34
1 Medical Assisting Chapter 30 PowerPoint ® to accompany Second Edition Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

1 Medical Assisting Chapter 30 PowerPoint ® to accompany Second Edition Ramutkowski Booth Pugh Thompson Whicker Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies,

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

1

Medical Assisting Chapter 30

PowerPoint® to accompany

Second Edition

Ramutkowski • Booth • Pugh • Thompson • Whicker

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2

The Respiratory SystemObjectives30-1 Explain the functions of the respiratory system.30-2 Explain the difference between internal and external

respiration. 30-3 Describe how the larynx produces voice sounds.30-4 List the structures contained within the lungs.30-5 Describe the coverings of the lungs and chest cavity.30-6 Describe the events that lead to the inspiration and expiration

of air.30-7 Explain how the brain controls breathing and how normal

breathing patterns can be disrupted.

3

The Respiratory SystemObjectives (cont.)30-8 List and explain various respiratory volumes and tell how

they are used to diagnose respiratory problems.30-9 Describe how oxygen is transported from the lungs to body

cells.30-10 Describe how carbon dioxide is transported from body cells

to the lungs.30-11 Describe the signs, symptoms, causes, and treatments of

various respiratory disorders and diseases.

4

The Respiratory System The major function of the respiratory system is

ventilation (breathing). This system also functions to deliver oxygen (O2) to

the bloodstream and remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from the bloodstream.

O2

O2

O2CO2 CO2

CO2

Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide

5

Organs of the Respiratory System

Organs of the respiratory system: Nose Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchial tree Lungs

6

Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

The Nasal Cavity Nasal septum divides

the cavity into right and left portions

Nasal conchae extend from walls of nasal cavity

Mucous membrane warms and moistens the air and cilia helps eliminate particles

The Paranasal Sinuses These are air-filled spaces

within the skull bones Serve to reduce weight of

the skull and give your voice a certain tone

Skull bones with sinuses include:

Frontal Sphenoid Ethmoid Maxillae bones

7

The PharynxThe Pharynx An organ of both the respiratory and digestive

system The LarynxThe Larynx

Larynx also called the “voice box” Moves air in and out of the trachea, and produces

voice Composed of three cartilages:

Thyroid cartilage Epiglottic cartilage Cricoid cartilage

Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

8

Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

Glottis

True Vocal Cords

False Vocal Cords

Posterior Portion of Tongue

Vocal Cords

Stretched between the thyroid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage

Upper vocal cords are false cords and lower vocal cords are true vocal cords.

The glottis is the opening between the vocal cords

The more vocal cords are stretched, the higher the voice pitch.

9

Referred to as the windpipe Tubular organ made of rings of

cartilage and smooth muscle Lined with cells possessing cilia Extends from the larynx to the bronchi.

Trachea Trachea

Cilia moves mucus up to the throat where it is swallowed. Smoking destroys cilia.

Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

10

• Cone-shaped organs• Right lung has three lobes and the left lung has two lobes

• The membranes surrounding the lungs is called the pleura

The lungs contain connective tissue, the bronchial tree, nerves, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.

Organs of the Respiratory System (cont.)

11

Apply Your KnowledgeWhich of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body?

a. Right bronchusb. Left bronchiolec. Trachea

12

Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswerWhich of the following sites would be the most lethal if obstructed by a foreign body?

a. Right bronchusb. Left bronchiolec. Trachea

13

Snoring Occurs due to vibration of soft tissues when muscles of the

palate, tongue and throat relax. Affects approximately 50% of men and 25% of women over

the age of 40. Causes daytime sleepiness and may be associated with sleep

apnea.

Common Causes• enlargement of tonsils or adenoids• being overweight• alcohol consumption• nasal congestion• deviated nasal septum

14

Snoring (cont.)

Mayo Clinic’s Sleep Disorders Center rating of snoring:

Heard from close proximity

Heard from anywhere in the bedroom

Heard from just outside the bedroom door with door open

Heard outside the bedroom door with the door closed

15

Lifestyle Modifications to Reduce Snoring Lose weight Change sleeping position Avoid using alcohol or medications that induce

sleep Use nasal strips to widen the nasal passages Use dental devices to keep airways open

Snoring (cont.)

Some patients may require surgery to remove excess soft tissue or a portion of the soft palate.

16

The Mechanisms of Breathing

Inspiration Expiration

Breathing or pulmonary ventilation, consist of inspiration (inhalation) and expiration (exhalation). The medulla oblongata controls the rhythm and depth of breathing and the pons controls the rate of breathing.

• Air rich in O2 enters the lungs from the atmosphere

• The diaphragm contracts or flattens

• The intercostal muscles raise the ribs

• Air rich in C0 2 exits the lungs• The diaphragm relaxes• The intercostal muscles lower the ribs

17

Respiratory VolumesReflects the amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs during a normal breath

Amount of air that can be forcefully inhaled following a normal inhalation

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled following a normal exhalation

Tidal VolumeTidal Volume

InspiratoryReserve Volume

InspiratoryReserve Volume

ExpiratoryReserve Volume

ExpiratoryReserve Volume

18

Respiratory Volumes

Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the deepest inhalation possible.

Represents the volume of air that always remains in the lungs even after a forceful exhalation.

This measure reflects the total amount of air the lungs can hold.

Residual Volume

Residual Volume

Total LungCapacity

Total LungCapacity

Vital CapacityVital Capacity

19

The Transport of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the Blood Most of the body’s oxygen binds to

hemoglobin in the red blood cells. This transport system is called oxyhemoglobin.oxyhemoglobin.

When carbon dioxide gets into the bloodstream bicarbonate ionsbicarbonate ions are formed and some carbon dioxide binds to hemoglobin.

When bicarbonate ions reach the lungs, an enzyme changes them back into carbon dioxide and water.

20

The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8 to 9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”

Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?

a. Periods of apneab. Depressionc. Tuberculosis

Apply Your Knowledge

21

The medical assistant working for a general practitioner is taking the medical history of a new patient. The patient states “Even after sleeping 8-9 hours I still feel really tired.” The patient’s spouse states, “Well you sure snore loud, as if the sleep is so good.”

Which of the following is a possible cause for the excessive fatigue?

a. Periods of apneab. Depressionc. Tuberculosis

Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswer

22

Common Respiratory Conditions Asthma is a condition in which the bronchial

tree becomes obstructed due to inflammation Causes includes allergens, cigarette smoke,

pollutants, cold temperatures and exercise Signs and symptoms include difficulty

breathing, wheezing, coughing, and a tight feeling in the chest

Treatment include avoidance of allergens, steroid inhalers, bronchodilators and stopping smoking

23

BronchitisBronchitis is inflammation of the bronchi May be caused by viruses, gastroesophageal

reflux, exposure to cigarette smoke, pollutants and fumes.

Signs and symptoms includes chills, fever, difficulty breathing, coughing up yellow-gray or green mucus, chest tightness, wheezing and difficulty breathing

Treatment with rest, fluids, cough medicines, humidifiers, inhalers and antibiotics for smokers

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

24

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

Disease Causes Signs & Symptoms

Treatments

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Cigarette smoke and air pollution

Fatigue, difficulty breathing & frequent coughing

Lifestyle changes, inhalers, stop smoking

Emphysema Cigarette smoke, pollutants, dust

Chronic cough, weight loss, fatigue, shortness of breath

Stop smoking, vaccinations, antibiotics, oxygen, bronchodilators

25

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Influenza (Flu) Numerous viruses Runny nose, sore throat, sneezing, fever, chills, diarrhea, loss of appetite

Bed rest, fluids, antiviral medications

Laryngitis Viruses, bacteria, excessive talking, allergies, smoking, frequent use of alcohol

Hoarse voice, sore throat, dry cough and throat

Antibiotics, avoidance of cigarettes and alcohol

26

Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Legionnaire’s Disease

Bacteria that grows in air conditioning systems

Fever, fatigue, difficulty breathing, chest pain, headache

Antibiotics, respiratory therapy and supportive therapy

Lung Cancer Smoking, exposure to radon, asbestos and industrial carcinogens

Cough, hemoptysis, difficulty breathing, weight loss, chronic hoarseness, wheezing

Depends on type of cancer and stage but chemotherapy and radiation are common treatments

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

27

Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Pleuritis Viruses, pneumonia, autoimmune diseases such as lupus, chest trauma

Fever or chills, dry cough, shortness of breath, chest pain during breathing

Pain medications, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, removal of fluid around the lungs

Pneumonia Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, foreign matter entering the lungs

Fever or chills, headache, fatigue, coughing up rust-colored, green or yellow mucus

Rest, fluids, antibiotics, over-the-counter pain medications

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

28

Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Pneumothorax Chest trauma, and unknown causes

Tightness in the chest, sharp chest pain, rapid heart rate, shortness of breath

Chest tube, surgery

Pulmonary Edema

Congestive heart failure, heart attack, cardiomyopathy, heart valve disorders, lung infections, chest injuries and many others

Shortness of breath, wheezing, weight gain, pink mucus, pale skin, sweating

Oxygen therapy, diuretics, morphine

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

29

Disease Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Pulmonary Embolism

Heart attacks, fractured hips, cancer, long periods of inactivity

Fainting, sudden shortness of breath, hemoptysis, wheezing, tachycardia, chest pain

Support stockings, clot-dissolving medications, anti-coagulants, surgical filter insertion

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

Viruses Fever, chills, headache, dry cough, muscle aches

Rest, anti-viral medications

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

30

Diseases Causes Signs and Symptoms

Treatment

Sinusitis Bacteria, blockage of sinus openings

Fever, cough, sore throat, facial pain, nasal decongestion

Nasal decongestants, nasal steroid sprays, antibiotics

Tuberculosis Bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Cough lasting >3 weeks, fever or chills, weight loss, night sweats, pain when breathing

TB testing, Drug therapy

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

31

Sudden infant death syndrome has no specific signs or symptoms and no known causes.

Common Respiratory Conditions (cont.)

Risk Factors

• More common in male infants• Babies between the ages of 2 weeks and 6 months are most susceptible• Premature or low birth weight babies are at risk• Babies with a sibling that died of SIDS• African American and Native American babies are at highest risk• Babies who were prenatally exposed to cocaine, heroine, or nicotine• Babies who sleep on their stomachs are three times more likely to die

from SIDS

32

Which of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually?

a. Pneumoniab. Tuberculosisc. Legionnaire’s disease

Apply Your Knowledge

33

Apply Your Knowledge - AnswerAnswerWhich of the following diseases must all health care workers be screened for annually?

a. Pneumoniab. Tuberculosisc. Legionnaire’s disease

34

End of Chapter