1-GCCh1-mwc (1)

7/17/2019 1-GCCh1-mwc (1)

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1

Chemistry: The Molecular Science, 3

rd

Ed.

by Moore, Stanitski, and Jurs

Chapter 1:

The Nature of Chemistry

RVCC Fall 2008

CHEM 103 – General Chemistry I

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2

What Is Chemistry

Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes

that it undergoes.

Matter is anything that occupies space and has

mass.

Air, water, coffee, fire, human beings, and stars are matter.Light, X-rays, photons, information, and love are not matter.

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3

The Study of Chemistry

elements

LETTERS (Ch. 1,2,7)

Compounds (Ch. 3,8,9,10)

WORS

!hem"!#l $e#!t"ons (Ch. %,&,')

SETECESChem"st$, The S!"en!e *n Conte+t

-"le$t, /"$ss, #"es

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%

uilding loc!s of all "atter

Elements

no theelement

smols on

h#ndout

Tom Leh$e$

Element Son4

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&

Classification of "atter

Chem"st$, The S!"en!e *n Conte+t

-"le$t, /"$ss, #"es

Ene$4

sep#$#t"on

!hem"!#l me#ns

E5m!2

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'

#roperties of "atter

Physical Properties !h#$#!te$"st"! o6 # sust#n!e th#t !#n e ose$ed "thout

!h#n4"n4 "t "nto #nothe$ sust#n!e E+#mples luste$, h#$dness, !olo$, dens"t, et!.

Chemical Properties !h#$#!te$"st"! o6 # sust#n!e th#t !#n e ose$ed onl th$ou4h #

!hem"!#l $e#!t"on

E+#mples !#$on#tes p$odu!e # 4#s hen #dded to #!"d"!solut"ons.

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7

Sodium. # 5 22.990. #t$"um. n #l#l"met#lelement. tom"! ume$ 5 11. tet$#4on#l,!$st#ll"ne, so6t met#l, s"le$ h"te hen 6$eshl

!ut: $#p"dl dull"n4 "n #"$: sto$ed unde$ !o#l o"l.e!omes $"ttle #t lo tempe$#tu$e,dens"t50.9732, mp 5 97˚C, p5880˚C,de!ompos"t"on #te$, "nsolule "n #l!ohol o$ethe$. ;sed #s # dehd$#t"n4 #4ent, $edu!"n4#4ent, !ondu!to$ "n !#les. The "sotope o6 m#ss2% h#s # h#l6l"6e 5 1&.& hou$s de!ompos"n4 tom#4nes"um "th em"ss"on o6 et# $#s (ele!t$ons)

#hysical and Chemical #roperties

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8

#hysical Change

A physical change is a change in the physical state of

matter $s, l, a%, powdered&' but not in its

chemical identity.

#hysical changes are usually re!ersi"le.

() new substances are formed during a physical change.

*+) $s' *+) $l'

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9

Chemical Change

A chemical change, or chemical reaction, is a change

in which matter is transformed into a new

substance $a change in identity'.

Chemical changes are usually irre!ersi"le.

(ew substances A formed during a chemical change.

/e $s' 0 1 )+ $g' 0 + *+) $l' + /e+)12 + *+) $s'

CANDLE

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10

#hysical #roperty - 3ensity

The density of an ob4ect is its mass per unit volume5

#

md

6enerally the unit of mass is the $ram.

The unit of volume is the m% $or e%uivalent cm1'.

volume

mass Density =

m

< D

mV = DV m =

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11

7erosene

Cn*+n0+ li%uid hydrocarbons

8egetable )il

triacylglyceride

9ater

*+)

9hich substance has the lowest density:

9hat will happen if you add more vegetable oil:

#hysical #roperty - 3ensity

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&ensity E'ample 3

STO=> Wh"!h sust#n!e "s the most dense? the le#st?

Wh"!h h#s # l#$4e$ olume, 204 #te$ o$ 204 o6 ethlene 4l!ol?

C

E

5 m

<

m

<

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13

3ensity #roblems

1. n unnon l"@u"d h#s # m#ss o6 30.' 4 #nd # olume o6 &3.3mL. Wh#t "s the dens"t o6 the l"@u"d?

2. T"n h#s # dens"t o6 7.310 4AmL. Wh#t m#ss o6 t"n ouldo!!up # olume o6 &&' mL?

3. Wh#t "s the m"n"mum olume o6 # t#n th#t !#n hold 79& 4 o6meth#nol (dens"t 5 0.7884A!m3)

%. Wh#t "s the dens"t o6 # p"ne o#$d hose d"mens"ons #$e%.0& !m 8.8& !m 1'% !m #nd hose m#ss "s 2&80 4?

&. <"ne4#$ h#s # dens"t o6 1.00&' 4A!m3. Wh#t "s the m#ss o6320 !m3?

'. %7.3 mL s#mple o6 ethl #l!ohol h#s # m#ss o6 37.22 4.

Wh#t "s the dens"t?

0.&7% 4AmL

%0'0 4

1010 mL

0.%39 4AmL

322 mL

0.787 4AmL

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1%

Temperature Scales

Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of an

ob4ect $or the !inetic energy, 7'.

is at present the common temperature scale in

the ;nited States

<(ahrenheit )o(*:

<Celsius )oC*:

<+el!in )+*:

is the temperature scale in general scientific usealso called Centigrade

is the S= base unit of temperature, a unit based onthe absolute temperature scale $>7 ? @ero 7'

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1&

oC ? o/

*3T)-

T (C

1.,/3TTC+

3T

-T C(

Temperature Scales

100˚C 180˚F100K

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1'

B.o/ ? oC

B.o/ ? : 7

9hich is the higher temperature,

+D ˚C or E+ ˚/:

"elting point of 6a is +.B oC,

would it melt in your hand:

Temp. "ars is E> o/ to -F>>B/, :BC

Li%uid *e 7, : o/

3T

-T C(

Temperature Con!ersions

1.,/3TTC+

37.0˚C

310 ˚/

2&BC577B

8&.'B, es

21BC 73BC

%&2B

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"acroscale, "icroscale, and (anoscale

10-00000 1.0- ' 10/

0.00000010- 1.0- ' 102/

Scientific Notation e!ie4

#owers of Ten

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/

http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/java/scienceopticsu/powersof10/

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"etric ;nits

=$e6"+ De#n"n4 E+#mple

De4# D 10'

1 me4#mete$ (Dm) 5 1 + 10'

m"lo 103 1 "lomete$ (m) 5 1 + 103 m

de!" d 101 1 de!"mete$ (dm) 5 1 + 101 m

!ent" ! 102 1 !ent"mete$ (!m) 5 1 + 102 m

m"ll" m 103 1 m"ll"mete$ (mm) 5 1 + 103 m

m"!$o 10' 1 m"!$omete$ (m) 5 1 + 10' m

n#no n 109 1 n#nomete$ (nm) 5 1 + 109 m

p"!o p 1012 1 p"!omete$ (pm) 5 1 + 1012 m

=$e6"+es mult"pl o$ d""de # un"t mult"ples o6 ten.

m

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"etric ;nit Conversion

1.2 m 5 1,200 m

%1.3 m4 5 0.0%13 4

2&.% mm 5 2.&% !m 0.02% L 5 2% mL

90.97 ms 5 90,970 s

0.00%&9 D te 5 %&90 te

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20

Study Cards -http5GGwww.chemmybear.comGstdycrds.html

Chem"st$ Stud C#$ds

http://www.chemmybear.com/stdycrds.html

http://www.chemmybear.com/stdycrds.html

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7inetic "olecular Theory $7"T'$(anoscale representations of the 1 states of matter.'

tempe$#tu$e "n!.

Sol"d L"@u"d -#s

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States of "atter

Wh "s t#le s#lt # sol"d, #te$ # l"@u"d, #nd

o+4en # 4#sF #t the s#me tempe$#tu$e?

/E 5 ! T 5 G m2

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#hysical States of 9ater

de6"n"te sh#pe no de6"n"te sh#pe no de6"n"te sh#pe

"n!omp$ess"le sl"4htl !omp$ess"le !omp$ess"le

o$4#n"Hed d"so$de$ h"4hl d"so$de$ed

onl "$#t"on#lmot"on

lo /E h"4h /E

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2%

Solid

sol"d h#s # 6"+ed olume #nd sh#pe

p#$t"!les "$#te #$ound 6"+ed

pos"t"ons ($on"#n mot"on) "n!omp$ess"le

o$de$ed

e+te$n#l sh#pe o6ten $e6le!ts "nte$n#l#$$#n4ement o6 p#$t"!les

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2&

Li%uid

l"@u"d h#s "ts on olume #nd

t#es the sh#pe o6 the !ont#"ne$

t$#nsl#t"on#l mot"on, 6#ste$

p#$t"!les #$e #$$#n4ed mo$e$#ndoml th#n "n # sol"d

sl"4htl !omp$ess"le

*nte$mole!ul#$ "nte$#!t"ons

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2'

6as

4#s h#s the olume #nd the

sh#pe o6 the !ont#"ne$

p#$t"!les #$e not #$$#n4ed "n #n

o$de$

p#$t"!les "n !ont"nuous, $#ndom,

$#p"d mot"on

!omp$ess"le

p#$t"!les do not "nte$#!t mu!h "th

one #nothe$

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*ow science is done.

Chem"st$, The S!"en!e *n Conte+t

-"le$t, /"$ss, #"es

Ipothes"s J # tent#t"e e+pl#n#t"on.

Theo$ J # un"6"n4 p$"n!"ple th#t "s

!ons"stent "th d#t# #nd l#s.

L# J # st#tement th#t summ#$"Hes

ose$#t"on.

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Theories and Laws

L#AOse$#t"on Theo$

-$#"t Spe!"#l Rel#t""t

#tu$#l Sele!t"on

(#d#pt#t"on, #$"#t"onF)

Eolut"on

e6"n"te =$opo$t"ons

Dult"ple =$opo$t"ons

tom"!

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9hat is it:

!#$on#ted #te$, !#$#mel !olo$, #sp#$t#me, phospho$"! #!"d,

pot#ss"um enHo#te, n#tu$#l 6l#o$s, !"t$"! #!"d, !#66e"ne.

"et Coe

#"n4 sod# (sod"um "!#$on#te), 6l#o$, =E-8, polo+#pol

1220, s"l"!#, sod"um !#$on#te pe$o+"de, sod"um l#u$ol

s#$!os"n#te, so"um l#u$l sul6#te, sod"um s#!!h#$"n, tet$#

sod"um p$ophosph#te, #te$ #!t"e "n4$ed"ent sod"um 6luo$"de

(0.2%3K)

d#n!e Wh"te Toothp#ste

(#"n4 Sod# #nd =e$o+"de, T#$t#$ Cont$ol)

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Chemical eaction or Change

To distinguish between the matter that reacts and the

matter that is being formed, we define5

eactants:

5roducts:

Substances that are consumed during

a chemical reaction

Substances that are produced during a

chemical reaction

eactants undergo chemical change to produce products.

Re"e

C#ndle

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Moore6Stanits7i68urs

Chemistry: The Molecular Science, 3e

Professor:Course/Section:

This is your required course material

You will need this material for:

- tests and quizzes

- homework and reading assignments

OWL http://ol.thomsonlearnin!.com

http://owl.thomsonlearning.com/



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33

9hy Study Chemistry:

< To satisfy our curiosity about the natural world.

< To understand various everyday phenomena in terms of

scientific concepts and theories.< To develop our analytical s!ills along with precision and

accuracy in manual wor!.

< /or a challenge that will hone our patience and persistence in

academic study.

< To reach our long-term goals.

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3%


=u$e Sust#n!es

J elements #nd !ompounds

6"+ed !ompos"t"on #nd un"@ue set o6 p$ope$t"es

Elements J pu$e sust#n!e!omposed o6 OE tpe o6

#tom (Ie, 2, S8,F)

no the 7 d"#tom"!

Compounds J pu$e sust#n!e!omposed o6 DORE TI OE

tpe o6 #tom (I2O, eS,

C12I22O11)

#(s) Cl2 (4) #Cl (s)

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3&

Iete$o4eneous !ons"st o6 mo$e th#n one ph#se

(o"lM#te$, !h"!en soup, lood)


D"+tu$es

s#mple o6 m#tte$ th#t !ons"sts o6 to o$ mo$e pu$e sust#n!es

(I2O M #Cl) #nd !#n e sep#$#ted phs"!#l me#ns.

;nl"e # !ompound, # m"+tu$e !#n h#e #$"#le !ompos"t"on (10K#Cl, 90K I2O) #nd #$"#le p$ope$t"es.

Iomo4eneous !ons"st o6 oneph#se "th p$ope$t"es th#t do not

#$ "th"n the s#mple (!o66ee #nd

m"l, !o66ee #nd su4#$)

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1-GCCh1-mwc (1)