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Chapter 8 Nationalist Revolutions Sweep the
West, 1789-1900
II. Europe Faces Revolutions
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A. Clash of Philosophies
1. Conservative:
a)usually wealthy property owners & nobility
b)argued for protecting the traditional monarchies of Europe
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2. Liberal:
a) mostly middle-class business leaders & merchants
b) wanted to give more power to elected parliaments
c) only the educated & the landowners would vote
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3. Radical
a) favored drastic change to extend democracy to all people
b) believed that governments should practice ideals of the French Revolution— liberty, equality, & brotherhood.
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B. Nationalism Develops
1. Nationalism
a) the belief that greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history
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b) Nationalism was a force that:
1) tore apart centuries-old empires
2) gave rise to the nation-state
3) was opposed by conservatives
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2. Nation-state
a)defends the nation’s territory & way of life
b)Europe 1815, France, England, & Spain could be called nation-states
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C. Nationalists Challenge Conservative Power
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1. Greeks Gain Independence
a)cause was popular with people around the world.
1) Russians felt a connection to Greek Orthodox Christians, who were ruled by the Muslim Ottomans
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2) Educated Europeans & Americans loved & respected ancient Greek culture
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b) The powerful nations of Europe took the side of the Greeks
1) 1827, a combined British, French, & Russian fleet destroyed the Ottoman fleet
2) the Battle of Navarino
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3) 1830, Britain, France, & Russia signed a treaty guaranteeing an independent kingdom of Greece
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2. 1830s Uprisings Crushed
a) Poles living under the rule of Russia staged a revolt in Warsaw late in 1830.
b) Russian armies took nearly a year to crush the Polish uprising.
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3. 1848 Revolutions Fail to Unite
a) ethnic uprisings erupted throughout Europe
b) revolutionaries failed to unite themselves or their nations
c) Results of these up risings was the resignation of Metternich (Austria)
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D. Radicals Change France
1. Demand for democratic government the main goal of revolution
a)King Charles X was forced to flee to Great Britain
b)replaced by Louis-Philippe, 1) had long supported liberal reforms
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c) The Third Republic
(1) Once again, a Paris mob overturned a monarchy & established a republic
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(a) new republican government began to fall apart almost immediately
(1) The radicals split into factions(2) a moderate constitution was
drawn up in 1848
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(a) called for a parliament
(b) a strong president to be elected by the people.
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2. France Accepts a Strong Ruler
a) Louis-Napoleon, nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, won the presidential election December 1848
1) Four years later took the title of Emperor Napoleon III
2) A majority of French voters accepted this action without complaint
3) French were weary of instability
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b) Louis-Napoleon’s policies
1) built railroads
2) encouraged industrialization
3) promoted public works
4) unemployment decreased
5) the country experienced real prosperity
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E. Reform in Russia
1. 1800s had not industrializeda) feudal system 1) serfs were bound to the land of the
nobles 2) Nobles enjoyed almost unlimited
power over them
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b) 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom must end
1) the system was morally wrong
2) prevented the empire from advancing economically
3) Czars didn’t free the serfs
(a) would anger the landowners
(b) needed support to stay in power
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2. Defeat Brings Change
a)1853, Czar Nicholas I wanted to take over part of the Ottoman Empire in the Crimean War
1) industries & transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops
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2) 1856, Russia lost the war against the combined forces of France, Great Britain, Sardinia, & the Ottoman Empire
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3. Reform and Reaction
a)Alexander II’s reform1)decree freeing the serfs in 18612)Peasant communities— rather
than individual peasants—received about half the farmland in the country
3)Nobles kept the other half4)government paid nobles for their
land
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b) terrorists assassinated Alexander II, 1881
1) Political & social reforms stopped c) Alexander III tightened control 1)encouraged industrial
development
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d) nationalism was force behind Russia’s drive toward industrial expansion
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Revolutions Disrupt Europe
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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List the major uprisings that challenged the old order of Europe in 1821, in 1830, and in 1848.
Section 2 Assessment
continued . . .
HOME
• Italians try to unite.
• Belgians declare independence from the Dutch.
• Poles rebel against Russia.• French throw out Charles X.
• Liberals revolt in the German states.
• Hungarians call for self-government
• Czechs demand independence for Bohemia.
• French demand democratic government.
• Greece rebels against Ottoman Turks.
1848
Revolts against the Old Order
1821 1830
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III. Nationalism
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I. Nationalism: A Force for Unity
A. Two Views of Nationalism
1. Nationalists use their common bond to build nation-states
2. Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects
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3. Three different types of nationalist movements:
a) unification merges culturally similar lands
b) separation splits off culturally distinct groups
c) state-building binds separate cultures into one
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II. Nationalism Shakes Aging Empires
A. The Breakup of the Austrian Empire
1. includes people from many ethnic groups
2. 1866 defeat forces emperor to split empire into Austria & Hungary
a) still ruled by emperor
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B. The Russian Empire Crumbles
1. After 370 years, Russian Czars begin losing control over empire
2. Russification –
a) forcing other peoples to adopt Russian culture
b) policy further disunited Russia, strengthens ethnic nationalism
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C. The Ottoman Empire Weakens
1. Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire
2. Rulers grant citizenship to all groups, outraging Turks
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III. Case Study: Italy
A. Cavor Unites Italy
1. Italy forms territory from crumbling empires
2. 1815-1848 Italians want independence from foreign rulers
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B. Cavour Leads Italian Unification
1. Camillo di Cavour
a) prime minister of kingdom of Sardinia in 1852
2. Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land
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C. Garibaldi Brings Unity
1. Giuseppe Garibaldi
a) leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy
(1) Red Shirts
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2. Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia
3. Garibaldi steps aside, allowing king of Sardinia to rule
4. Control of Venetia, Papal States finally unites Italy
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5. 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy
6. A Consitiutional Monarchy is formed
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The Struggle for ItalyThe Struggle for Italy
Prime minister who believed in Realpolitik.
Wanted to end Austrian power in Italy and annex its provinces of Lombardy and Venetia.
Led Sardinia to provoke a war with Austria. With help from France, Sardinia defeated Austria and annexed Lombardy.
Long-time nationalist leader who wanted to create an Italian republic.
Captured Sicily and Naples and turned them over to Victor Emmanuel. Shortly afterward, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned king of Italy.
CAVOUR GARIBALDI
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IV. Case Study: Germany
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A. Bismarck Unites Germany
1. 1815, 39 German states form the German Confederation
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B. Prussia Leads German Unification
1. Prussia has advantages that help it unify Germany
a) mainly German population
b) powerful army
c) creation of liberal constitution
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C. Bismarck Takes Control
1. Junkers –
a) conservative wealthy landowners
b) support Prussian Wilhelm I
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2. Otto von Bismarck becomes prime minister
a) Junker realpolitik master (1) power politics without room for idealism(2) Based on the needs of the state(3) It is the destiny of the weak to be devoured
by the strong.(4) Military force should be used to achieve
political gain. (5) Manufacturing political "incidents" is
acceptable if it achieves a worthy goal b) Bismarck defies Prussian parliament
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D. Prussia Expands
1. Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces
2. Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia
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E. Seven Weeks’ war
1. Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war
2. Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern German
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3. Eastern & western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time
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F. The Franco-Prussian War
1. Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans
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2. Wilhelm is crowned Kaiser – emperor of a united Germany – at Versailles
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3. Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance
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G. Balance is Lost
1. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe
1. Austria
2. Prussia
3. Britain
4. France
5. Russia
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2. By 1871, Britain & Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power
3. Austria & Russia are weaker militarily & economically
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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Describe the development of independent nation-states in Europe.
continued . . .
Nationalism3 HOME
CASE STUDIES: Italy and GermanyPATTERNS
OF CHANGE
1830Greece wins
independence from
Ottomans.
1848Revolts
throughout Europe
1861Victor
Emmanuel II declared
king of Italy.
1866Seven
Weeks’ War between
Prussia and Austria
1870Franco-Prussian
War
1871William I crowned kaiser of
new German Empire.
1800 1900
1815Congress of
Vienna
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IV. Revolutions in the Arts
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A. The Romantic Movement
1. Romanticism
a) reflected interest in nature
b) in the thoughts & feelings of the individual
c) Reacted against the ideals of the Enlightenment.
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2. The Ideas of Romanticism
a) the love of nature's untamed beauty
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b) the value of common people1) John Constable
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c) the glorification of heroes and heroic actions
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3. Romanticism in Literature
a) Goethe – German / one of the earliest & greatest romantic writers
b) Coleridge - honored nature as the source of truth & beauty
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4. The Gothic Novel
a) Mary Shelley wrote Frankenstein
(1) early gothic horror story about a monster created from corpses
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5. Composers Emphasize Emotion
a) Music changed during the Romantic period
1) It became a part of middle-class life
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b) Ludwig van Beethoven
1) One of romanticism's first composers
c) Chopin
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B. The Shift to Realism in the Arts
1) a reaction against romanticism
a) tried to show life as it was, not as it should be
b) industrialism was a factor in the rise of the realism movement
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2. Photographers Capture Reality
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3. Writers Study Society
a) Dickens
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C. Impressionists React Against Realism
1. Goal of impressionist artists & composers
a. show the ugly conditions created by industrialization
b. to illustrate a moment in time
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2. Renoir
a) French artist
1) leading painter in the development of the Impressionist style
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3. Edgar Degas
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4. Claude Monet
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Artistic and intellectual movements both reflected and fueled changes in Europe during the 1800s.
Romanticism and realism continue to dominate the novels, dramas, and films produced today.
Overview
AssessmentAssessment
• romanticism
• realism
• impressionism
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MAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOW
TERMS & NAMES
Revolutions in the Arts
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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Contrast romanticism, realism, and impressionism. For each movement, provide a brief description, the social conditions that each reflects, and representative artists.
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Section 4 Assessment
Revolutions in the Arts
Emotional approach Common people in heroic fight against tyranny
Byron, Beethoven, Victor Hugo
Objective approach Everyday working people and the problems of Industrial Age
Balzac, Zola, Dickens, Courbet
Using light and color to catch the fleeting moment
A more positive view of urban, industrialized society
Manet, Monet, Degas, Renoir
Movement Description Social conditions Artists
Romanticism
Realism
Impressionism
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Section 4 Assessment
ANSWERANSWER
2. How might a realist novel bring about changes in society? Describe the steps by which this might happen.THINK ABOUT
• the conditions described in realist novels
• who reads realist novels
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• how political change takes place
Realist novels often describe unhealthy conditions in factories or neighborhoods. They also focus on the suffering of workers. Sympathetic readers might connect the fictional conditions with actual conditions. News reporters might then investigate. Voters might complain to local politicians, who would introduce legislation.
Possible Response:
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Revolutions in the Arts
