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1. TRANSATLANTIC ENCOUNTERS AND COLONIAL BEGINNINGS, 1492-1690

A. First European contact with natives

B. Spain’s empire in North America

C. French colonization of Canada

Q: In what ways was the early history of the Americas a Red, White, and Black

collision?

TERMS:

D. English settlement of New England, the Mid-Atlantic region, and the South

E. From servitude to slavery in the Chesapeake region

F. Religious diversity in the American colonies

G. Resistance to colonial authority: Bacon’s Rebellion, Glorious Revolution,

Pueblo Revolt

Q: Although New England and the Chesapeake were settled by people of English origin,

how did by 1700 the regions evolve into two distinct societies?

Q: New England Puritans tried to create a model society. What were their aspirations

and to what extent were those aspirations fulfilled?

TERMS:

English Reformation London Company Bacon’s Rebellion

Calvinist Puritans Headright System Glorious Revolution

Church of England Plymouth Plantation Pueblo Revolt

Separatists Puritans

Elizabeth I Anne Hutchinson

James I William Penn

Enclosure Movement Jamestown

Spanish Armada John Smith

Roanoke “City Upon a Hill”

Quakers

Indentured Servants

William Bradford

John Winthrop

Mayflower Compact

Roger Williams

Plymouth Bay

The Great Awakening

REFERENCE: Chapter 1, 2, and 3

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I. HISTORICAL INDIANS A. LATIN AMERICA: Civilization composed of stable agriculture, towns and cities, and trade seen in MAYAS of Guatemala and the Yucatan, AZTECS of Mexico and INCAS of Peru. B. ANGLO-AMERICA: Nomadic and intermittent farming seen in most U.S. tribes. Division of labor based on gender. No knowledge of iron or of the wheel. Decision by consensus. Polytheistic. Culturally diverse, variety of languages, no sense of unity (Exception: Iroquois) II. EUROPEAN AGE OF EXPLORATION (mid-15th. cent.-early 17th. cent.) A. Causes: Crusades (desire for trade with east); Renaissance (intellectual curiosity and desire for personal glory); Rise of Nation-States (nationalism, competition); Technological advancements B. Motivation:

1) Spirit of adventure; 2) wealth; 3) missionary impulse; 4) personal glory; 5) existing trade routes controlled by Arabs, Italian city-states OR difficult and long (Silk Road)

C. Line of Demarcation 1493; Treaty of Tordesillas 1494 D. Results:

1) New lands discovered; 2) gold discovered; 3) early Spanish domination followed by the decline of Spain; 4) rise of English dominance after 1588; 5) The Columbian Exchange: disease, plants, animals

III. SETTLEMENT A. St. Augustine, Florida (1565) – Spanish- 1

st European settlement in New World

B. Roanoke, North Carolina (1587) - Sir Walter Raleigh, Lost Colony C. Quebec, Canada (1608) - French, Champlain D. New Amsterdam (1624) - Dutch, 1626 buy Manhattan Island, patroon system 1629 (land to wealthy men who transported 50 families to New Netherlands), Peter Stuyvesant. Became New York. One of Restoration colonies E. Fort Christina 1638: Swedish, conquered by Dutch 1655. Became Delaware IV. COMPARISON OF COLONIES A. Comparison of New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies

1. New England: Mass., Conn., Rhode Island, New Hampshire a. First Settlements: 1620 Plymouth (Pilgrims); 1630 Mass. Bay b. farming, fishing, lumbering, furs, shipping (triangular trade); Harvard 1636 c. New England Confederation (1643) - Mass., Conn., Plymouth, New Haven; for defense against Indians, Dutch, French d. King Philip's War (1675-76): Indian raids, settlers killed e. Original Puritan fervor wanes”;New England Way”; conversion relation ; Halfway Covenant (1662) f. Dominion of New England (1686): England's attempt to tighten administration ; Gov. Andros in Mass.; Leisler’s Rebellion in NY; Coode’s Rebellion in Maryland –

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ended with Glorious or Bloodless Revolution in England( William & Mary invited to rule because James has a Catholic heir) g. Salem (1692)-“ commercial witches’- Salem Town v. Salem village

2. Middle Colonies: New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey

a. diverse farming, bread basket b. diverse ethnic and religious groups 3. Southern Colonies: Va., Md., N.C., S.C., Georgia a. First Settlement: 1607 Jamestown – 1

st permanent English settlement

b. farming: tobacco (Chesapeake, North Carolina), rice (South Carolina, Georgia), indigo (South Carolina)- single crop agriculture c. few towns - Williamsburg, Charleston d. growth of slavery after indentured servants quit comingin late 17

th century

because of deathrate and better economy in Europe e. Bacon's Rebellion - 1676, Virginia, desire of backwoods settlers to expand into Indian territory ; “have-nots v. haves”( west v. east)

V. RELIGION: Conformity vs. Dissent

A. Anglicanism B. Puritanism: Separatists (Pilgrims), Congregationalists, beliefs, leaders, City on a Hill,

Roger Williams, Anne Hutchinson, Halfway Covenant 1662 C. Quakers D. Great Awakening (1730-1760) - Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New

Lights, Methodists, Baptists, effect to increase religious toleration

4

Grid 1

New England Middle Chesapeake South

Geographic

Economic

Religious

Political

Social/Cultural

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2. Colonial North America, 1690-1754

A. Population growth and immigration

B. Transatlantic trade and seaport growth

C. 18th

century backcountry

D. Growth of plantation economies and slave societies

E. The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening

F. Colonial governments and imperial policy in British North America

Q: Before 1750, England’s policy of salutary neglect influenced the development of

American society. To what extent did this neglect impact legislative assemblies,

commerce, and religion?

TERMS:

Salutary neglect French/Indian War

Albany Plan Stamp Act Crisis

First Continental Congress Virginia Resolves

Representation: virtual versus direct Stamp Act Congress

Committees of Correspondence Declaratory Act

French and Indian War Quartering Act (1765)

Internal / External Taxation Townshend Duties

The Enlightenment Boston Massacre

The Great Awakening Tea Act (1773)

Boston Tea Party

Intolerable (Coercive) Acts

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar Act (1764)

“Olive Branch Petition”

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I. RELATIONS WITH GREAT BRITAIN A. Mercantilism B. Navigations Acts (1651-1673): trade only in English or colonial ships, enumerated goods,

foreign goods had to stop in England and pay import duties, no mfg. that competed with English goods.

C. Benevolent Neglect or Salutary Neglect

II. FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR (1754 - 1763) A. Albany Congress (1754): purpose to coordinate the defense of the colonies; Plan of Union would have established an intercolonial legislature but it was rejected by the provincial governments because they were not ready to share the power to tax.( 1

st real attempt at unity

fails) B. Causes:

1) Conflict between French and English in the Ohio Valley( only Imperial war that begins in the colonies) 2) Struggle for control of the fur trade

C. Fort Necessity(Washington), Acadians, Battle of Quebec (1759) D. Treaty of Paris (1763): England got French possessions and Florida (from Spain, ally of France), France ceded Louisiana to Spain ; France out of North America. E. Effects:

1) balance of power changed; 2) expansion of English territory; 3) English debt grew; 4) colonists became less dependent on England for defense and can now reassess their relationship with the mother country. 5) preservation of English ideas, language, and culture; 6) colonial disdain for English soldiers; 7) Indians could no longer play the French off against the English; 8) Pontiac's Rebellion (1763-66)- Battle of Fallen Timbers( “Mad Anthony Wayne”), Paxton Raids (1763); 9) Proclamation of 1763

Treaty of Paris 1763

Ended the Seven Years War or French and Indian War. Ceded all French lands in America to Britain.

Britain now owned everything easy of the Mississippi

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Grid 2 – Analyze each term by regarding all terms as a “strain” causing the development

of American society.

Term Strain causing . . . SEP

Salutary Neglect

Albany Plan

1st Continental Congress

Virtual Representation

Direct Representation

Committees of Correspondence

French and Indian War

Internal Taxation

External Taxation

The Enlightenment

The Great Awakening

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3. The American Revolutionary Era, 1754-1789

A. Imperial Crisis and resistance to Britain

B. War for independence

C. State constitutions and the Articles of Confederation

D. The Federal Constitution

Q: In the two decades before the outbreak of the Revolution, a shift in the way

Americans felt about the British government and their colonial governments occurred.

Assess the validity of this statement using both political and constitutional debates of

these decades.

Q: Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided an effective form

of government with respect to foreign relations, economic conditions, and western lands.

TERMS:

Stamp Act Crisis Ben Franklin Articles of Confederation

Virginia Resolves Patrick Henry Land Ordinance of 1784

Stamp Act Congress Samuel Adams Northwest Ordinance 1787

Declaratory Act James Madison Virginia Plan

Quartering Act Alexander Hamilton New Jersey Plan

Townshend Duties Great Compromise

Boston Massacre 3/5 Compromise

Tea Act (1773) Federalist Papers

Boston Tea Party Assumption of state debts

Coercive (Intolerable) Act

First Continental Congress

Proclamation of 1763

Sugar Act (1764)

“Olive Branch Petition”

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I. WAR FOR INDEPENDENCE A. First Battles: Lexington and Concord (Mass.), April 19, 1775 B. Turning Point: Battle of Saratoga (New York), October 17, 1777, after this battle France gives full support to the colonists including military aid (Treaty of 1778- 1

st mutual defense pact in

history- next will be NATO in 1949)) C. Last Battle: Yorktown (Virginia), October 19, 1781, Cornwallis surrenders to Washington II. TREATY OF PARIS (September 3, 1783) A. Americans granted unconditional independence. B. Americans granted unlimited fishing rights off coast of Newfoundland. C. Boundaries Set: North to Canada; South to the 31st. parallel; West to the Mississippi. D. Florida returned to Spain.

III. GOVERNMENT UNDER THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION (1778-1788) A. Provisions: Unicameral legislature with the powers to:

1) conduct foreign relations; 2) settle disputes between states; 3) control maritime affairs; 4) regulate Indian trade; 5) set the valuation of state and national coinage.

B. Weaknesses:

1) 9/13 states had to approve a measure; 2) no executive branch to carry out law; 3) no judicial branch to settle state disputes; 4) NO POWER TO TAX; 5) NO POWER TO REGULATE TRADE BETWEEN STATES OR WITH OTHER

COUNTRIES;

6) each state retained its sovereignty

C. The Critical Period: Manifestations of Weaknesses 1) currency problems; 2) failure to pay prewar debts provided Britain an excuse to maintain military posts on the Great Lakes; 3) British manufactured goods flooded the American market; 4) 1784 Spain closes the Mississippi to American navigation; 5) SHAY'S REBELLION (1787): Massachusetts, farmers threatened with high taxes and foreclosures stormed a federal armory, claimed tyrannical government needed to be overthrown

D. POSITIVE ASPECTS OF ARTICLES

1.Successfully raised an army and fought the war 2.Successfully concluded the war. 3. land Ordinance of 1785 that created a rectangular survey system of townships and ranges 4.Northwest Ordinance (1787): MOST IMPORTANT ACCOMPLISHMENT OF THE CONFEDERATION GOVERNMENT- blueprint for statehood; Abolished slavery in the territory; Established process for residents to organize state governments and apply for admission to the Union.

V. THE CONSTITUTION A. Constitutional Convention (1787): Great Compromise, Three-Fifths Compromise ;commerce compromise ; indirect compromise ; federal system, separation of powers B. Structure of the Constitution: Preamble,7 Articles,27 Amendments C. Ratification: 9 out of 13 states required; Delaware first to ratify, New Hampshire the ninth

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1. Federalists: supported ratification; The Federalist: John Jay, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton( Federalist Papers); Federalist #10( size of republic and interests) ; Federalist # 51( separation of powers) 2. Anti-Federalists: feared excessive federal power; desired a Bill of Rights (Patrick Henry); their support was gained by the promise of adding a Bill of Rights (1791)- Jefferson

Treaty of Paris 1783

Ended the Revolutionary War in America. Gave America all land owned by the British including all 13

colonies. The United States was recognized as an independent nation. Florida was given back to Spain.

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4. The Early Republic

A. Washington, Hamilton, and the shaping of the National Government

B. Emergence of political parties: Federalists and Republicans

C. Second Great Awakening

D. Jefferson’s presidency and expansion West

E. War of 1812 and its consequences

Q: Evaluate the importance of foreign and domestic affairs in shaping American politics

in the 1790’s.

Q: With respect to the federal constitution, the Jeffersonian Republicans are usually

characterized as strict constructionists who were opposed to the broad constructionism of

the Federalists. To what extent was this characterization of the two parties accurate

during the presidencies of Jefferson and Madison?

TERMS:

The Virginia Plan Whiskey Rebellion Revolution of 1800

The New Jersey Plan Jay’s Treaty Marbury v. Madison

The Great Compromise Pinckney’s Treaty John Marshall

3/5 Compromise Quasi War with France Judicial Review

Alien and Sedition Acts XYZ Affair Louisiana Purchase

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Washington’s Farewell Address

The Federalist Papers Impressment

Judiciary Act of 1789 Embargo

Hamilton’s bank bill Non Intercourse Act

1st BUS “War Hawks”

Bill of Rights

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I. ESTABLISHING THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: The Washington Administration A. Congress created executive departments: Cabinet; Washington appointed Jefferson Sec. of St., Hamilton Sec. of the Treas., Knox Sec. of War B. Judiciary Act of 1789: established the federal court system C. Washington established precedents: "Mr. President," Cabinet as advisors, minimized role of VP, principle of executive privilege, little use of veto, two term limit D. Economic Policies Under Hamilton:3 Great Reports-Report on National Credit-payment of federal debt & assumption of state debts (national capital deal);Report on national Bank- chartering the national bank; Report on Manufactures- excise tax on whiskey (Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Pa.); Tariff of 1789 (revenue) II. THE FIRST POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM A. Federalists: led by Alexander Hamilton and John Adams; favored strong central government, broad interpretation of the Constitution, support for commerce and business, close ties with Britain, order and stability; strongest in northeast B. Republicans: led by James Madison switched over issue of funding) and Thomas Jefferson; stressed states rights, strict interpretation of the Constitution, support for agrarian life, sympathetic to France, stressed civil liberties and trust in the people; strongest in South and West( feared consolidation) III. THE NEW NATION AND FOREIGN POLICY A. Washington: Citizen Genet Affair and American response to French Revolution; Neutrality Proclamation (1793); Treaty of Greenville 1795; Jay's Treaty (1795-Britain); Pinckney's Treaty (1795-Spain); Farewell Address (1796) B. John Adams: X,Y,Z Affair (1798); Build-up of the Navy; Quasi-War (1798-1800); Convention of 1800 (terminated 1778 Alliance with France) C. Thomas Jefferson: Barbary Coast Pirates (1803-1804); Purchase of Louisiana (1803); impressment issue; Non-Importation Act, Embargo Act (1807) D. James Madison: War of 1812, Oliver Hazard Perry (Battle of Lake Erie), British burn Washington DC, Battle of New Orleans, Treaty of Ghent (status quo) E. James Monroe: Rush-Bagot Treaty (1817) - limited naval forces on the Great Lakes; Convention of 1818 (U.S.-Canadian border at 49th. parallel); Adams-Onis Treaty (1819) - purchase of Florida; Monroe Doctrine (1823) - noncolonization, noninterference, nonintervention9 because we have fundamentally different political systems from Europe) IV. JOHN ADAMS AND POLITICAL DISSENT A. Alien and Sedition Acts (1798)- “Reign of Witches”; attempt to wipe out political opposition of Democratic- Republicans B. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions (1798)- Jefferson and Madison- principle of interposition/ nullification picked up in 1833 & 1860; 2 views of Locke’s theory(north & South) C. Judiciary Act of 1801: "Midnight Appointments" V. THE JEFFERSONIANS: Revolution of 1800 (peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Republicans) A. Policies: Sedition and Naturalization Acts allowed to lapse; federal excise taxes repealed; size of army and navy reduced; but Hamilton’s programs- the bank- not wiped out; Jefferson realized they were necessary to the country B. Marshall Court: Marbury v. Madison (1803) - judicial review; McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) - precedence of national laws, implied powers( loose interpretation); Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) - sanctity of contracts; Gibbon v. Ogden (1824) - congressional power over interstate commerce; Fletcher v. Peck(1810) federal power to declare state laws unconstitutional; VI. THE GROWTH OF NATIONALISM

A. War of 1812: "War Hawks," "Second War of American Independence," "Mr. Madison's War”; theories on the causes-

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(1) National Pride- Bradford Perkins; (2)Maritime Grievances- Reginald Horsman; (3) Expansionist- Julius Pratt

B. Growth of domestic manufacturing C. Henry Clay - American System: National Bank, Internal Improvements, Protective Tariff D. Missouri Compromise (1820)

Foreign Policy

Jay’s Treaty 1795

A negotiated treaty with the British which attempted to settle the conflict at sea and curtail English

involvement in Indian attacks.

Pinckney’s Treaty 1795

Spanish opened the Mississippi River to American traffic including the port city of New Orleans. The 31st

parallel was recognized as Florida's northern boundary.

Washington's Farewell Address 1796

Washington warned the new nation to avoid "inveterate antipathies" and "passionate attachments" to any

foreign nation. Permanent alliances should be avoided although temporary alliances may be useful. Beware

of political parties.

Embargo Act 1807

Jefferson forbade any America ship to leave port for any foreign nation. This resulted in a brief economic

depression.

Non-Intercourse Act 1809

Modified the 1907 Embargo Act by forbidding trade solely to Britain and France

Macon's Bill No.2 1810

Replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 giving power to the President to prohibit trade with any nation

that violated United States Neutrality during the War of 1812

Treaty of Ghent 1814

Ended the War of 1812 returning all annexed lands back to their original owners. Status Quo Ante

Rush-Bagot Agreement 1817

First "disarmament" agreement; The United States and Britain will not maintain an armed fleet in the Great

Lakes.

Territorial Expansion

Louisiana Purchase:

A vast region in North American purchased by the United States from France in 1803. The territory comprised of

present-day Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota west of the Mississippi River, North Dakota, South Dakota,

Nebraska, Oklahoma, nearly all of Kansas, the portions of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Rocky

Mts., and Louisiana west of the Mississippi River but including the city of New Orleans.

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5. Nationalism and Sectionalism

A. Beginnings of Industrialization and expansion of slavery

B. Immigration and nativist reaction

C. Planters, farmers, and slavery in cotton South

D. Evangelical protestant revival

E. Social reforms

F. Transcendentalism and utopian communities

Q: How could both sectionalism and nationalism exist at the same time?

Q: Developments in transportation, rather than manufacturing and agriculture, sparked

American economic growth in the first half of the century. Assess the validity of this

statement.

Q: Slavery was the dominating reality of all southern life. Assess this statement through

political, social, economic, and intellectual life.

Q: American reform movements between 1820 and 1860 reflected both optimistic and

pessimistic views of human nature and society. Assess this statement through education,

temperance, women’s rights, utopian experiences, and penal institutions.

TERMS:

Nationalism Mercantile, agrarian, market economies Abolitionists

Sectionalism factory system Brook Farm

Internal improvements Erie canal New Harmony

Plantation system Nativism Mormons

Era of Good Feelings Native American Party 2nd

Great Awakening

Adams-Onis Treaty 1819 Supreme Order of the Spangled Banner

Panic of 1819 Know Nothing Party Temperance

Missouri Compromise Cavalier Myth Transcendentalism

Monroe Doctrine Cult of honor Emerson/Thoreau

Corrupt Bargain slave codes Elizabeth C. Stanton

William L. Garrison

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I. GROWTH OF THE ECONOMY A. Westward Migration: new lands opened to settlement; California Gold Rush 1849 B. Agriculture: Backbone of the American economy through the first half of the 19th. century; McCormick Reaper (1834); John Deere plow (1837); King Cotton (South); Cattle Drives (West) C. Transportation: Robert Fulton's steamboat (1807); National Road (1818); Erie Canal 1825, Canal Era, Railroad Era 1830's; trans-ocean steamships (1848)- financed by States- almost bankrupt them( feds will do it after this era) D. Manufacturing: New England textile mills- Lowell system( farm girls in dorms); "the American System" of mass production; Goodyear vulcanized rubber (1844); Elias Howe's sewing machine (1846) E. Communication: Samuel Morse telegraph (1844); Pony Express pre-Civil War F. Growth of Cities: 3.3% in 1790, 16% in 1860; problems: tenements, overcrowding, impure water supplies, inadequate sewage, increased street crime necessitated police departments

II. AGE OF REFORM- Moral; Humanitarian; Utopian; Radical

MORAL)

A. Temperance: American Temperance Society (1826), Dow laws begin in Maine 1850's B. Second Great Awakening (1800-1840): Charles G. Finney, growth of Baptist and Presbyterian sects, new sects - Seventh Day Adventists, Millerites, Mormons (Joseph Smith); NY "Burnt-Over District"

UTOPIAN

A. Transcendentalism: Stressed self-reliance; Emerson's "Oversoul"; Thoreau's Walden (1854 B. Utopian Communities: Shakers, Oneida Community, Robert Owen New Harmony community (1825), Brook Farm

RADICAL

A. Women's Rights: Seneca Falls 1848, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony; Margaret Fuller, Sojourner Truth, Sarah and Angelina Grimke B. Abolitionism: American Colonization Society (1817); Liberia 1822; William Lloyd Garrison: immediate emancipation (The Liberator 1831)

HUMANITARIAN

A. Education: Horace Mann, Massachusetts, promotion of tax-supported public schools; Noah Webster's Spellers B. Prison and Asylum Reform: Dorothea Dix Foreign Policy Adams-Onis Treaty (Transcontinental) 1819

Florida was sold to the Americans in exchange for the Mexican boundary being draws to the Pacific.

Territorial Expansion Florida:

In 1810 United States settlers in the western part of Florida rebelled against Spanish rule and declared their

independence as the republic of West Florida. This area and other territory between the Mississippi and Perdido

rivers was subsequently annexed by the United States. After long negotiations, Spain agreed in 1819 to cede

Florida to the United States through the Adams-Onis Treaty. A state constitution was drafted in 1838, and

Florida was admitted to the Union on March 3, 1845.

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6. Age of Jackson

A. Jacksonian democracy and its successes and limitations

Q: Jackson can be considered a president of the Common Man. Assess this statement as

a contrast to the idea that he was bent on revenge and power.

TERMS:

Corrupt Bargain The South Carolina Exposition and Protest

2nd

Party System Whig Party

Democratization Martin Van Buren

Spoils system Log Cabin Campaign

Tariff of Abomination 1828 Removal Act of 1830

Peggy Eaton Affair Trail of Tears

Bank War Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Specie Circular Worcester v. Georgia

Nullification Crisis

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I. JACKSONIAN DEMOCRACY: Age of the Common Man A. Limited National Government:

1) veto of the recharter of the National Bank ("pet banks"); 2) veto of Maysville Road Bill (no federal funding for local improvements)

B. Widening of the suffrage and voter participation :National Nominating Conventions( anti- Masonic party- 1824); more eligible voters; election of judges, sheriffs etal C. Civil Service Reform: Spoils System( 1/5 replaced), reliance for advice on Kitchen Cabinet D. Opposition to business monopoly - "moneyed interests" E. Commitment to Jeffersonian "agrarian ideal" - rising importance of the West II. NULLIFICATION CONTROVERSY A. Tariff of Abominations (1828): Calhoun's South Carolina Exposition and Protest B. Webster-Hayne Debate (1830): union "one and inseparable" vs. state sovereignty and doctrine of nullification( consolidation) C. Tariff of 1832: South Carolina Ordinance of Nullification; Jackson threatens to use armed force; Calhoun resigns as VP; Force Bill; Henry Clay's Compromise Tariff of 1833; South Carolina rescinds its Nullification Ordinance; Eaton Affair III. THE SECOND POLITICAL PARTY SYSTEM A. Democrats: Opposition to concentrations of political and economic power B. Whigs: Opposed the "Jacksonian tyranny," supported a more active national government, economic development, and humanitarian reform

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7. Territorial Expansion and Manifest Destiny

A. Western migration and cultural interactions

B. Territorial acquisitions

C. Early U.S. imperialism: The Mexican War

Q: Although Americans perceived Manifest Destiny as a benevolent movement, it was, in

fact an aggressive imperialism pursued at the expense of others. Assess the validity of

this statement with specific references to American expansionism in the 1840’s.

TERMS:

Manifest Destiny “Fifty-four Forty or Fight!”

Stephen F. Austin Bear Flag Revolution

Gen. Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana Mormon Trail

Alamo Santa Fe Trail

Mexican War

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Ostend Manifesto

Gadsden Purchase

I. MANIFEST DESTINY: John L. O'Sullivan (1845) A. Canada: 1842 Webster-Ashburton Treaty settled Maine-Canada border dispute B. James K. Polk: 1844 ran on expansionist platform C. Oregon: 54'40 or Fight!, Oregon Treaty 1846 extended boundary at 49th. parallel D. Texas: Annexation March, 1845 (joint resolution of Congress- simple majority) II. MANIFEST DESTINY CONTINUED A. War for Texas Independence (1836) B. Mexican War (1846-48): Wilmot Proviso; Nueces River dispute; General Zachary Taylor; Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo C. Gadsden Purchase (1853) Foreign Policy

Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842

Conflicting claims over the Canada-Maine boundary were compromised. It helped British-US relations.

Oregon Treaty 1846

US-Canada boundary extended from Rockies to the Pacific. The United States got half of the Oregon

Territory.

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 1848

Mexico ceded to the United States the Mexican Cession (California and surrounding states) for a cheaper

price. Treaty also ended the Mexican-American War

Clayton-Bulwer Treaty 1850

Great Britain nor the United States will never exercise any control nor fortify an isthmian canal nor to

colonize any part of Central America.

Ostend Manifesto 1854

President James Pierce sought to buy Cuba from Spain. Spain denied. 3 diplomats wrote this agreement to

urge military seizure of Cuba if Spain remained unmoving in selling Cuba.

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Territorial Expansion Texas:

In 1836 it became a separate Republic after the Texas Revolution. The United States Senate rejected a treaty to

annex Texas in 1844, but it reversed that decision the following year, and Texas joined the Union on December

29, 1845.

Gadsden Purchase:

The land purchased by the United States from Mexico in 1853. The purchase was necessitated by the

misunderstanding arising from the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican War.

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8. Crisis of the Union

A. Pro and Anti-slavery arguments

B. Compromise of 1850 and popular sovereignty

C. Kansas-Nebraska Act and the emergence of the Republican Party

D. Lincoln, election of 1860, and secession

Q: Assess the moral and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the

context of the Missouri Compromise, Mexican War, Compromise of 1850, and the

Kansas-Nebraska Act.

Q: “I am not, nor ever have been, in favor of brining about in any way the social and

political equality of the white and black races.” How can this 1858 statement by Lincoln

be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation?

TERMS:

Missouri Compromise 1820 Bleeding Kansas

Wilmot Proviso John Brown

Popular Sovereignty Republican Party

Compromise of 1850 Dred Scott v. Sanford

Fugitive Slave Law Rise of Lincoln

Seventh of March Address

Kansas-Nebraska Act

I. Causes of the Civil War A. Missouri Compromise- 1820 B. Webster- Haynes Debate C. Nullification Crisis –1833 D. Mexican American War- 1846-1848 E. Compromise of 1850: California, popular sovereignty, slave trade abolished in Washington DC, new Fugitive Slave Law F. Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852): Harriet Beecher Stowe G. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854): Stephen Douglas, popular sovereignty, NEGATED MISSOURI COMPROMISE, resulted in Bleeding Kansas H. Formation of Republican Party (1854): Formed in opposition to Kansas-Nebraska Act, John C. Fremont first presidential candidate in 1856 I. Sumner-Brooks Altercation (1856) J. Dred Scot Decision (1857): Ruled that Scot was not a citizen and had no standing in court, Congress had no right to prohibit slavery in a territory K. The Impending Crisis of the South (1857): Hinton Helper, attempted to prove that non-slaveholding poor whites were hurt most by slavery; “Bleeding Kansas”- Lecompton Constitution L. John Brown's Raid (1859): Attack on federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Virginia; arrested, tried, and hanged; considered a martyr by many in the North II. Election of 1860 South Carolina responds to Lincoln's election by passing An Ordinance of Secession December 20, 1860,

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9. The Civil War

A. Two societies at war: mobilization, resources, internal dissent

B. Emancipation and role of African-Americans

C. SEP effects of war of North, South, and the West

Q: The South never had a chance to win the Civil War. To what extent, and why, do you

agree or disagree with this statement?

TERMS:

Crittenden Compromise Emancipation Proclamation

Homestead Act 54th

Massachusetts Infantry

Union Pacific Railroad Conscription Act

National Bank Acts of 1863-64 March to the Sea

Income tax Appomatox Courthouse

National Draft Law Slavery as a principal

Gettysburg Grant v. Lee

Confiscation Act

X. CIVIL WAR (1861-1865)-anaconda plan; Turning Points: Vicksburg in West and Gettysburg in East

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10. Reconstruction

A. Reconstruction Plans

B. Southern state governments: aspiration, achievements, failures

C. Role of African Americans in politics, education, and the economy

D. Compromise of 1877

E. Impact of Reconstruction

Q: How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction (1865-1877) to bring social and

economic opportunity to former slaves?

TERMS:

Freedman’s Bureau Poll Tax Compromise of 1877

13th

, 14th

, 15th

Amendments Literacy Test

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Scalawags

Wade-Davis Bill Carpetbaggers

Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan 40 acres and a mule

Black Codes Crop lien system

Civil Rights Act of 1865, 1866 Tenure of Office Act

Ku Klux Klan Johnson impeachment

Tenants and sharecroppers Whiskey Ring

Jim Crow laws Credit Mobilier

23

I. RECONSTRUCTION A.13

th;14

th;15

th amendments; Supp. Freedmean’s Act; KKK Enforcement Act; Civil Rights Act

1875; Military Districts B. Supreme Court Decisions effect on Reconstruction:

a.Ex Parte Milligan- can’t try civilians in military courts while civilian courts are open(Supp. Freedman Act protection of violation of voting trial in federal court gone) b. Slaughterhouse Cases- 2 types of citizenship, state & federal, and the B of R only protects you against actions of the federal gov.(14

th am. Protection gone)

c. ex parte Cruickshank- 14th amendment does not apply to actions of individuals( KKK

Enforcement act gone- Klan turned loose) d. Civil Rights Cases- Civil Rights Act of 1875 that provides no discrimination in places of public accommodation or access is unconstitutional(now Jim Crow is turned loose)

Effect of all cases is to virtually re-enslave the entire Black population of the South through the crop-lien system, true equality will not be reached until the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965( the 2

nd Reconstruction).

II. THE POST-RECONSTRUCTION SOUTH A. Solid South: Democratic Party dominated southern politics B. African-Americans: Jim Crow laws passed (beginning 1881) to take voting rights away from blacks –Mississippi Plan= literacy tests, poll taxes, "grandfather clause," and to establish racial separation of public facilities; lynchings increased; Booker T. Washington- accommodation (self-improvement); W.E.B. DuBois- confrontationalism (1905 Niagara Movement, NAACP; talented 1/10) C. Agriculture: White ownership of most land with blacks and poor whites becoming tenant farmers and sharecroppers; development of crop-lien system (farmer mortgaged future crop to pay for goods purchased on credit - indebtedness grew from year to year) D. Industry: Textile factories, tobacco processing, iron, railroads E. Plessey v Ferguson (1896): Established policy of separate but equal in public accommodations (Cummings v. Board of Education 1899 applied this principle to schools)

Territorial Expansion Alaska:

Russia sold its American colony to U.S. William H. Seward, Secretary of State, on March 11, 1867. The agreed

price was $7.2 million.

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11. Development of the West

A. Expansion and development of western railroads

B. Competitors for the West: miners, ranchers, homesteaders, American Indians

C. Government policy toward Native Americans

D. Gender, race, and ethnicity in the West

Q: Discuss how interpretations of western settlement include issues of race, ethnicity,

gender, and culture.

TERMS:

Great American Desert Dawes Severalty Act

Chisholm Trail Assimilation

Frederick Jackson Turner Chinese Exclusion Act

Bureau of Indian Affairs Sodbusters

Rocky Mountain School Mining camps

Sand Creek Massacre Role of women

Battle of Little Bighorn boomtowns/ghost towns

Ghost Dance Comstock Lode

I. THE FRONTIER MOVES WESTWARD A. Legislation

1. Homestead Act (1862): Settlers could purchase 160 acres if they promised to occupy and improve the land for five years 2. Morrill Land Grant Act (1862): Federal land used to finance land grant colleges

B. Mining Towns: California 1849, Colorado 1859 C. Ranchers: long drives, "cow towns," open range, cowboys, barbed wire fences erected by farmers caused range wars D. Farmers: Great Migration to Plains (1870-1890), sodbusters, problems, mail order, dry farming, Newlands Reclamation Act 1902 used sale of western federal lands to finance irrigation E. Native Americans: Lifestyle of the Plains Indians destroyed by the decimation of the buffalo herds; 1850's reservation policy; relocation to Oklahoma and the Dakotas; Bureau of Indian Affairs; Indian resistance 1850's to 1880's; Battle of Little Big Horn 1876; Nez Pierce, Chief Joseph 1877; Wounded Knee 1890; Dawes Act 1887 - purpose to accomplish the assimilation of the Indians F. Railroads: May 10, 1869, Promontory Point, Utah; Union Pacific meets the Central Pacific; time zones established G. Conservation: John Muir, Yosemite National Park 1890, national forest reserves 1891

H. Frederick Jackson Turner: historian whose paper, The Significance of the Frontier, argued that the frontier shaped the American character and the closing of the frontier in 1890 marked the end of an era.

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12. Industrial America in the Late 19th

Century

A. Corporate consolidation of industry

B. Effects of technology on worker and workplace

C. National politics and influence of corporate power

D. Proponents and opponents of the new order: social Darwinism, and social

gospel

E. Urbanization and lure of the city

F. City problems and political machines

Q: Analyze the impact of the following on the American industrial worker

between 1865 and 1900.

Government actions Labor Unions

Immigration Technology changes

Q: Compare and contrast the attitudes of THREE of the following toward the wealth

that was created in the United States during the late nineteenth century.

Andrew Carnegie Horatio Alger Ida M. Tarbell

Eugene V. Debs Booker T. Washington

Q: What key changes did urbanization bring to America? What was city life like

environmentally, politically, and culturally?

TERMS:

Bessemer process Horizontal integration Socialist Labor Party

Standard Oil Vertical integration Henry George

Henry Ford John D. Rockefeller Child Labor Laws

“Taylorism” Monopoly Molly Maguires

Cornelius Vanderbilt pool arrangements Knights of Labor

Corporation trust American Federation of Labor

Limited Liability holding company Samual Gompers

Andrew Carnegie Herbert Spencer/Social Darwinism

JP Morgan Gospel of Wealth Haymarket riot

Homestead Strike

Pullman Strike

Eugene V. Debs

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Gilded Age- 1877-1900- Problems of America (corruption in government; corruption in business; immigration; urbanization; labor organization; labor unrest) I. GROWTH OF INDUSTRY

Inventions and innovations by Thomas Edison, Henry Ford, George Westinghouse, Bell, Howe, Swift; Frederick W. Taylor, "Father of Scientific Management" II. GROWTH OF BIG BUSINESS A. New Organization: Corporations, limited liability, horizontal integration, vertical integration; pools; trusts; holding companies B. Tycoons: Andrew Carnegie (steel), John D. Rockefeller (Standard Oil), J.P. Morgan (U.S. Steel), Cornelius Vanderbilt (railroads)-ROBBER BARRONS II. SOCIAL DOCTRINES A. Social Darwinism: Herbert Spencer, William Graham Sumner, "survival of the fittest" B. Gospel of Wealth: Andrew Carnegie, STEWARDSHIP OF WEALTH=responsibility of wealthy to use their money to advance programs for the betterment of society C. Horatio Alger Stories: popular novels which preached that hard work and perseverance with a little luck, will bring success & riches IV. LABOR MOVEMENTS A. Knights of Labor (1869): open to skilled and unskilled workers; supported 8-hour day, equal pay for equal work, better wages, abolition of child labor, safety and health laws, a graduated income tax, government ownership of railroads and utilities; 1879 Terence Powderly; 700,000 in 1886; 100,000 in 1890; disbanded ( Haymarket Square wipes them out) B. American Federation of Labor (1881): Samuel Gompers, consisted of many separate craft unions; advocated collective bargaining but also supported use of strikes( bread & butter issues) C. Industrial Workers of the World (1905): "Wobblies"; Bill Haywood; unskilled industrial workers; advocated militant agitation- anarchists D. Strikes

1. Railroad Strike of 1877: Federal troops were called in and the strike was broken (President Hayes) 2. Haymarket Riot (1886): Chicago; followed nationwide strike for an 8-hour day which had been sponsored by the AFL and local units of the Knights of Labor; bomb exploded and 7 policemen died; eight anarchists convicted of murder; public response was against the unions- Gov. Altgeld pardons remaining four and commits political suicide. 3. Homestead Strike (1892): Pennsylvania; Carnegie Steel Company; National Guard sent in; strikers broke after four months( Frick shot by anarchist) 4. Pullman Strike (1894): Illinois; Led by Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union; President Cleveland sent 2000 troops to restore order; injunction issued to halt the strike; union leaders including Debs jailed.

V. URBAN DEVELOPMENT

1920- 1st time census showed more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas; urban politics

controlled by political machines and bosses; graft and corruption was rampant as exemplified by the New York City Tammany Hall organization; huge waves of immigration from southern and eastern Europe sparked nativist opposition VI. GILDED AGE POLITICS A. The Party System: Both major parties tended to be pro-business and pro-sound currency; popular vote evenly divided; high voter turnout; politics was a popular pastime; Republican Party - Stalwarts, Half-Breeds, Mugwumps B. Presidents: Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Cleveland, B. Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley C. Legislation: Bland-Allison Act (1878), Chinese Exclusion Act (1882) Pendleton Act (1883), Interstate Commerce Act (1887), Sherman Antitrust Act (1890), McKinley Tariff Act (1890), Sherman Silver Purchase Act (1890), Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act (1894), Dingley Tariff (1897), Gold Standard Act (1900) D. Crises in the 1890's:

1) emergence of the Populist Party; 2) Panic of 1893 (agricultural depression, decline of U.S. gold reserve, unsound railroad financing resulted in bank failures, business failures, strikes, unemployment, violence);

27

3) Coxey's Army (1894) demanded public works programs (arrested); 4) silver issue (silver restored as legal tender in the 1870's, farmers in the 1890's wanted an inflation of the currency to ease debt payment, farmers urged free and unlimited coinage of silver, but 1890 Sherman Silver Purchase Act did not allow for the coinage of silver purchased from mine owners)

New Manifest Destiny late 1800's

America was overcome with the idea of imperialism where it was America's duty to rule the Western

hemisphere. Hawaii and the Philippines were the first victims of this new Manifest Destiny

Teller Amendment 1898

Sponsored by Republican senator Henry M. Teller of Colorado, which disclaimed any intention by the

United States to exercise control over Cuba, pledging that the government of the island would be left to its

inhabitants as soon as peace had been restored

Treaty of Paris 1899

It secured independence for Cuba from Spain. It ceded the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam to the

United States. It also ended the Spanish-American War.

Open Door Policy 1899

A guarantee of equal opportunity of trade and the sovereignty of the Chinese government

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty 1901

United States and Britain would jointly build an isthmian canal. United States was free to construct,

maintain, and fortify a canal that could be open to all ships.

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13. Populism and Progressivism

A. Agrarian discontent and political issues of late 19th

century

B. Origins of progressive reform: municipal, state, and national

C. Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson

D. Women’s role: family, workplace, education, politics, and reform

E. Black America: urban migration and civil rights initiatives

Q: I. AGRARIAN UNREST A. Grange Movement (1867): Patrons of Husbandry, promotion of agriculture and scientific techniques; Granger laws passed in some states to regulate railroad rates and grain elevator owners B. Farmers' Alliances (1873): stressed cooperation among farmers, promoted education, social gatherings C. Populist Party (1891)

1. Supported: a) free and unlimited coinage of silver; b) government ownership of the railroads, telegraph, telephone; c) graduated income tax; d) direct election of U.S. Senators; e) postal savings banks; f) initiative, referendum, recall

2. 1892 presidential candidate James B. Weaver received 22 electoral votes Populist platform absorbed into Democratic party in election of 1896-William Jennings

Bryan- “Cross of Gold speech”- free & unlimited coinage of silver. 3. Party disappeared after 1908 because:

a) it failed to get support from labor; b) its political objectives were adopted by the major parties; c) farmer support declined as their situation improved in the late 1890's

II. THE PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT- reaction to the problems of the Gilded Age- (corruption in government; corruption in politics; immigration; urbanization; labor organization; labor unrest) A. Beliefs:

1) sought to end abuses of power (monopolies, government);

29

2) wished to reform institutions of society; 3) applied scientific and efficiency principles to economic, political, and social institutions; 4) SAW GOVERNMENT AS A TOOL TO ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS

B. Social Gospel Movement: Evangelical Christian movement that emphasized social responsibility as a means to salvation. The Salvation Army is an example of this movement. C. Muckrakers: Name given to crusading writers who exposed graft, corruption, and dishonesty; coined by T. Roosevelt; Included Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, Jacob Riis, Upton Sinclair; David Graham Phillips; Charles Beard; D. Settlement House Movement: Promoted education, appreciation of the arts, improved housing, better jobs to improve lives of slum dwellers; Run by middle class women; Jane Addams Hull House Chicago E. Political Reform: Attacked power of the political parties; gave more power to the people and to non-partisan, non-elective officials

1. New Forms of City Government: City Commission, City Manager 2. Initiative, Referendum, Recall; Direct Primary 3. Robert LaFollette: Wisconsin Plan; U.S. Senator 1911; leader of the national Progressive movement

G. Moral Reform: temperance, Volstead Act 1919, Eighteenth Amendment; anti-prostitution crusade, Mann Act 1910 (White Slave) III. THEODORE ROOSEVELT AND THE SQUARE DEAL

advocated progressive reforms (promised "square deal" in 1904 campaign) A. Busting Bad Trusts: Northern Securities v United States 1902 B. Department of Commerce and Labor 1903 C. Elkin Act 1903: legislation forbidding railroad rebates, unfair discrimination, adherence to published rates; Hepburn Act 1906: gave ICC power to determine railroad rates, prohibited free passes D. Consumer Protection: Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act - both in 1906 (The Jungle) E. Panic of 1907: Recovery made possible by J.P. Morgan who organized a pool to prop up shaky financial institutions F. Conservation: Newlands Reclamation Act 1902; Inland Waterways Commission 1907; White House Conservation Conference 1908; Gifford Pinchot - Chief Forester- 1

st professional forester

IV. WILSON'S NEW FREEDOM- after election becomes New Nationalism( regulates rather than destroys trusts) aimed at Triple Wall of Privilege A. Trusts: Advocated elimination of monopolies; Louis Brandeis - major Progressive figure due to his investigations of monopolies; Wilson nominated him to the Supreme Court in 1916 (first Jewish justice) B. Underwood Simmons Tariff 1913: reduced tariffs, imposed first income tax; followed by Sixteenth Amendment C. Federal Reserve Act 1913: Provided a flexible currency system through the creation of a 12 district Federal Reserve System D. Federal Trade Commission 1914: Purpose to investigate the operations of corporations E. Clayton-Anti-Trust Act 1914: Strengthened Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

30

CROSS REFERENCE TO POLITICAL PARTIES

Federalist Party: 1790-1800; American political party of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It originated in the

groups advocating the creation of a stronger national government after 1781. Its early leaders included Alexander

Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison, and George Washington. These men provided much of the impetus and the

organization behind the movement to draft and ratify the federal Constitution to secure the revolution on an orderly and

stable basis. Their support came from the established elites of old wealth in the commercial cities and in the less rapidly

developing rural regions.

Anti-Federalists: 1788-1800; early political party of the United States, precursor of the Democratic-Republican Party

led by Thomas Jefferson. Originally, the term designated the opponents in the United States to the ratification of the

federal Constitution following its adoption by the Constitutional Convention, which met in Philadelphia in 1787.

Subsequently, the term was meant to signify the advocating of states’ rights.

Democratic-Republican Party: Early political party in the United States, originally led by Thomas Jefferson and James

Madison in the 1790’s in opposition to the Federalist Party and the ideas of Alexander Hamilton. The party was also

known as the Republican Party and the Jeffersonian Republican Party, in fact it was the forerunner of today’s

Democratic Party. The philosophy of the Democratic-Republican Party favored states’ rights, rather than a strong

national government; rural, agricultural interests; and supported the legitimacy of the French Revolution (1789-1799).

The party opposed ties with Britain as well. Goal is to protect the rights of people. Method to achieve that goal switches

after Industrialization. Laissez faire in agricultural America to strong central government in Industrial America

Democratic Party: One of the two main political parties of the United States. Its origins can be traced to the coalition

formed by Thomas Jefferson in the 1790s to resist the policies of George Washington’s administration. This coalition,

originally called the Republican, and later the Democratic Republican Party, split into two factions during the

presidential campaign of 1828. One, the National-Republican Party, was absorbed into the Whig Party in 1934; the

other became the Democratic Party.

National-Republican Party: A short-lived political party opposed to Andrew Jackson. In the election of 1828, which

Jackson won, some of the supporters of the opponent, President John Quincy Adams, called themselves National-

Republicans. It was under this name that, following the lead of the Anti-Masonic Party, they held a national nominating

convention at Baltimore in December 1831 and chose Henry Clay to oppose Jackson in the 1832 election. The

adherents of the National Republican Party constituted a mixture of industrialists, business leaders, farmers, laborers,

and mechanics, who believed in Clay’s program of high tariffs, internal improvements, and a national bank. The main

issue of the campaign was Jackson’s veto of the Second Bank of the United States Charter. Clay was badly beaten, and

by 1836 the National-Republicans had combined with other groups opposed to Jackson to form the Whig Party.

Whig Party: One of the two dominant political parties in power in the U.S. from the mid-1830s to the mid-1850s. The

party was formed in 1834 by members of the defunct National-Republican Party and others opposed to the policies of

President Andrew Jackson. It was composed of many factions, united only in their opposition to the Democratic Party.

Liberty Party: First anti-slavery political party in the United States. It was formed in 1839 by a group of individuals

who broke away for the militant American Anti-Slavery Society.

Free-Soil Party: American political party organized in 1848 on a platform opposing the extension of slavery.

Know Nothing’s Party: Also known as the American Party, it was the popular name of a secret political party that

existed from 1849 to 1860. The party organized in clandestine societies that discriminated against immigrants and

members of the Roman Catholic Church. Such societies included the Order of the Sons of America in Pennsylvania and

the Order of the Star Spangled Banner in New York.

Republican Party: One of the two major United States political parties, founded by a coalition in 1854. The coalition

was composed

of former members of the Whig, Free-Soil, and Know-Nothing(American) Parties, along with Northern Democrats who

were dissatisfied with their party’s conciliatory attitude on the slavery issue. The early Republicans were united in their

opposition to extending slavery into the western territories. In 1856, they nominated John Charles Frémont for the

presidency. He won a third of the popular vote, but alienated many potential supporters by his failure to oppose

immigration. Typically support big business. Goal is the protection of property. Achieve goal in industrial America

through laissez faire.

31

Greenback-Labor Party: Popular name for the National Party, a political party organized in 1878 by workers and

farmers as a means of relieving their economic difficulties resulting from the depression of the 1870s. The party was

formed by Greenbacks, members of the defunct Greenback Party.

People’s Party or Populist Party: Political party active in the United States between 1891 and 1908, supported mainly

by farmers in the South and West. A product of the Populist movement, the people’s party was the successor of the

Greenback-labor party of the 1880s.

Bull Moose Party: The first Progressive party, know as the Bull Moose Party, was founded after a bitter fight for the

Republican presidential nomination among the incumbent president William H. Taft, the Wisconsin Senator Robert M.

LaFollette, and the former president Theodore Roosevelt. Most Progressives soon rejoined the Republican Party, and

the Progressive Party died out in 1917.

Progressive Party: In 1924 a liberal coalition, frustrated by conservative domination of both major parties, formed the

League of Progressive Political Action, popularly called the Progressive Party. Nominating Senator Robert M.

LaFollette for president and Montana Democratic Senator Burton K. Wheeler for vice-president, the party, which also

drew support from the Socialists, advocated government ownership of public utilities and labor reforms such as the

right to collective bargaining.

32

CROSS REFERENCE TO THE PRESIDENTS: WASHINGTON TO WILSON Presidents

1. George Washington, 1789-1797

VP - John Adams

Major Items:

- Judiciary Act, 1789

- Tariff of 1789

- Whiskey Rebellion, 1799

- French Revolution - Citizen Genét, 1793

- Jay Treaty with England, 1795

- Pinckney Treaty with Spain, 1795

- Farewell Address, 1796

- First Bank of United States , 1791-1811

2. John Adams, 1797-1801

Federalist

VP - Thomas Jefferson

Major Items:

- XYZ Affair, 1797

- Alien Act, Sedition Act, 1798

- Naturalization Act

- "Midnight Judges," 1801

- Kentucky (Jefferson) and Virginia (Madison) Resolutions, 1798

3. Thomas Jefferson, 1801-1809

Republican

VP - Aaron Burr

Major Items:

- Marbury v. Madison, 1803

- Louisiana Purchase, 1803

- Lewis and Clark Expedition, 1804-1805

- Embargo Act, 1807

- Non-Intercourse Act, 1809

4. James Madison, 1809-1817

Republican

VP - George Clinton

Major Items:

- Macon Act, 1810

- "War Hawks," 1811-1812

- War of 1812

- Hartford Convention, 1814

- First Protective Tariff, 1816

5. James Monroe, 1817-1825

Republican

VP - Tompkins

Major Items:

- Marshall's Decisions: McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819; Dartmouth College v. Woodward, 1819;

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

- Acquisition of Florida from Spain, 1819

- Adam-Oñis Treaty, 1819

- Missouri Compromise, 1820

- Monroe Doctrine, 1823

- Sectional Tariff, 1824

33

6. John Quincy Adams, 1825-1829

National Republican

VP - John C. Calhoun

Major Items:

- "Corrupt Bargain"

- Erie Canal, 1825

- Tariff of Abominations

- Calhoun's Exposition and Protest, 1828

7. Andrew Jackson, 1829-1837

Democrat

VP - John C. Calhoun and Martin Van Buren

Major Items:

- Jacksonian Democracy

- Tariffs of 1832 and 1833

- The 2nd Bank of the United States (due to expire in 1836)

- Formation of the Whig Party, 1832

8. Martin Van Buren, 1837-1841

Democrat

VP - Richard M. Johnson

Major Items:

- Panic of 1837

- Specie Circular, no Bank of the United States

- Unsound financing by state governments

9. William Henry Harrison, 1841

Whig

VP - John Tyler

10. John Tyler, 1841-1845

Anti-Jackson Democrat ran as VP on Whig ticket

Major Items:

- Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 1842

- Vetoes Clay's bill for 3rd Bank of the United States

- Canadian Border set at 45th parallel

11. James K. Polk, 1845-1849

Democrat

VP - Dallas

Major Items:

- Manifest Destiny

- Texas becomes a state, 1845

- Oregon boundary settled, 1846

- Mexican War, 1846-1848

- Treaty of Guadeloupe-Hidalgo, 1848

- Wilmot Proviso

12. Zachary Taylor, 1849-1850

Whig

VP - Millard Fillmore

13. Millard Fillmore, 1850-1853

34

Whig

VP -

Major Items:

- Compromise of 1850

- Clayton-Bulwer Treaty, 1850

- Uncle Tom's Cabin, 1852

14. Franklin Pierce, 1853-1857

Democrat

VP - King

Major Items:

- Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1854

- popular sovereignty

- Japan opened to world trade, 1853

- Underground Railroad

- Bleeding Kansas

- Ostend Manifesto, 1854

15. James Buchanan, 1857-1861

Democrat

VP- Breckinridge

Major Items:

- Dred Scott decision, 1857

- Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858

16. Abraham Lincoln, 1861-1865

Republican

VP - Andrew Johnson

Major Items:

- Civil War, 1861-1865

- Emancipation Proclamation, 1863

- Homestead Act, 1862

- Morill Act, 1862

- Assassinated April 14th, 1865, by John Wilkes Booth

17. Andrew Johnson, 1865, 1869

Republican

Major Items:

- 13th Amendment, 1865

- 14th Amendment, 1868

- Reconstruction Act, 1867

- Tenure of Office Act, 1867

- Impeachment Trial, 1868

- Formation of KKK

- Adoption of Black Codes in the South

18. Ulysses S. Grant, 1869-1877

Republican

VP - Colfax, Wilson

Major Items:

- 15th Amendment, 1870

- First Transcontinental Railroad, 1869

- Tweed Ring

- Panic of 1873

- Crédit Mobilier

35

- Whiskey Ring

- Indian Ring

19. Rutherford B. Hayes, 1877-1881

Republican

VP - Wheeler

Major Items:

- Bland-Allison Act, 1878 (free coinage of silver)

- Troops withdrawn from the South, 1877

20. James A Garfield, March 4 to September 19, 1881

Republican

VP - Chester A. Arthur

Major Items:

- Assassinated by C. Julius Guiteau

21. Chester A. Arthur, 1881-1885

Republican

Major Items:

- Pendleton Act, 1883 (set up civil service commission)

22. Grover Cleveland, 1885-1889

Democrat

VP - Hendricks

Major Items:

- Knights of Labor, 1886

- Haymarket Riot, 1886

- Interstate Commerce Act, 1887

- Washburn v. Illinois, 1886

23. Benjamin Harrison, 1889-1893

Republican

VP - Morton

Major Items:

- Sherman Anti-trust Act, 1890

- Populist Party Platform, 1892

- North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington become states, 1889

- Idaho and Wyoming become states, 1890

- McKinley Tariff, 1890

- Sherman Act, 1890

24. Grover Cleveland, 1893-1897

VP - Stevenson

Major Items:

- Panic of 1893

- Hawaiian incident, 1893

- Venezuelan Boundary Affair, 1895

- Pullman Strike, 1894

- American Federation of Labor

- Wilson-Gorman Tariff, 1894

25. William McKinley, 1897-1901

Republican

VP - Garet Hobart, 1896-1900

VP - Theodore Roosevelt

Major Items:

36

- New Imperialism

- Spanish-American War, April 1898 - February 1899

- Open Door Policy, 1899

- Boxer Rebellion, 1900

- McKinley was assassinated by Leon Czolgosz, 1901

26. Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-1908

Republican

VP - Fairbanks

Major Items:

- Panama Canal, 1903-1914

- "Square Deal"

- Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, 1904

- Portsmouth Treaty, 1905

- Gentleman's Agreement with Japan, 1904

- Hepburn Act, 1906

- Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act, and "muckrakers", 1906

- Trust-busting

- Coal Strike

- Conservation

27. William Howard Taft, 1909-1913

Republican

VP - Sherman

Major Items:

- Paine-Aldrich Tariff, 1909

- Pinchot-Ballinger controversy, 1909 (conservation v. reclamation)

- "Dollar Diplomacy"

28. Woodrow Wilson, 1913-1921

Democrat

VP - Marshall

Major Items:

- Underwood Tariff, 1913

- 16th, 17th, 18th, and 19th Amendments

- Federal Reserve System, 1913

- Federal trade Commission, 1914

- Clayton Anti-trust Act, 1914

- Troops to Nicaragua, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Virgin Islands, Mexico

- "Fourteen Points," January 1917

- Treaty of Versailles, 1919-1920

- "New Freedom"