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TOURISM PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT

Tourism Policy

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TODAY

• Case study “Kenya”• Describe the elements of tourism Policy model &

how they are used to form a tourism policy for a destination

• Explain the roles of tourism organizations at different levels, global, national, multi-country, regional & local organizations

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Role of government in the tourism development

• Kenya’s economy dependent on export crops, mainly coffee & tea which in mid 1960s prices fell dramatically; as result......

• Tourism was the alternative sector for the government

• In Kenya, government played a crucial role in the development of tourism

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Role of government in the tourism development

• Tourism industry in Kenya includes unique tourism attractions, unique wildlife heritage and beaches

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Roles & activities of government of Kenya

• Upgraded the department of tourism into Ministry of Tourism & Wildlife responsible for all matters to the development & management of tourism

• To establish & manage hotels, restaurants & other tourist enterprises

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Roles & activities of government of Kenya

• To train, develop professional manpower• To promote the tourism products of Kenya in

domestic & international markets• To regulate & control the establishment of hotels,

restaurants

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Roles & activities of government of Kenya

• Establishment of Kenya Tourism Development Corporation (KTDC) which became the public investment arm in the tourism sector

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Roles & activities of government of Kenya

• The government created a good conditions to attract external foreign (multi-national) capital investment through tax concessions & other facilities

• As consequences of active involvement of government resulted in rapid & expanded development

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Kenya’s well developed & flourishing tourism sector is in

decline• In 1998 hotel occupancy has been less that 50% in

most of the country’s major tourism centers• Decline of the number of tourist arrivals to Kenya;

there was 20% drop in international arrivals.• The coast region which receives over 60% of total

tourists arrivals was a major decline of almost 50% from 250 000 tourists(1996) to less than 125 000 arrivals (1997).

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Lessons learned (what went wrong?)

• From the beginning stage, there was lack of expertise in the development & implementation of appropriate tourism policy

• Over the years the Kenya Government basically promoted the development of mass tourism with only aim of increasing foreign exchange receipts.

• There were no clear regulations on the location & distribution of the tourism facilities relative to existing social & environmental considerations

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Lessons learned

• Rapid development resulted in unplanned tourism, because of the lack of appropriate land-use policy regulations

• Private investors tended to put their capital in locations perceived to have high potential for quick profit (Coast, popular wildlife parks)

• Weak infrastructure;• Reduction of the quality of tourism product• Kenya is not an attractive destination anymore

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Alternative tourism policy framework

• From centralized government to decentralized government

• Government should detach itself from direct involvement

• Government invitation of foreign tourism experts which:– Appears good on paper, but rarely implemented

because of lack of implementation procedures/tourism expertise

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Alternative tourism policy framework

• There is a need for the government to include participation of the broader scope of tourism stakeholders

• Tourism policy should be flexible & dynamic process, assessment & evaluation

• Government should minimize the dominant role & control of foreign multi-national tourism corp.

• Locals should be empowered to determine what forms of tourism they want to develop in their respective communities

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Alternative tourism policy framework

key questions• What role should tourism play in the overall regional &

national economy?• What form or type of tourism programs should the country

develop & Why?• What forms of private sector investments should be

encouraged in the development of tourism industry?• What role should local communities play in the design,

planning, implementation and management of the tourism projects

• What could be the social and environmental impacts of tourism development?

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CONCLUSIONS

• Because of socio-economic conditions in most of the Third World, especially in Africa, government has always to play a major role in the development of tourism

• The current situation indicates that there is a need for the government to redefine its role of the development of tourism vis-á-vis that of other interest groups

• Finally, government should concentrate on creating an enabling legal and socio-economic environment for private sector initiative to develop

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Tourism Policy…… define?

• Tourism Policy is “ whatever governments choose to do or not to do” (Hall and Jenkins 1995)

• Tourism policy-making is inherently a political activity, affected by the formal structures of governments

• A tourism policy provides a set of guidelines for all those directly and indirectly involved in tourism by specifying broad goals, objectives, priorities and actions for the future development of tourism.

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TOURISM POLICY MODEL

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TOURISM POLICY FORMULATION

• DESTINATION AREA NEEDS & TOURISM GOALS

• CONSTRAINTS – EXTERNAL- CLIMATE, ECONOMY etc.

– INTERNAL-AVAILABILITY OF LAND/INVESTMEN/ HR, LOCAL USE, QUALITY OF ATTRACTIONS.

• TOURISM OBJECTIVES/ SPECIFIC GOALS– CONFLICT MIGHT BE ARISE: CASINOS

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ELEMENTS OF A TOURISM POLICY MODEL

• TOURISM POLICY – PROGRAMMES

– STRATEGIES

– PRIORITIES &

– ACTIONS

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TOURISM STRATEGY FOR WALES 2000-2010

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ACTIONS/environment

• Raise awareness of the business benefits • Ensure that business in receipt of WTB grant

support are held accountable for compliance with approved environmental friendly criteria

• Encourage visitors to Wales to consider use of public transport.

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TOURISM STRATEGY FOR WALES 2000-2010

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ACTIONS/community

• Encourage the development of community tourism partnerships

• Encourage tourism businesses to source a greater proportion of goods & services from local suppliers, to employ local people & to deliver a distinctive Welsh experience for visitors.

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TOURISM STRATEGY FOR WALES 2000-2010

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ACTIONS/extending the season

• Increase the emphasis given in UK marketing strategies to national campaigns promoting non-peak season short/additional holidays.

• Encourage accommodation and attraction businesses and essential infrastructure facilities to open for a longer season

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GEOGRAPHICAL GROUPINGS OF TOURISM

ORGANIZATIONS

• GLOBAL ORGANIZATIONS• MULTI-COUNTRY REGIONAL

ORGANIZATIONS • NATIONAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS• PROVINCIAL OR REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONS• LOCAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS

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INTERNATIONAL TOURISMSTIMULATORS

• WTO

• WORLD BANK

• WTTC

• UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME (UNDP) (UNEP)

• EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC)

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WORLD TOURISM ORGANIZATION

(WTO)• COMMUNICATION & DOCUMENTATION• COOPERATION FOR DEVELOPMENT• EDUCATION AND TRAINING• ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING• QUALITY OF TOURISM SERVICES• STATISTICS AND MARKET RESEARCH

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MULTI-COUNTRY REGIONAL TOURISM ORGANIZATIONS

• INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION

• REDUCING BARRIERS TO TRAVEL

• CONDUCTING RESEARCH

• QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

• DEVELOPING COMMON STANDARDS

• SHARING OF INFORMATION

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NTO/NTA

• INDEPENDENT MINISTRY: GOVERNMENTAL, PART OF THE CIVIL SERVICE (INDONISIA)

• GOVERNMENTAL AGENCY OR BUREAU (TAT, CHILE)

• QUANGO’S: QUASI-PUBLIC, GOVERNMENT-FUNDED AUTHORITY, BOARD

• PRIVAT, INDIRECTLY SUPPORTED BY GOVERNMENTAL FUNDING

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NTO’SSUPPLY-SIDE ROLES

• CONDUCTING INVENTORIES AND ASSESSMENTS OF TH DESTINATION

• COORDINATING THE NATIONAL TOURISM PLANNING PROCESS

• ESTABLISHING STANDARDS • OPERATING TRAINING AND EDUCATION

PROGRAMS• PROVIDING FINANCIAL INCENTIVES

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NTO’SDEMAND-SIDE ROLES

• FACILITATING INBOUND INTERNATIONAL TRAVEL

• CONDUCTING MARKETING RESEARCH• MARKETING INBOUND INTERNATIONAL

TRAVEL• REPRESENTING THE NATION’S TOURISM IN

FOREIGN COUNTRIES

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RTO/LTO THEIR ROLES

• PROMOTING DOMESTIC TRAVEL

• TRAVEL INFORMATION CENTRES

• FAMILIARIZATION TRIPS

• TOURISM DEVELOPMENT

• OFFERING TRANING & EDUCATION

• DEVELOPING PACKAGE TOURS

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Questions

• Which key questions should be considered when designing a tourism policy?

• What are the components of Tourism Policy Model?

• What are the roles of WTO/RTO?• What is meant by: QUANGO’S?

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Next week

• Tourism Planning Process

• Mill & Morrison: chapter 5

• Reader: Tourism Development in Anguilla p.52-58