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1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory. 1-2. Potential assessment. 1-2.Potential assessment. Contents. 1-2. Potential assessment 1-2-1. Basic principle of assessment 1-2-2. Insolation measurement 1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation 1-2-4. Case practice. Sun light from any direction. PV. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory1. Solar Photovoltaic Theory
1-2. Potential assessment
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1-2.Potential assessment 1-2.Potential assessment
1-2. Potential assessment
1-2-1. Basic principle of assessment
1-2-2. Insolation measurement
1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
1-2-4. Case practice
• Contents
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Insolation
Solar radiation (Insolation ) is “light energy” from sun.
Solar radiation (Insolation ) is “light energy” from sun.
Global Radiation(Insolation)
1m
1m
Horizontal plane
Sun light from any direction
Energy: kWh/m2
Power: kW/ m2
Energy: kWh/m2
Power: kW/ m2
REFLECTED
PV
Solar radiation (insolation) reaches the ground as:
•direct radiation
•diffused radiation
Energy received within a unit time
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Out of atmosphere( 1.35 kW/m2 = 0.125 kW/feet2)
Ground surface on the equator( 1.00 kW/m2 = 0.093 kW/feet2 )
Absorbed by H2O , O2 , O3, CO2
Visible
Green
1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Insolation spectrum on the surface of ground
1.35 kW/m2(0.125 kW/f2 )
1.00 kW/m2( 0.093 kW/f2 )
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Various effects for insolation
• Local latitude effect
• “Air mass” effect( Atmospheric path length effect)
• Seasonal effect
• Weather effect
• Face rotation effect
• Surrounding obstacles effect( Shading effect )
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Effect of Local Latitude
)()( 0 COSII : Local latitude
Actually, you can measure this value
+90 deg(N pole)
-90 deg(S pole)
0 deg(Equator)
)(I
I0I0
I0
I0
)(I
Earth
Local Horizontal Insolation
mathematical Cosine curve
about 1.0 kW/m2
(0.093 kW/feet2)
1.0 kW/m2
(0.093 kW/feet2)
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Effect of Local Latitude
)(
11)(110
CosII
Tilted plane(yellow plane)
Horizontal plane(blue plane)
)()( 0 COSII
Meaning of convert equation
I0 (kW/m2)
1 m
1 m
)(
1
Cos m
)(I (kW/m2)
Insolation energy of the tilted plane(yellow) and the
horizontal plane(blue) is same.
Rectangle plane towed sun light
Horizontal plane
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AppendixAppendix
• A-2 Triangle Function ( Cosine Function )
A C
B
c
a
b
b
aTan
c
bCos
c
aSin
)(
)(
)(
7071.0)45(
8660.0)30(
Cos
CosExample Please calculate by your handy computer
)20(
)10(
Cos
Cos
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Best tilt angle
Your horizontal plane
I0
I0
Earth
You are here
Ideal tilt angle = local latitude
Ideal PV plane
Local latitude is
Best tilt angle is almost same as “local latitude”
Best tilt angle is almost same as “local latitude”
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
I0
I0
I0
)(I
Earth
Air
• “Atmospheric path length” depend on its latitude.
Air mass effect +90 deg(N pole)
-90 deg(S pole)
0 deg(Equator)
)(I
I0
mathematical Cosine curve
With Air mass effect
• Effect of “Air mass” ( Atmospheric path length )
about 1.0 kW/m2
( 0.093 kW/f2 )about 1.37 kW/m2
( 0.125 kW/f2 )
Lp
AtAir Mass =
At (thickness of air)
Lp (Light pass length)
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Effect of Season
Latitude Max. Min.
Japan +35deg Jun. Dec.
Singapore 0deg Mar.Sep. Jun.Dec.
Australia - 35deg Dec. Jun.
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Effect of Season
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
J apan OsakaKiribath TarawaTuvalu FnafutiSamoa AsauVanuatu Port VillaCook Is. Rarotonga
Month
kWh/
m2da
y
-13 Samoa
-17 Vanuatu+1 Kiribath
-21 Cook Is.
-8 Tuvalu.
+34 Japan
Seasonal effect is more strong in high latitude
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Effect of WeatherDaily output curve of various weather condition
Fine day
Cloudy day
Rainy day
Act
ual
ou
tpu
t /
Rat
ed c
apac
ity
Time
Data in JAPAN
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Effect of Weather
Fiji
Insoration 6822 (MJ/m2year)Utilization 15.8%
Fine day 77.5%Cloudy day 17.9%
Insoration 6131 (MJ/m2year)Utilization 14.2%
Fine day 68.4%Cloudy day 21.2%
Nandi
Suva
Key factor of solar resource
• Latitude• Atmospheric path length• Length of daytime
• Opportunity of fine day.
Almost same in PPA countries
Depend on the geographical aspect.
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Face-rotation effects on daily insolation curve
S
W E
6 10 12 14 18Time
Inso
lati
on
Face to S
Face to SE Face to SW
Location = 35N
•If you rotate PV module face to East, output peak will shift to earlier.
•If you rotate PV module face to West, output peak will shift to later.
Northern hemisphere
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Face-rotation effects on daily insolation curve
Inso
lati
on
Face to SFace to SE Face to SW
•This effect is more strong in high latitude.
•Low latitude area (under 15deg), this effect is negligible.
Latitude15N
Latitude35N
Latitude60N
6 10 12 14 18
Face to SFace to SE Face to SW
Inso
lati
on
Face to SFace to SE Face to SW
Inso
lati
on
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Various effects on daily insolation curve
6 12 18 Time
Inso
lati
on
Summer
Winter
•Latitude effect
• Seasonal effect(depended on sun height angle)
• Air mass effect
•Weather effect
Day light time
•Seasonal effect
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Necessity of on site insolation measuringKey factor of solar resource
• Latitude dependent• Atmospheric path length• Length of daytime• Seasonal sun height-angle
• Weather dependent• Opportunites of fine day• Mist in the air
• Site situation• Shade of mountain, tree, buildings• Contamination by dust, salty gusts
Easy to estimate
Easy to estimate
Easy to estimate
Un-known
Un-known
Difficult
Un-known
On site insolation measuring is necessary before planning.(at least 1 – 3 years. Use meteorological observatory data)
On site insolation measuring is necessary before planning.(at least 1 – 3 years. Use meteorological observatory data)
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Basic theory of PV panel adjustment
Latitude effect
Air Mass effect
Seasonal effect
Daily effect
Weather effect
Obstacle shad effect
Basic theory of PV panel adjustment
• You cannot avoid these effect. • The best things you can do are to:
- Tilt PV plane the same as your latitude.- Face true north or true south.
PV
same angle as latitude
Face to N or S (as possible as
you can)
Avoidable. Try to find good location
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Basic theory of PV panel adjustment(Note)
• In high latitude locations, the optimum tilting angle is slightly lower than the local latitude.
diff
eren
ce b
etw
een
loca
l la
titud
e an
d op
timum
tilt
+deg
-deg
45 deg local latitude
-7deg under
At 45N point, Optimum tilt angle is45 – 7 = 38 deg
In low latitude region such as 10 to 20 deg, error is negligible
By using computer, you can calculate accurate tilting angle easily.
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Insolation of the world
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Definition of PV’s Rated Capacity
“Rated capacity 1kW” means( Power )
If insolation is 1 kW/m2, this PV can output 1 kW.
( Energy )If PV has 1 kW/m2 insolation in 1 hour, this PV can generate 1 kWh
Rated Capacity “1 kW”
1 (kW/m2)
Output 1 kW
Rated Capacity “1 kW”
1 (kW/m2)
Generate 1 kWh for 1 hour
Note: This is the definition that,we use metric system here.
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Definition of PV’s Capacity
“Rated capacity 1kW” means
Rated Capacity “1 kW”
1 (kWh/m2day)
Generate 1 kWh for a day
( Accumulated Energy )If PV has 1 kWh/m2day, this PV can generate 1 kWh for a day
In resource assessment, “Accumulated Insolation (energy)” is used widely.
Daily accumulated insolation kWh/m2day
Monthly accumulated insolation kWh/m2month
Annual accumulated insolation kWh/m2year
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1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment1-2-1 Basic principle of assessment
• Definition of PV’s Capacity
“Efficiency” parameter is already included in “Rated Capacity”.
Rated Capacity “1 kW”
1 (kW/m2)
Generate 1 kW
Rated Capacity “1 kW”
1 (kW/m2)
Generate 1 kW
• High-efficiency PV ( Single crystal PV 15% )
• Low-efficiency PV (Amorphous PV 8 %)
Module is larger.
If you use “rated capacity”, you don’t have to consider about efficiency.
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• How to observe InsolationPyranometer for Horizontal Global Solar Radiation (Insolation)
Pyranometer
Horizontal plane
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• How to observe Insolation
Pyranometer for Horizontal Global Solar Radiation (Insolation)
• Place Pyranometer on thehorizontal plane.
• Make sure no shadow is cast all day long.
• Clean upper window frequently.
Insolation data is very common in meteorology. Ask your meteorological observatory for local insolation data.
Sun window (receives light from all directions)
20 cm
Data loggerInstant value XX.XX (kW/m2) orAccum. value XX.XX (kWh/m2)
Instant value XX.XX (kW/m2) orAccum. value XX.XX (kWh/m2)
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• There are many units of Insolation data.
Pyranometer for Global Solar Radiation
Be sure to note which unit your pyranometer is using.
Metric(m) Imperial(feet)
MJ MJ / m2year MJ / feet2year
kWh kWh / m2year kWh / feet2year
x 3.60
x 1 / 10.76
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• Example of raw data (monthly data)
Average Insolation for a day
(kWh/m2day)
January DateA
ccu
mu
lati
ng
Tim
e
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• Example of raw data ( Annual data)
3156.62880.63118.6
92.21483107.63005.5 Annual total insolation
Summarize
Daily average Insolation
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• Convert “horizontal insolation” to “tilted insolation”
I0
I0
I0
)(I
Earth
I0
I0
I0
Earth
Hj
Plane ofPV Panel(Tilted same as local latitude)
Raw insolation data( Horizontal insolation )
Hj : Tilted insolation
Horizontal to Tiltedconversion
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• Convert “horizontal insolation” to “tilted insolation”
Hj (kWh/m
2year)
I (kWh/m2year)Measured Plane
(Horizontal)
PV Module Plane(Tilted as local Latitude)
)(CosIHj
(kWh/m2year)
(kWh/m2year)
(Note) This conversion can be used in low latitudes (less than 20deg.)
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• Convert “horizontal insolation” to “tilted insolation”
)(
1111
CosIHj
Tilted plane(yellow plane)
Horizontal plane(blue plane)
Meaning of convert equation
Insolation energy of the tilted plane(yellow) and the hori-zontal plane(blue) is same.
Hj (kW/m2)
1 m
1 m
)(
1
Cos m
(kW/m2)
)(Cos
IHj
I
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1-2-2 Insolation measurement1-2-2 Insolation measurement
• Convert “horizontal insolation” to “tilted insolation”(Example)
031,29848.0
000,2
)10(
000,2)(
CosCos
IHj (kWh/m2year)
(kWh/m2year)
(kWh/m2year)
Local Latitude = -10 (deg)
Horizontal Insolation I = 2,000 (kWh/m2Year)
I = 2,000 kWh/m2year(Measured raw data)10 deg.
Hj = 2,031 kWh/m2year( Tilted insolation )
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1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
• Actual generation energy of PV
Actual generation energy
HhgPup Pu = Rated Capacity of PV Module (=1.0 kW)hg = System efficiency (= 0.7 depending on type of PV cell)H = Tilted Plane Insolation in kWh unit.
Hg = 70% (System Efficiency)
•Converter Loss 8%
•Surface Contamination 7%
•Temperature Rise 15%
(Example)
Tilted Insolation Hj = 2,031 (kWh/m2Year)
PV rated capacity Pu=10 (kW)
217,14031,27.010 p (kWh/year)
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1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
• Calculate “Load Factor ( Syaytem Utilization parameter)"• To estimate various capacities of PV system, calculate Unified Parameter,
called " Load Factor (System Utilization Parameter )".• This parameter means “Annual average output power” of unit capacity of
the PV system.
36524PupLF
p = Annual Available power for Unit Capacity of PV ModulePu = Unit Capacity of PV Module (=1.0)
(Example)Annual power generation p= 14,217 (kWh/Year)PV rated capacity Pu=10 (kW)
163.0)36524(10
217,14
Ug 16.3 (%)
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1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
• Calculate annual power by System Utilization Parameter
(Example)
System utilization parameter Ug= 0.158 (%)PV rated capacity Pu=50 (kW)
204,69)36524(158.050 p(kWh/year)
If you install a 50kW PV system in this place, how much power can you generate?
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1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
• Exercise
Step1Convert “horizontal insolation” to “tilted insolation”
Step2Calculate annual earned energy
(Insolation data)Local Latitude = -15 (deg)
Horizontal Insolation I = 1,800 (kWh/m2Year)PV Capacity Pu = 5kW
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1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
• Exercise
(Insolation data)Local Latitude = -15 (deg)
Horizontal Insolation I = 1,800 (kWh/m2Year)PV Capacity Pu = 5kW
Step1Convert “horizontal insolation” to “tilted insolation”
Step2Calculate annual earned energy
864,19659.0
800,1
)15(
800,1)(
CosCos
IHj (kWh/m2year)
(kWh/m2year)
(kWh/m2year)
524,6864,17.05 p (kWh/year)
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ch 3
1-A
pril
11, 2
008
1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
• Exercise
Step3Calculate “Load Factor"
Step4If you install 50kW PV system in this place, how much energy (kWh) can you earn?
40e8 /
PPA
Sol
ar P
V D
esig
n Im
plem
enta
tion
O&
M
Mar
shal
l Isl
ands
Mar
ch 3
1-A
pril
11, 2
008
1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation1-2-3. Estimation of annual power generation
• Exercise
Step3Calculate “Load Factor"
Step4If you install 50kW PV system in this place, how much energy (kWh) can you earn?
149.0)36524(5
524,6
LF 14.9 (%)
262,65)36524(149.050 p (kWh/year)
41e8 /
PPA
Sol
ar P
V D
esig
n Im
plem
enta
tion
O&
M
Mar
shal
l Isl
ands
Mar
ch 3
1-A
pril
11, 2
008
1-2-4. Case practice1-2-4. Case practice
Case Practice
42e8 /
PPA
Sol
ar P
V D
esig
n Im
plem
enta
tion
O&
M
Mar
shal
l Isl
ands
Mar
ch 3
1-A
pril
11, 2
008
1-2-4. Case practice1-2-4. Case practice
February has 28 days
