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Different classes of

vertebrates, which includejawless fishes

(e.g., lampreys),

cartilaginous fishes (e.g.,

sharks), bony fishes,

amphibians, reptiles, birds,

and mammals.

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•A vertebrate is an animal with a strong, flexible backbone.

•You are an example of a vertebrate.

•All vertebrates exhibit bilateral symmetry and a true

body cavity with an endoskeleton.

•Found in aquatic and terrestrial environments.

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adaptations in Vertebrates for life on land

Endothermy

Strong Limbs

Muscles Eggs

Lungs

Skin

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8 Classes

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Endoskeleton:•Support

•Attachment for muscles•Grows with the animal

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Major Characteristics:•Lateral Line System

•Row of sensitive cells that can detect very small amounts of motion in the water.

•Closed circulatory system with a heart•Well developed nervous system and brain•Exchange gases using gills- diffusion•Herbivores, carnivores, parasites, filter feeders, and Detritivores.•Movement- contracting muscles on either side of the backbone

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Skeleton made of fibers and cartilage

HagfishLack eyes- detect light through sensors on their

bodyFeed on dead and dying fish

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Lampreys •Usually parasites•Have funnel-like mouths lined with sharp teeth.•In center of mouth is tongue with a tooth like projection.•Attaches to other fish by suction. It tears a hole in the fish and injects a chemical chemical that keeps the blood from clotting. Sucks blood and fluids from its host.

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•Sharks and Rays•Complete vertebral column, movable jaws, and skeleton with paired fins.•All of these structures are made up of cartilage•Whale shark can grow up to 49.5 ft weighing 39,600 pounds.

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Water enters the mouth and water passes over the gills where the gases are exchanged.Sharp sense of smell.

Also have lateral line system.Internal fertilization

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Skeleton made of boneMarine and freshwaterSwim Bladder: thin sac that acts as a float. (Filled with oxygen and other gasses) Can be adjustedadjusted so that the fish can move to different levels.Gills for gas exchangeTwo chambered heart

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Clip

External fertilization

Lateral line systemLateral line system and a keen sense of smell.

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mudskippersClip

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Major Characteristics:•Lives in water as a larvae and on

land as an adult•Moist skin

•Breathes with lungs as an adult•Lacks scales and claws

•Must return to water to reproduce.•Age of amphibians: 360-286 mya

Clip“Double

Life”

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Success on Land:Lungs, stronger bones

in limbs to help support weight out of water, breastbone to

protect internal organs.

Salamanders, newts, frogs, and toads

First vertebrates to adapt to life on land

Young can only live in water

Undergo metamorphosis and can

live on land tadpole stage can

regenerate lost parts

Frog &Toads 20

•Smooth skin, no scales, feet are webbed, toes are soft and lack claws•Respiration through gills, lungs and/or skin•no external ears: have eardrums or tympanic membranes

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Eggs usually Eggs usually laid in water laid in water and fertilized and fertilized

externallyexternally

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EcologyEcology•Food for

other animals

•Some can produce poison - defense

Blue Poison Frog

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Turtles, crocodilians, Lizards, and Snakes

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Major Characteristics:•Dry, scaly skin

Helps prevent water lossWith scales or plates

•LungsAble to breath airClip

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Lay eggs with several membranes• Oviparous: animals that lay eggs• One of the most important adaptations for life on land.• Does not need water for reproduction

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Egg covered w/a shell that protects the developing embryo from drying outdrying out

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Limbs, if present, having toes with claws used for climbing, digging, and moving around on land.

•Strong limbs•Internal fertilization

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Body temperature that varies with that of the surroundings.Cannot generate their own body heat

EctothermEctotherm: animals with a body temperature that is influenced by the environment

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Strong Chests muscles

•Only group adapted to life in the air.•Body covered with feathers

•Modified scales•Made of protein and develop in pit in the

birds’ skin.•Two types: Contour (Lift) & Down

(Warmth)•Help birds fly and keep warm

•Attract mate•In some species-waterproof

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Endotherms: A constant warm temp. generated

internally by a high metabolic

rate.

 

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Two legs covered with scales

Modified for specific use- perching, walking,

etc.Front limbs modified

into wings.

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Molting: birds sheds their feathers at least once a year (gradual)

Thin hollow bones

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-Toothless beak•Birds have many different types of feet and beaks. Modified for the life style of the bird.

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Thin hollow bones.

Reproduction:Internal

fertilizationAmniotic egg- harder shells than reptiles

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Digestion:Crop: StorageGizzard: Can contain small

stones, help with the mechanical breakdown of

food

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There are many species of flightless birds: ostrich, penguins

Emus

Rheas

Cassowary

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EcologyPollination

Seed dispersalControl insect populationsIndicator of environmental

healthRachel Carson‘s book Silent Spring - pesticides in the food

chain

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Humans, Manatees, Elephants, Kangaroos, Apes,

Tigers, Dogs

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Major Characteristics

•Body covered with hair•Young nourished in the uterus

•Young nourished w/milk from mammary glands

•lung-breathing throughout lifetime•diaphram

•Have four chambered heart•endothermic: maintain constant body

temperature•Subcutaneous Fat under skin to conserve

heat•Sweat glands to cool body

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Feeding:Carnivores, herbivores, and

omnivores.Evolution of a strong more

powerful jaw enabled mammals to eat food other

than insects.

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Clip

Reproduction:•Internal fertilization

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Which is NOT an Which is NOT an adaptation of both adaptation of both reptiles and birds?reptiles and birds?

A terrestrial eggsB strong musclesC efficient lungs

D moist skin

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Which of these organisms exhibit

bilateralsymmetry?A a lobsterB a spongeC a starfish

D a sand dollar

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Which phrase BEST describes the bones

found in birds?A composed of keratin

B thick and solidC composed of

celluloseD thin and hollow

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