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Surveillance of Personal Protective Equipment Practices
in Agriculture
Kimberly Faulkner, PhD, MPH
for NIOSH and the National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory
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Protecting U.S. farm crop workers
Personal Protective Equipment
Assess practices and barriers to best practices over time
Improve practices to reduce illness
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Personal protective equipmentA critical last line of defense
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Personal protective equipment practicesIt’s only effective when selected and used correctly
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Objectives
Study planning
Assessment of existing knowledge and methods
Development and administration of a standard questionnaire/focus groups
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Study Planning
Study scope: Pesticide handlers, practices and barriers
Existing data sources
FLYER
PPE regulations
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Study planning: Overview
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Study Planning: Data sources
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Study Planning: FLYER
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Study Planning: PPE regulations
EPA WPS:
40 CFR 170.170.7, 170.240(c), 170.232 (a)(2), 170.230.b.1
Certification of Pesticide Applicators: 40 CFR 171
Labeling Requirements for Pesticides: 40CFR 156
OSHA Standard for Agriculture: 29 CFR 1928
OSHA PPE standards: 29CFR 1910.132-1910.136, and 1910.138
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Study Planning: Summary
Examine existing knowledge and do pre-assessment work on barriers
Identify partners and pool resources
Develop and administer questionnaire/focus groups
Develop and administer interventions
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Objectives
Study planning
Assessment of existing knowledge and methods
Development and administration of a standard questionnaire
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Assessing existing knowledge
National Agricultural Workers Study (NAWS)
NIOSH Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risk (SENSOR)
Oregon OSHA Pesticide Emphasis Program
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Assessing existing knowledge: NAWS
National sample, 1,230 interviews addressing PPE (1999-2001); 99% complete
PPE appropriateness not known
Using PPE correctly not known
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Assessing existing knowledge: SENSOR
Pesticide illnesses reported in 12 states
Only OR, WA, MI collected PPE data on at least 79% of cases (2001-05), N=178
PPE appropriateness not known
Using PPE correctly not known
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Assessing existing knowledge: OR OSHA
Programmed inspection data
Oregon PPE regulations (EPA WPS & OSHA respiratory protection standard adopted in 2007)
Percent of establishments in violation of PPE regulations
Most common regulations violated
Doesn’t tell us about individual practices or barriers
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Assessing existing knowledge: OR OSHA/Methods
348 programmed first inspections (of 375) from 2000 to 2007
Applicable regulations: 1910.132-138, 170.240
3 industries = 95% of inspections
fruit and tree nut farming
greenhouse/nursery/floriculture production,
other crop farming
1-10 employees = 55% of inspections
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Assessing existing knowledge: OR OSHA/Results (2000-07)
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Assessing existing knowledge: OR OSHA/Results (2000-07)
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Assessing existing knowledge: OR OSHA/Results (2000-07)
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Assessing existing knowledge: OR OSHA/Summary
PPE violations are common and frequent, many are serious
Appropriateness of PPE for the establishment
Proper use of PPE for the establishment
• Individual PPE practices and barriers are not known
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Objectives
Study planning
Assessment of existing knowledge and methods
Development and administration of a standard questionnaire/focus groups
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Develop and administer standard
Questionnaires and focus groups (as appropriate)
Appropriate /inappropriate PPE
Appropriate use/misuse of PPE
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Develop and administer standard
Appropriate/inappropriate PPE
EPA registration number for pesticides
or manufacturers specific name of pesticide
Relevant environmental controls
Duration of exposure
Type(s) and material(s) of PPE worn when mixing, loading or applying pesticides
If respirator used: NIOSH certification number
If applying pesticides: methods of application
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Develop and administer standard
Proper use/misuse of PPE
proper size/fit
maintenance
inspection
storage
discarding PPE as required
clean area to put on and remove PPE
decontamination
For respirator users: lack of fit testing, medical evaluation, user-seal check, and proper filter replacement
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Develop and administer standard
PPE concerns and barriers
For each type of PPE and handler group: What are the concerns, barriers and solutions?
Handler groups
commercial certified applicator
private certified applicator (Hispanic and Non-hispanic)
non-certified/WPS handler (Hispanic and Non-hispanic)
Anabaptist/Amish communities
Flyers: 17 emails and 4 phone calls
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Develop and administer standard: Surveillance
2012, 2013, …
2012, 2013, …
2012, 2013, …
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Develop and administer standard
Partnerships
EPA/OR OSHA
State Cooperative Extension services
State Offices of Rural Health
State Departments of Health/Agriculture
PNASH
Farmworker Association of Florida
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Develop and administer standard: Next steps (Apr. 2010-Apr. 2011)
Expand/strengthen partnerships
Brainstorm with partners
Identify PPE concerns and barriers
Develop gold standard (questionnaire/focus groups)
Identify opportunities and challenges
Identifying and secure resources
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Develop and administer standard: Summary
We need your help
How to access handlers and employers?
What are critical elements needed to assess practices?
What are the tools/methods to best be able to assess practices?
The benefit to you…
Results will inform educational and training outreach
Improved compliance and possibly reduced illnesses
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Contact me
Kimberly Faulkner, PhD, MPH
Epidemiologist/Statistician
NIOSH/National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory
P.O. Box 18070
Pittsburgh, PA 15236-0070
Tele: 412-386-6609
Email: [email protected]
