goals Best Management Practices: balancing multiple eco servicesBest Management Practices: balancing multiple eco services Water Quality: nutrients, contaminantsWater Quality: nutrients, contaminants Water Quantity: too little, too muchWater Quantity: too little, too much Greenhouse gases: CO2, N2O, NOx…Greenhouse gases: CO2, N2O, NOx… Habitat & Wildlife: effects of land use & toxics Habitat & Wildlife: effects of land use & toxics

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MODES MODES suite of modelssuite of models Climate:Climate:

*PRISM*PRISM – high resolution climate data – high resolution climate data *SNOPACK*SNOPACK – snow accumulation, drifting & melt – snow accumulation, drifting & melt SOILTEMPSOILTEMP – soil temperature & permafrost freeze/thaw – soil temperature & permafrost freeze/thaw

Hydrology:Hydrology: *GT *GT –– spatially distributed land surface hydrologyspatially distributed land surface hydrology Stream NetworkStream Network –– stream stream flow accumulation & nutrient attenuationflow accumulation & nutrient attenuation

Biogeochemistry: Biogeochemistry: *MEL*MEL – C, N, P, H – C, N, P, H22O cycling in plants & soilsO cycling in plants & soils *PSM*PSM – plant & soil C & N, losses of DIN, DON – plant & soil C & N, losses of DIN, DON *NESIS*NESIS – stable isotope simulator – stable isotope simulator

Wildlife Habitat & PopulationsWildlife Habitat & Populations *FORCLIM*FORCLIM – plant community / habitat dynamics – plant community / habitat dynamics *PATCH*PATCH – wildlife population dynamics – wildlife population dynamics

*Developed or modified through EPA-WED*Developed or modified through EPA-WED

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Climate:Climate: *PRISM *PRISM –– Daly, Smith, Smith & McKane 2007, J. Applied Meteorology & Climatology Daly, Smith, Smith & McKane 2007, J. Applied Meteorology & Climatology

*SNOPACK *SNOPACK –– Stieglitz 1994, Journal of Climate Stieglitz 1994, Journal of Climate

*SOIL-TEMP *SOIL-TEMP –– Stieglitz, Ducharne, Koster & Suarez 2001, J. Hydrometeorology Stieglitz, Ducharne, Koster & Suarez 2001, J. Hydrometeorology

Hydrology:Hydrology: *GT *GT –– Pan et al. in prep; McKane et al., in reviewPan et al. in prep; McKane et al., in review

Stream Network Stream Network –– Liu & Weller 2007, Environmental Modeling & Assessment Liu & Weller 2007, Environmental Modeling & Assessment

Biogeochemistry:Biogeochemistry: *MEL *MEL –– Rastetter, Perakis, Shaver & Agren 2005, Ecological Applications Rastetter, Perakis, Shaver & Agren 2005, Ecological Applications

*PSM *PSM –– Stieglitz, McKane & Klausmeier 2006, Global Biogeochemical Cycles Stieglitz, McKane & Klausmeier 2006, Global Biogeochemical Cycles

*NESIS *NESIS –– Rastetter , Kwiatkowski & McKane 2005, Ecological Applications Rastetter , Kwiatkowski & McKane 2005, Ecological Applications

Wildlife Habitat & Population DynamicsWildlife Habitat & Population Dynamics *FORCLIM *FORCLIM –– Busing, Solomon, McKane, Burdick 2007, Ecological Applications Busing, Solomon, McKane, Burdick 2007, Ecological Applications

*PATCH *PATCH –– McRae, Schumaker, McKane, Busing, Solomon, Burdick, Ecol. Mod. in press McRae, Schumaker, McKane, Busing, Solomon, Burdick, Ecol. Mod. in press

Recent PublicationsRecent Publications