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Introduction to Instructional Design

John R. Savery, Ph.D.

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This slide show will…

Introduce the main concepts related to instructional design.

Provide definitions and vocabulary. Explain each of the components in the ID

process. Touch briefly on ID models. Set expectations for this course.

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Getting started

Instruction is the arrangement of information and environment to facilitate learning.

Learning is the development of new knowledge, skills or attitudes as an individual interacts with information and the environment.

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Beware over-simplification!

The definition that follows is one of several equally viable definitions for ID.

It is a personal favorite because it works. Avoid simplistic ‘recipe’ approaches. Well designed instruction leading to thorough

learning is analogous to a well-prepared feast leading to a satisfied palate.

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Definition of Instructional Design

Instructional design BLENDS what we know about… – the LEARNERS– the SUBJECT MATTER– HOW PEOPLE LEARN– the capabilities of an INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIUM

…to produce instruction that will facilitate learning

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Expanding on these “Terms”

SUBJECT MATTER– The content to be taught including knowledge, skill,

or attitude. INSTRUCTION

– Ways to organize the subject matter to facilitate learning. (lecture to virtual reality)

DELIVERY– Making the best use of the medium (text, motion

video, computer-based teaching, etc.)

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More Terminology

Technology by definition is anything that extends human capabilities – lever, wheel, chalk board, books, video, computers….

Technology in instruction refers to both the hardware and the process that is used to enhance/extend teaching and learning.

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Instructional Design and Systems

The Instructional Design process is a “systems” approach.

The ID process is expressed as a linear model, an iterative process, and often as a pragmatic, real-world set of procedures.

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Quick Review of Systems

A system has four basic parts:– Input– Processing– Output– Feedback

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System Components

INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUT

FEEDBACK

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A Classroom is a Complex System

A classroom is a system with multiple inputs:– Physical environment– Number of students– Ability levels and ages of students– Curriculum requirements– Available teaching resources– Expectations of parents, administration– Skill and knowledge of the teacher

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Classroom to School to District…

A complex classroom system is embedded within an even larger system. (District,State,National)

Each system provides inputs, which can effect the processing, and reacts to outputs. (i.e. OPT scores)

More terms…– Systematic refers to a programmed approach– Systemic refers to changes affecting the entire system – I.e.

systemic changes in education

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So what is the ID process?

The ID process at one level is a planning and organizational tool.

The steps in the process help to ensure that all the important information is considered in the context of the instructional problem or challenge.

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Example of ID planning

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Components in the ID process

Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluation

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ID Process - Analysis

Analysis– learning needs analysis/discrepancy analysis– front end (feasibility) analysis– audience analysis– content or task analysis

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ID Process - Design

Design– specification of intended learning outcomes– knowledge, skills, behaviors, attitudes, etc.– specification of evaluation methods and criteria

indicative of learner achievement– scope and sequencing of instructional events– media selection

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ID Process - Development

Development– project management– timelines– resource management– prototype development– beta testing– usability testing

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ID Process - Implementation

Implementation– training for users both learners and teachers– embedded help– support materials for successful utilization– management of resources and time

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ID Process - Evaluation

Evaluation of instructional effectiveness– formative (short term)

beta testing usability testing

– summative (long term) large scale validation multiple contexts

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Instructional Design Models

Morrison, Kemp – Circular Model– An copy of this model is on the next slide

Other popular ID models http://carbon.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc_data/idmodels.html http://www.coe.missouri.edu/~wang/portfolio/pages/isdm.html http://www.pace.edu/ctlt/newsletter/articles/idm.htm

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Instructional Problems

Instructional Objectives

Task Analysis

LearnerCharacteristics

ContentSequencing

InstructionalStrategies

Designingthe Message

Developmentof Instruction

EvaluationInstruments

Revision

Formative Evaluation

Planning

Implementation

ConfirmativeEvaluation

SupportServices

Project Management

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So what’s the point?

Experienced teachers who have internalized the teaching/learning process and are teaching the same content for the umpteenth time can be spontaneous in the classroom.

Even experienced teachers when teaching new subject matter need to examine the instructional process.

The ID process enhances the creation of effective instruction.

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Why is Instructional Design Important?

We are living within a “knowledge explosion” referred to by the popular press as the Information Age.

This has serious implications for what and how we teach.

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In the Information Age...

Rapid rate of change to the knowledge base leading to information “overload”

What we teach is constantly evolving. What students need to know is expanding. Graduates need to be prepared for multiple

careers during their lifetime

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Possible “teaching solutions”

learner centered approach to instruction technology rich classrooms extended classrooms (web-based) on-line learning environments virtual classrooms

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How this Applies to This Course

I support the constructivist notion that problem solving is an excellent format for learning.

I support dialogue, discussion, and debate as means to articulate knowledge.

I believe the role of the teacher is to provide learners with authentic opportunities to perform like a professional in the domain.

I support lifelong and self-directed learning.

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Instructional Strategies

Work in small groups to remove barriers to communication and give everyone an opportunity to be heard.

Foster ownership of the individual project by team members.

Peer evaluations to recognize quantity and quality of contributions by peers.

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Before you take a Break..

The next few slides will be a self-test to see what you recall.

When you are ready you may begin.

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Select the best response.

Instruction is what we do to students to make them better taxpayers in the future.

Instruction is the arrangement of information and environment to facilitate learning.

Instruction is the transmission of established facts to unsuspecting learners.

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Correct Response is:

Instruction is the arrangement of information and environment to facilitate learning.

The other answers were meant to trick you, but only you will know if they worked.

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True or False?

ID is all about simple cookie-cutter solutions to complex instructional problems.

– True

– False

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If you chose False you are correct.

If you chose True read on… The ID process is highly structured and

rigorous. Separating the components into Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation phases is a convenient way to identify the levels of complexity…as shall be shown in this course.

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Last question: Who runs ID?

Democrats Republics Idiots Dr. Savery

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A moment of in-decision here?

Tough choice – Idiots or Dr. Savery

The correct response was…

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